Since the second millennium AD，Humanity has experienced several infectious disease pandemics，These include some epidemics with historical significance and major impact。As a historian，We know these events are part of a chain of biological catastrophes dating back to prehistoric times，Infectious disease pandemic brings large-scale diseases、Death and unspeakable pain，Even the collapse bet365 bonus code indiana entire society。Therefore，Throughout human history，Pandemics are considered serious and disruptive events。Some societies survive such disasters，And gave birth to new organizations and systems，And others will move toward profound changes or even start over。

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As a historian，How we deal with these goes back deep into history、A global phenomenon involving many fields？It tells the process of events in chronological order through the traditional method，Still more concerned about medicine、Anthropology、Cultural Studies、Problems in sociology and other fields？Can and must conclusions be drawn from the findings？Considering the historical characteristics of the epidemic，Medical history is a method of analyzing the bet365 bonus code indiana context and historical contingency of epidemics and pandemics in a specific period。Me and the history of medicine at the University of Dusseldorf, Germany、Heiner Fangerau, Director of the Institute of Theory and Ethics, views the history of epidemics as a "seamless web" composed of the interaction of multiple value factors。Pandemics are interconnected globally，We leave it to nature、Culture、Analyze the relationship network between production and reproduction and corresponding countermeasures (including modernization and globalization processes)。

From a natural perspective，Human beings are also part of nature。At the same time，As Marx said，Labor creates man himself。So，The emergence of human culture determined by the relations of production and reproduction。In this context，People interpret and respond to illness in culturally specific ways，Understanding of disease、Naming and handling are often culturally specific，In a differentiated society, it is determined by bet365 bonus code indiana class。

From a cultural perspective，The material basis of culture and its bet365 bonus code indiana order determine disease、Can an epidemic or pandemic arise and spread。In a small closed group，For example among hunter-gatherers，Epidemics can wipe out entire groups。The more divided society becomes，The more dependent it is on communication within and between societies，The greater the risk that an infectious disease will spread and become a local or regional epidemic or a worldwide pandemic。Communication is the basis of bet365 bonus code indiana life，It will also form the basis for the spread of epidemics and pandemics。

From production、From the perspective of reproduction and countermeasures，Epidemics will disrupt bet365 bonus code indiana order。Take a commercial town like Venice in the 19th century as an example，A society due to close interpersonal relationships，So basic materials、The trade network for goods and other items is also in a state of seamless exchange。When business activities are threatened by epidemics，The response adopted by this society is relatively passive，Only for individual links，Such as quarantining a ship carrying infected persons。Later，These measures are gradually becoming more forward-looking，We will control every link that may bring plague infection，Thus affecting bet365 bonus code indiana order。

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Since the end bet365 bonus code indiana 18th century，Use of coal and steam，Replace human and animal power with machines and technology，Energy has developed to unprecedented heights。Subsequent industrialization、Raw materials、Factors such as product and personnel exchanges are constantly superimposed，Thus the focus bet365 bonus code indiana public health debate at the time was the pursuit of “contagionism” (isolation and quarantine)，Or "anti-contagionism" (free communication through universal improvement of sanitary environment)。Through this heated debate，The public environment and international transportation environment in industrialized countries have been improved，Local epidemics no longer have a chance to spread。

Since the end bet365 bonus code indiana 20th century，Data processing improves human computing power，And expands brain intelligence to a certain extent，The importance of data processing and information has been elevated to unprecedented heights。In all fields of production and reproduction，Computer、The global interconnection of servers and networks is developing rapidly and unstoppably。Product、Goods and people move around the world，Connecting formerly independent and balanced biospheres through heavy international traffic。These globalized networks pave the way for the emergence and spread of new diseases，Since the early 1980s，The world has been fighting these diseases。

​​It can be said，Since industrialization and the public health movement bet365 bonus code indiana 19th century，People have realized that they provide conditions for the spread of epidemics，New pathogens are even being created through humans’ own lifestyle，Thereby jeopardizing a lifestyle based on communication。Therefore，Humanity must respond without compromising basic elements such as culture。Today，The basis of global networked production is data processing，Based on this new form of production and its impact on human life，The need for a comprehensive global health infrastructure。

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To achieve the above goals，Guided by a realistic history of epidemics，A “seamless network” research approach to pandemics can be adopted。From the perspective of the main body of global epidemic history，Need to pay attention to the infection space that has not yet been observed and analyzed (possible presence of hitherto unknown pathogens)，Plant、Dynamic relationship between animals and humans (possibility of transmission of hitherto unknown or emerging pathogens to humans)，Culturally determined processes of scientific and bet365 bonus code indiana negotiation (stages of development that influence the naming and classification of unknown causes and pathogens)，The production and reproduction forms of the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases，Culturally determined scientific and bet365 bonus code indiana responses to unknown causes and pathogens，And areas that ensure new pathogens can no longer spread、National and international countermeasures。

In addition，Some ecological spaces still need more exploration。First，Damaged internally、The ecological environment that is out of balance (such as urban population density、Expansion of agriculture and general animal husbandry, etc.)；Second，Ecologically balanced area，But experienced the entry of outsiders who have not been exposed to local bet365 bonus code indiana；Third，bet365 bonus code indiana are carried to other ecological areas，This is specifically manifested as personal infection、Epidemic，Maybe even a pandemic。

From the above analysis, we can know the four most important tasks of current epidemic history research。First，Understand the dynamic relationship between nature and culture，Empirically grasp changes in the local and regional biosphere and their interactions on a global scale。Second，Investigating culturally determined processes of scientific and bet365 bonus code indiana negotiation，These processes led to the naming of initially unknown causes、Qualitative and Communication，And with culturally determined、Associated countermeasures from the onset of the cause。Third，Analysis of new technological possibilities from a historical perspective、Global Organizational Production Form，And related trade、Dense worldwide impact of transportation and communication exchanges。Fourth，Organization area、Timely national and international countermeasures，To monitor people’s health、Pandemic prevention and control。

　　(The author is the former president bet365 bonus code indiana University of Dusseldorf, Germany)