■ Beijing Fangshan Zhoukou Store Beijing Ape Man Site Picture Source: CFP

If the oldest old stone tools unearthed from Milukui, Kenya, East Africa，Human has about 3.3 million years of history，Among them, the pre -historical period accounts for more than 99%of the time period。Due to the difference in the use of text in various places，Therefore, the time that ends globally in the pre -historical period is different。West Asia and Egypt were about 5000 years ago，The history of Chinese literature in China began in Yin Ruins of the Shang Dynasty 3600 years ago，But the other part of the world is much more late。In 1492, Columbus arrived in the New World to end the prehistoric stage of the Americas，and Australia will be as late as 1788。

Looking at the global prehistoric history，The most important thing is the origin of human beings、Three major events of agricultural origin and origin of civilization，This is the three major cornerstones of prehistoric archeology。British archaeologist at Two events compared with the industrial revolution of the 18th century，Known as the Neolithic Revolution and Urban Revolution。

From the origin of human beings to the differentiation and blending of ethnic groups，Invention from culture and technology、spread to fusion，From the origin of civilization to the birth of a nation -state，These development processes are the main topics of prehistoric archeology。Prehistoric research can not only enhance our understanding of our past，And where to go to human society can also provide real mirror learning。

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Human beings have evolved from a certain African ancestor ancestor 6 million years ago，The logo of the apes separated from the way is to walk upright。In the early stage of human evolution，There are more than a dozen southern ape evolution in Africa。The earliest Paleolithic Culture is represented by the Outway industry in Tanzania，The characteristic is the simply controlled stone nucleus and stone tool。This culture coexist with about 8 ancient humans，Including capable people and upright people。1.5 million years ago, developed from Optway Culture.，It is considered the creation of craftsmen。Craftsman's evolution from capable people，It is the type of progress of upright people，They have evolved in parallel to 100,000 years together，The disappearance of capable people。

The craftsman came out of Africa shortly after appearing，To Eurasia。Spanish Atapaka found 5500 pioneers' remains，Beaming into Heidelberg people。The latter named a 500,000 -year -old upright jawbone unearthed from Heidelberg, Germany，But now accused as a progressive branch of the upright person，And being considered the ancestor of the Naandrt and the modern Homo sapiens。

Beijingers and Javans are branches of upright people in Asia，Compared with its ancestor African craftsman，The skull dome should be low，Bone walls Bet365 lotto review thick，Eye Spirit is thicker。When they were discovered in the early 20th century, they were considered a loop between people and apes，But now know that they are late upright people，Beijing people were 600,000 to 400,000 years ago。The rough skull of the upright people was once considered a primitive ape characteristic，But the ancient and modern apes have no such thick bone，It should be a special adaptation of human evolution，and the thick bone characteristics of the upright people in Asia are particularly obvious。

The small long beam site of Nihewan, Hebei was 1.36 million years ago，Nearly 20,000 pieces of stone products were unearthed in the Heiligou site excavated in 2006，About 1.95 million to 1.77 million years ago。This era is earlier than the time when the upright person was born and out of Africa，Is there earlier capable people from East Africa to East Asia? This unimaginable possibility appears at the Drumi Site of Georgia，Five skulls and more than 1,000 stone products found there，Ancient Magnetic Broken Generation is 1.77 million years old。Four skulls are craftsmen，And a skull is very similar to capable people，Face flat，Only 600 ml of brain volume (1059 ml of Beijing)。

There are two explanations in the origin of modern people，First, get out of Africa and say，The second is the origin of the origin of multiple regions。Genetic evidence supports the former，Many scholars in our country support the latter，I believe that modern Chinese people have evolved directly from Beijing people。but，200,000 years ago, Anhui and the county upright people compared with African craftsmen 1.7 million years ago，Original features not only did not improve，Instead, Beijingers are more thicker than Beijingers 500,000 years ago，Thicker skull，and the amount of brain becomes smaller (1025 ml)。This indicates，East Asia's upright development is not evolution but specialization，Therefore, it is impossible to be a direct ancestor of modern people。Indonesian upright people have been living until 50,000 years ago，Specialized Floles with a height of only one meter。Early Homo -Pillow Bone was unearthed in Yinshan, Chao County, about 50 kilometers southwest of He County，The annual annual test is 310,000 to 200,000 years。Yingkou Jin Niushan Early Hammer Fossil Age was 200,000 years ago。This indicates，Hesatsu and county upper people and Chaoxian and Jinniu Mountain have existed overlap。This is very similar to the coexistence of the Naandat people and the late Homo sapiens in West Asia，and the mode of evolutionary evolution。

2040s，American scholar Molvis proposed the "Mo's Line" of Paleolithic Culture，Divided the old stone culture of Eurasia into the two traditional traditions of hand ax and chopper。After that，Some places in my country and South Korea have found a hand ax -like Aanley culture in Europe，Therefore, it is regarded as evidence of existing exchanges between Eurasian Paleolithic Culture。but，The possibility of making stone tools is more likely。China's bet365 live casino games hand ax lacks more refined soft hammer technology，Therefore, it is difficult to exclude the possibility of independent invention。

The evidence of the comparison of cross -continent cultural exchanges in the Paleolithic era is stone leaf technology，Ningxia Shuidonggou site found that there are Levaleh and stone leaf technology similar to Europe。Guizhou Guanyin Cave and Yunnan's Fuyuan Dahe Site of the Daeheji Times also have traces of Lavalaja technology。and fine stone leaf technology is widely distributed in the late stages of the North China and Northeast update and the new ruins of the new world in China。Fine stone leaf technology first appeared in southern Altai, Russia，About 35,000 years ago。Then to North China、Mongolian Plateau、Korean Peninsula、Profile of Japan and Northeast Asia，Arrived in Alaska, North America in 12600。This technology carrier is a group of travel for hunting，They chase their prey near the polar，Bai Ling Luqiao, which was exposed at the time, arrived at the Americas。But，They are not the earliest Americans。Archeology and genetic proof，There is a group of earlier ancient Indian ancestors，separated from the ancestors of Siberia about 23,000 years ago，and enter the Bai Ling Luqiao 20,000 years ago into the New World。

　　Agricultural Origin and Food Globalization

The second major incident of prehistoric history in the world is food production based on domesticated animals and plants。Although humans will manipulate the reproduction of the hiring plants under the conditions of the case，But as far as the type of staple food in modern world，World Agriculture Origin Main Center is West Asia、China、Africa and Central South America。West Asian Planting wheat、Barley、Oat、Pea、Eagle mouth beans and other crops，domesticated cattle and sheep; East Asian planting rice、Su、黍 and soybeans，domesticated pigs and chickens; millet and sorghum in Africa; corn in China and the United States and South America、Beans、Pumpkin and potato。

Once agriculture can support more population，contact between people in different regions will increase，exchange also develops with exchanges，Society becomes equal，Therefore, agriculture is the basis of the origin of civilization。Two far -reaching food globalization process in history，The first time is a cross -continent exchange for the first time，The second time is a cross -ocean exchange called "Columbus Exchange"。The latter is not only a sign of the end of the pre -history of the Americas，and the beginning of the global economic and cultural integration。

The prehistoric exchanges of cross -continent began about 7000 years ago，Stopy about 3500 years ago。West Oat、Wheat passed to East Asia，Xiaomi and Cycles of China to Western Europe，Rice from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to South Asia and Southeast Asia。Sorghum and African Xiaomi in North Africa arrived in the Indian River Basin。Bigmobacle 2900 years ago at the Sidomogou site in Xinjiang and the Gansu Kurougou site before 3830-3643。Bet365 lotto review The earliest Michene in Shandong era was 2800-2700 years ago。But the unexpected thing is，The earliest ruins unearthed in my country and wheat are not in the west，but in the east。For example，The age of Damai unearthed from the site of the cucumber mountain site of Fujian is 6000 years ago，and the wheat correction discovered by the Zhaojiazhuang site in Shandong, the carbon in the 14th was about 4512-4160 years ago。This has to make scholars consider the possibility of existing in the pre -historical period。Examples of the exchange and mutual learning of the east to west are found on the Bergash site on the west side of Tianshan。In the cemetery of a nomad, West Asia and East Asia，Age about 4500-4200 years ago。Cross -Ocean Exchange, which began in the 15th century, brought wheat to the Americas，Bring the corn and potatoes in the Americas to Europe。

Except for the cereals of the staple food，Home Animals have also witnessed the pre -historical exchange。China’s six beasts except pigs and dogs are domesticated、The origin of the chicken is still controversial，Cow、Sheep and Madrid are from West Asia and Central Asia。Ox was domesticated in South China Asia as early as 10,000 years ago。About 7500 years to this day，Pakistan also appears ox，It may be another center of domestication。Scaller spread west to Ireland from 7500-4500，Arrived to the southwest of our country about 4500 years ago。The earliest ox in my country found the Site of Yinsuo Island in Erhai, Yunnan，5000-2000 to 2000。The Qijia Cultural Site in Ganqing area and the Longshan Cultural Site of the Central Plains are seen.，Times in 4500-4000 years ago。So，An ox may have two routes when entering China。

Sheep and goats 10,000 years ago after being domesticated in West and Central Asia，Enter the northwestern region of my country about 5600-4000 years ago。Early sheep's remains are mainly found in the early sites of Majiayao culture 5600-4800 years ago in Ganqing area and the early stages of Yangshao in Shaanxi 5500-5000 years ago，until 4000-2000，Home Sheep is extremely common。Family Horse about 5500 years ago after being domesticated in Kazakhstan, Central Asia，spread to the east and west sides of Eurasia。Entering the Ganqing area of ​​my country 4000-3600，3300-2000 has been widely set in Xinjiang、Shaanxi、Henan、Shanxi、Hebei and other areas。Horse as the domestication and dissemination of ride and livestock，Had an extremely important role in the process of world civilization。

For agricultural origin and food globalization，We must not only know it，Also know why it is。The cause of agricultural origin，There are currently several more popular theories。The first is population pressure theory，Think of the update of the life of the world，increased population and decrease in wild resources，Triggering human food crisis，Almost simultaneously starting the domestication process of animals and plants。The second is the competition banquet theory，It is believed that at the beginning bet365 best casino games of the agricultural start，domesticated animals and plants have little effect in slowing down the famine，Some domesticated species have nothing to do with the abdomen。So，The domestication of many important crops is when the food resources are sufficient，To expand food varieties、Add the results of the type of food。Third, say naturally，In order to cope with the seasonal fluctuations of precipitation and wild resources，Hunting collectors will intervene in certain preference species，Prepare from time to time。deliberately increased their dependence on certain species and manipulate their reproduction，will cause genetic mutations in certain species，Then cause a process of deviation amplification，This is the beginning of domestication。This theory is fully demonstrated by the discovery of the US archaeologist Kent Franley's excavation of the Kaisa Kuizi Cave of the Mexico。

Food globalization can also get some kind of inspiration from the theory of agricultural origin，This is in the cross -continent exchange，The adoption and diffusion of different foods has different power mechanisms。The reasons for pre -historical exchanges can be inspired from the process of "Columbus Exchange"。Compared with the origin of agriculture，A mechanism of food diffusion Similar to the banquet mode，It is derived from the adoption and promotion of the enjoyment of the rich; another mechanism is similar to the population pressure mode，Drive to solve the problem of the poor。

European documents in the 3rd century BC of 3 BC recorded two attitudes towards the opposite of food。A kind of emphasis on rich、enjoyment、Exquisite and diverse life，Another kind of advocating simplicity。There are also two extremes in society，On the one hand, the rich admires food，On the other side is the poor people's food。During the globalization of food，Obviously you can see the signs of these two different drivers。Early rich European rich people only eat wheat bread。In 1694, the rice imported from Marseille from Egypt is rations to the poor。In 1709, the Venice government distributed rice and millet powder to the poor。18th century，rice、Xiaomi、External species such as buckwheat and corn are staple food for poor European abdomen，In West Africa，Corn was originally promoted as the rations of the gold coastal miners。Ireland poor farmers mainly grow potatoes。

Wheat entered the Central Plains area about 3500 years ago，But it is mainly distributed in the surrounding area，It is a staple food for the ancestors of the Hexi Corridor。Residents in the Central Plains are still eaten with millet and 黍。When the 16th -century corn and potatoes were introduced into China，First as a staple food for the poor of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River，until the rice in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River reaches the land load，People start planting sorghum and corn in the hill belt。At the same time，Official persuading northern farmers to grow sweet potatoes in the northern farmers to cope with the famine。

Bet365 app download For cultural communication，We need to understand that foreign culture is rejected、The reason for adopting or lagging。From the process of food globalization，Many high -yield grains are adopted as a hunger or population pressure。and，Due to the taste and preferences of local cultural traditions，Neglotations will occur during the adoption of foreign food，or select and promote according to different needs。and，The rich and the poor of the society will also have obvious contrasts of the main food species。

　　Civilization Origin and metallurgical

"The major event of the country，Westing and Rong "，The ceremonies and weapons cast by bronzes can be called the symbol of Chinese civilization。Early Chinese metallurgical technique may come from West Asia，During the spread of this technology，Scholars are discussed more about smelting technology and products，Less in -depth social background and supernatural factors behind metallurgical communication。

Due to the stock of natural copper in nature, it is 100 times more than gold，So the prehistoric ancestors have been used as a special stone processing and use。West Asia started using natural copper 10,000 years ago，Indians in the Dahu District of North America have already mined a lot of natural copper before Columbus。The smelting of copper mines may be found to be discovered from firing pottery，Although the technology is relatively simple，But the product made is extremely useless。Bronze is hard but not easy to break，But the proportion of adding arsenic and tin，The accumulation and control that needs experience。Lack of tin in the two river basins and Egypt，The former was going to the third dynasty of Ur's third dynasty 4100 years ago，The latter will not enter the Bronze Age until 4000-3700 years ago。

Shaanxi Jiangzhai unearthed more than 6,000 years ago copper and copper tube，Shandong Sanli River site also see the copper tube of the Longshan period 4000 years ago，But lack of smelting evidence。At present, the earliest bronze ware in my country is found in the northwest region。The earliest bronze smelting site was Zhangye Xichengyi, about 4100-3700 years ago。Bronze wares found in the northwest are all utility。Henan Erlitou Except Knife、cone and outer outer，Ending、Jue、Bronze cards such as 盉 and inlaid green pine are the most eye -catching。Donation of three for mature smelting technology、Issue 4 era，About 3600-3500 years away from today。

The development of human technology can be divided into two categories，One is a practical technology used to solve the needs of survival，Another type is to show off wealth、Realty technology of status and power。The basic factors to restrict the former are their effects and performance，and the latter requires the accumulation of remaining products and the huge investment of resource labor。Realty technology is the basis for complex society to maintain the level，No them，National society cannot run。From the "most effort" principle of human survival，The prehistoric ancestors are like today'Bet365 app download s economic planner，On the problem of solving survival, it will strive to reduce costs，and maximize the return。But the prominent consumption of the complex society is the material expression of power，It consumes energy for non -practical purpose。Monument to the huge labor input and various luxury goods are completely contrary to the most effort principles，The basic way to show power at the expense。

Look at the development of metallurgical from prominent technology，We can take the social motivation behind the spread of bronze technology。Metallurgical techniques were introduced to northwestern China，What I encountered a kind of barren agricultural and animal husbandry society。Because this economy cannot accumulate wealth，Therefore, it is difficult to get complicated level society development。This kind of social lack of prominent technological development needs or motivation for social relationships。

，The agricultural society of the Central Plains high -yield can quickly accumulate wealth，So status differentiation and level of hereditary appearing。To maintain this hereditary system，It will inevitably ask for help supernatural deities。The mysterious performance of imported products and prominent items is used as a symbol of the supernatural source of the aristocracy，in order to convey the impression of power gods and status that cannot be replicated to the public。So，Metallurgy is introduced to the northwest of my country，Late to the Han Dynasty, it has been used to make practical products and accessories。But once the Central Plains is introduced by the third generation of the ruler，It is used to produce gifts and weapons，The best form for becoming prominent consumption。It is the bronze wares of these display positions and power，The symbol of becoming the origin of Chinese civilization。

　(The author is a professor of the Department of Cultural Relics and Museum of Fudan University)