Entering the second millennium of the AD，Humans have experienced several major infectious diseases，Among them, there are some epidemics that have historical significance and significant influence。As a historian，We know that these incidents are part of a series of biological disasters that can be traced back to the prehistoric era，The popularity of infectious diseases brings large -scale diseases、Death and indescribable pain，even the collapse of the entire society。So，In the entire human history，The popularity of infectious diseases is considered a serious destructive event。Some society can survive from this disaster，and give birth to a new organization and system，Others will move towards profound changes and even restart。

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As a historian，How should we deal with these can be traced back to the depth of history、Global phenomena involved in many fields? It is through the traditional way to tell the incident process in the order of time，Still pay more attention to medicine、Anthropology、Culture、Sociology and other areas? Can it be concluded from the results bet365 best casino games of the research?，Medical history is a method of analyzing social background and historical accidents of epidemiography in specific periods。I and I and I and I of Germany Dusseldorf University Medical History、Heiner Fangrau, director of the Institute of theory and Ethics, regards the history of epidemics as a "seamless network" (Seamless Web)。Epidemia is related to each other globally，We place it in nature、Culture、Production and reproduction and corresponding countermeasures (including modern and globalization processes) are analyzed in the relationship network。

From a natural perspective，Human beings are also part of nature。At the same time，As Marx said，Labor created people itself。So，Human culture determined by the relationship between production and reproduction has appeared。In this background，People interpret and cope with diseases in a specific cultural way，Cognition of disease、Naming and processing usually have cultural specificity，In a differentiated society, it is determined by the social class。

From a cultural perspective，The material foundation and its social order of culture determine the disease、Whether epidemic or epidemic disease can produce and spread。In a closed small group，For example, among hunting collectors，Popular disease can eliminate the entire group。The more differentiated the society, the more Bet365 app download differentiated，The more depending on the communication between the internal and between society，The spread of infectious diseases into local or regional epidemic or worldwide epidemios is greater。Exchange is the basis of social life，At the same time, it will also become the basis for the spread of epidemic and popular diseases。

From production、From the perspective of reproduction and countermeasures，Popular disease will disrupt social order。Take commercial towns like Venice in the 19th century as an example，A society is close due to interpersonal relationships，Therefore, basic materials、Trade networks such as goods are also seamless exchange status。When commercial activities are threatened by epidemic disease，The countermeasures adopted by this society are more passive，Just expand for separate links，If a ship with infected people isolates。Later，These measures gradually become more forward -looking，Control of each link that may bring plague infection，thus affecting social order。

　Based on new production form

Starting from the end of the 18th century，Use of coal and steam，Human and livestock as a machine and technology，Energy development to an unprecedented height。Subsequent industrialization、raw materials、Products and personnel communicate with each other constantly，Therefore, the focus of the public health debate at that time was to pursue bet365 best casino games "infectiousism" (isolation and quarantine)，Still "anti -infectiousism" (free communication through the general improvement of the sanitary environment)。Through these fierce disputes，The public environment and international traffic environment of industrialized countries have been improved，Local epidemic disease no longer has the opportunity to spread。

Since the end of the 20th century，Data processing improves human computing power，and to a certain extent expanded brain intelligence，The importance of data processing and information has been increased to unprecedented height。In various fields of production and reinforcement，Computer、The interconnection of servers and networks worldwide is developing rapidly with an unstoppable momentum。Commodity、Flowing goods and personnel flow around the world，Connect the previous independent balanced biosphere through busy international traffic。These global networks paved the road for the emergence and spread of new diseases，Since the early 1980s，The World has been fighting these diseases。

It can be said，Industrialization and the 19th -century public health movement，People have realized that they provide conditions for the spread of epidemic diseases，Even through human lifestyle, a new pathogen is generated，Therefore, it is endangered that communication -based lifestyles。So，Human beings bet365 best casino games must respond without damaging culture and other basic elements。Now，The basis for global network production is data processing，Based on this new production form and its impact on human life，Need to establish a comprehensive global health infrastructure。

　　"Seamless Network" research method

To achieve the above goals，Under the guidance of an epidemic history of actual departure，Research methods of "seamless network" of "seamless network" can be adopted。From the main body of global epidemic history，Infectious space that needs to be observed and analyzed (there may be unknown pathogens)，Plants、The dynamic relationship between animals and humans (the possibility of unknown or new pathogens to human beings so far)，The scientific and social consultation process determined by culture (the development stage that affects the unknown cause and the pathogen of the pathogen)，The production and reproduction of the production and propagation of infectious diseases，Scientific and social countermeasures determined by cultural decisions for unknown causes and pathogens，and areas to ensure that the new disease primary no longer spreads、National and international countermeasures。

other，Some ecological spaces need more exploration。First，Destroyed inside、Breaking the balanced ecological environment (such as the dense population of the city、Expansion bet365 live casino games of Agriculture and Ordinary Animal Husbandry); Second，Ecological balance area，But foreigners who have experienced the entry of local pathogens have experienced; third，The pathogen is carried to other ecological areas，Here is the specific manifestation as a personal infection、Popular disease，It may even be a major epidemic。

From the above analysis, we can know that the four most important tasks of the current research on epidemic history。First，Understand the dynamic relationship between nature and culture，Grasp the changes in the local and regional biospheres and its interaction globally。2，Survey processes of scientific and social consultations determined by culture，These processes have led to naming the original unknown cause、qualitative and dissemination，And with culture、Countermeasure related to the cause of the cause。third，Analyze from the perspective of historical analysis through new technical possibilities、Global organization production form，and related trade、Dynamic effects of worldwide dense influence caused by transportation and communication。fourth，Organization area、National and international timely countermeasures，To monitor people's health、Prevention and treatment of major epidemics。

　　(The author is the former president of the University of Dusseldorf, Germany)