Social survey is collected、A method for processing social information，Play an important role in social science research。With the mobile Internet、Big Data、Mobile smart terminals, development and progress，Some new changes have also appeared in the field of social survey。Reporter reporters invite professors at the Department of Sociology at Zhejiang University、Liu Zhijun, deputy director of Zhejiang University Social Investigation and Research Center, and director of the Department of Sociology, Suny Albany, State University of New York、Outstanding Professor of New York State University，Lecture Professor Liang Zai, a lecture professor at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, conducted a dialogue on the social survey of the digital age。

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Liu Zhijun:For a long time，Social survey basically adopts the form of paper survey questionnaire，After designing the questionnaire，First of all, you need to find someone to fill in the questionnaire，Fu manually after recycling，Remove the invalid questionnaire，Then artificial enrollment and verification data，Last analysis and research。But in today's era，Network -based、New survey forms of computers and smart mobile devices have gradually occupied the mainstream，Traditional paper questionnaire survey is becoming increasingly decreasing。In your opinion，What should we think of this new change in survey?

　　Liang is in:Yes，As you said，Traditional paper questionnaire surveys have encountered a lot of challenges in today's society，Whether it is a market survey、Government survey or academic survey，A large number of online survey methods and computer -assisted access surveys (CAI) methods。Because of this survey method, there are many advantages that are difficult to compare with traditional paper questionnaires，The most important of which is convenience and cheap。

　　Liu Zhijun:I have the same feeling for this。I have done a lot of survey items these years，Both paper questionnaires，It has also adopted a computer -assisted telephone survey (CATI)、Computer Auxiliary Facial Investigation (CAPI) and Computer Auxiliary Network Survey (CAWI)，Deep experience。If a paper survey，Questionnaire printing、Distribution、Fill in、Check、Organize、Entry、Comparison and other costs time、laborious、Fees for money。In the case of computer -assisted，Whether it is using the phone、Tablet computer or mobile phone to investigate，At least the questionnaire printing、Questionnaire entry、Check the time and cost of comparison，It can also achieve automatic logical verification，Get real -time data feedback。If a computer -assisted face -to -face survey is adopted，Can also use the positioning of mobile devices、Take pictures、Recording、Video and other functions，Many quality control functions that cannot be achieved in the implementation of paper questionnaires。

　　Liang is in:It is really right，My academic survey project hosted over the years，It also mainly uses these new survey methods you said，It is more convenient，It can also save costs。The benefits of these new survey methods, especially online survey methods，Except for these，Another one is also very important，That is when the investigation involves more sensitive information，New survey methods are more effective。Everyone has a sensitive information that is unwilling to disclose easily，The vigilance of related sensitive issues，It is relatively prominent in the United States，If you let the other party fill in the paper questionnaire，It is difficult to collect real data。But using computer assisted self -help survey (Computer Assisted Self Interview) method，Let the interviewee yourself answer anonymous on your computer or mobile phone，They will relax，I was embarrassed or dare not answer，Fill in the answer，The authenticity of the answer rate and answer will increase。

　　Liu Zhijun:The advantage you said is indeed particularly important，Because of the network and computer、Mobile terminal，Only makes such a survey possible。but but，Although traditional paper questionnaire surveys are becoming increasingly decreasing，but not completely replaced，Because different survey forms have advantages and disadvantages，The so -called "ruler is short，Inch is the director "，It is impossible for various methods and methods to be completely replaced，A form of new and old society will be coexisted for a long time。What do you think of this problem?

　　Liang is in:No survey method is perfect。Computer -assisted survey, especially the online survey, is now very popular，After all, simple and convenient，But there are indeed many difficulty defects，Make the quality of the survey incompetence。Take the online survey as an example，The most criticized is the representativeness of the sample，Because the sampling box is not good，The probability of each person's contact and the willingness to fill in the questionnaire is not the same。As everyone is well known，Different ages、Cultural level、The network can be available for the network of social class people、Internet use frequency、Website preferences and network survey acceptance are significantly different，These will increase the selective bias of the sample。

　Liu Zhijun:This is indeed a major challenge to restrict the development of online surveys，Need to actively explore the measures。I noticed that the academic community has proposed some alternatives for collections of non -probability network data。1 is River Sampling，That is to intercept the browse network and guide them to enter a specific survey after screening。Second is the sample matching (Sample Matching)，Use a set of variables to match the individual and the individual in large samples of large samples in large samples of non -probability.，Then invite individuals in the non -probability sample after matching to complete the network survey。Third, the interviewees often used by the academic circles when conducting offline investigations on sensitive people (Respondent-Driven Sampling) to recruit online survey objects。Of course，Effectiveness of these alternatives，There are still some controversy in the academic community，But at least indicate，By taking new measures，We can not lose too diverse sample representativeness，Give full play to the convenience of online survey and the advantages of cheap。

　　Liang is in:Yes，When you encounter new problems, someone will study the solution，I believe that after a period of exploration、Test，sooner or later can solve these problems。I am impressed by the two-step sampling method.。I have participated in a higher education survey conducted by an institution in the United States，I received two paper mail。The other party first obtained the mailing address of the graduate through the relevant university departments，After random extraction，Send the first paper letter，After confirming personal information and obtaining consent，Send a second paper letter，Inform the link of the questionnaire on the Internet，In the link is a questionnaire that takes about 15-20 minutes to complete。This is actually a combination of self -filled network surveys and mailing paper questionnaires，First contact the randomly extracted graduate through paper emails，After obtaining consent, conduct a network survey，Not only improves the survey efficiency、Reduced the cost of investigation，Can guarantee the representativeness of the sample。

　　Mobile smart terminal affects survey

Liu Zhijun:This two -step method you said is a good design，is the clever combination of traditional and modern methods。The form of the internet filling questionnaire can actually be commonly used。Another，Due to the popularity of mobile smart terminals，Many online surveys are completed through mobile phones and tablets。Strictly speaking，Computer -assisted survey technology is a bit outdated，Because mobile smart terminals such as mobile phones and tablets are very different from traditional computers，The role played in people's lives is also very different。As I just talked about the advantages and deficiencies of online surveys，Could you please talk about the impact of smartphones on social surveys?

　Liang is in:No smartphone，To be high digital、Network、Intelligent society Foundation，Is it difficult to imagine。Because smartphones have entered thousands of households，Computer -assisted telephone survey for a long time is difficult to continue，Fewer and fewer people using landline calls，Basically just use it as a business phone，If the machine number is used for sampling and survey，answering rates and coordination rates are very low。

　Liu Zhijun:The problem you talked about is indeed very prominent。Telephone survey at the Zhejiang University Social Investigation Research Center，The problem you talked about is indeed very prominent，The effect is good。About 2015，Picking a seat number for social survey is getting difficult，I have to expand to the mobile phone number sampling。But survey through the mobile phone number，I often encounter a list of blacks、Complaints and other questions，It is also difficult。

　　Liang is in:Yes，Now mobile phones are getting smarter，You can set a blacklist，You can intelligently intercept strange calls，So telephone surveys in the United States are also worrying，Because the success rate of access is too low，High survey cost。but but，Popularization of smart terminals such as mobile phones，A lot of benefits for social surveys。With the increase and improvement of mobile phone functions，We can complete a lot of surveys that can't be done before。For example，A survey made by several teachers from Plingston University in 2013 made full use of the positioning function of the mobile phone。We used to study race isolation，Mainly based on census information，Look at the ethnic composition of residents in the community。But this traditional method is defective，Because it depends not only on the geographical distribution and ethnic composition of the living address，It depends on the geographical distribution and ethnic composition of the work location。Positioning according to the mobile phone，You can see where the interviewed object works or stay during the day，This is conducive to our more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the real situation of racial isolation。

　　Liu Zhijun:This function is really practical。Our large -scale social surveys have also used the positioning function of mobile phones and tablets in these years，Whether the investigator is in place。

　Liang is in:The positioning function of the mobile phone has many other uses。For example，We used to ask others about the subjective happiness，Is the geographical location regardless of the location，The default will not be affected by the location，But it is not actually that。Positioning through the mobile phone，We can inquire about the interviewees in different properties、Subjective happiness at different distances，to explore it at home、At work place、The changes in subjective happiness when traveling on a business trip, and the inherent connection of this change with the characteristics of population。This is difficult for traditional survey means。

　　Liu Zhijun:These examples you said are very inspiring to me。I heard that you have also collected space positioning information when you do a left -behind child survey，How do you design and operate?

　Liang is in:We used this method when we conducted a survey in Shaanxi，Facing left -behind children in the fourth grade of elementary school。Because children do not have smartphones，The school does not allow students to use mobile phones，We are using a light and convenient positioning positioner，Students who are drawn need to wear the positioner for a week。If a student stays somewhere for more than 10 minutes, he will leave a positioning record，Compare with the geographical information system，Compare with the geographical information system、Internet cafe、Frequency of classmates and other places、Time、Time period and other information。

　　Liu Zhijun:Your method is very clever，I have also been paying attention to the problem of excessive intake of trash foods in left -behind children these years，You can learn from your approach in the future。Of course，The geographical space positioning information you collected is comprehensive，Not only involved snack shops，And Internet cafes and other entertainment venues。I noticed that you specifically mentioned the information of "classmate"，Why should you pay special attention to this information?

　Liang is in:This is to analyze the related issues of the circle of friends。We please point out that the students are pointed out in their hearts，Nomination friend，Add space positioning information，You can examine the relationship between the dating network and the space network of these students。The question we care about is，Whether the identity of a left -behind child will cause others to make friends with the drawing students，As a result, they need to go to other villages to find people with similar experiences to make friends。

　　Liu Zhijun:Indeed，Learn from a questionnaire to understand the friends who are nominated by the students，combined with actual activity space trajectory，You can find a lot of information that has been ignored or difficult to obtain through traditional survey methods。Although this survey is not used in the usual sense of mobile phones，But can be positioned，Can also send location information，It can be regarded as a mobile smart terminal with some mobile phone functions。Visible，We need to further correct the understanding of the computer -assisted investigation tool package，Not only must we expand from traditional desktop machines to mobile phones、Tablet Computer，It should also be expanded to network or record、Mobile terminal device for saving information such as space positioning。

　　Liang is in:Yes，With intelligence、Digital functions can be used to help us complete social surveys。Of course，Since the mobile phone is commonly used now、Comprehensive mobile smart terminal，Its role is also the most prominent。

　　Liu Zhijun:Smartphones can save a lot of personal information，Background has accumulated massive data，Many scholars are using this big data for research。

　　Liang is in:Except geographical trajectory，mobile phones can also save a lot of information related to health，There are a lot of data to dig in the follow -up，Just because of privacy and data barriers，It will be limited when it is used。

　Complement of big data and social surveys

Liu Zhijun:Big data accumulated behind the smartphone network，I can't help but think of，I used to have such a period of time，The enthusiastic discussion in the academic world has to do questionnaires in the era of big data。but but，Now it has proved that big data cannot replace questionnaires。The availability of big data、thickness、Privacy restricts its effective use。but but，Since the big data itself is real and reliable、overall comprehensive、Data mass and other natural advantages，Still there is a lot to do。

　Liang is in:This is consensus，After all, big data is too strong，How to get the problem、Treatment、Use。Now the big data is widely used，In the field of social research，Many valuable research projects are digging and using big data。For example，A team at Harvard University is using the US federal government tax form data to study whether the so -called "American Dream" and details are the problem.。The tax sheet data in the United States contains key information such as address and accurate income (general social surveys cannot collect accurate income information)，Including parents、Data from children and their at different ages，You can also get accurate geographical location，plus the place of birth、race category、Migration History and other data，You can analyze different races、Different places for birth、Different types of migration、Different generations。The more interesting point is to see the "American Dream" of people born in different ages。People generally think，Those born after World War II are easy to realize the "American Dream"，Millennial generation (referring to people born in the 1980s and 1990s), especially whether the "American Dream" of the minorities of the ethnic minorities can be realized。The analysis of the tax sheet data can accurately answer this question。

　Liu Zhijun:It seems that big data can indeed solve problems that are difficult to solve in traditional investigations。but but，​​Big data is a passive storage data，Intervention with social surveys，can big data get better use。If you want to make a detailed process and mechanism analysis，​​Also through questionnaire surveys and case interviews to obtain more key variable information。

　　Liang is in:Yes，Big data is good，But often lacks necessary population characteristics and background information，It needs to be combined with an interventional social survey to analyze more deeply，​​More social research value。

　　Liu Zhijun:You are very reasonable，I agree with it very much。Digitalization in this today、Intelligent、Netwood，We can’t see the new big data without seeing、Avoid it，But it cannot be ignored by traditional social surveys，Only the big data and questionnaire surveys、In -depth interview、Data obtained by social experiments to combine，can better social research。

　　The combination of questionnaire surveys and other data

Liang is in:Of course，Questionnaire survey not only combined with big data，It can also be used with some data that can't be called big data but also very useful。In recent years，The academic community has a trend of social research in the academic community to combine questionnaires and administrative data (Administrative Data) to do social research。For example，There is a "high school student tracking survey" in the United States (High School Longitudinal Study，It started in 2009，All the students who participated in the ninth grade，I did a follow -up survey when these students graduated in high school in 2012，See whether they graduated smoothly or dropped out of school midway，How to perform performance，Then they made a return visit when they graduated from college in 2016。This project is a student、Parents、Teacher and other surveys，It has also collected students' results over the years、Teacher Composition、Open Course、Training project and other administrative data，You can analyze which activities in high school are most helpful to go to college for students、The relationship between the number of ethnic minorities and students' learning motivation、The performance of scientific training programs provided by students，​​etc.。This combination is a very good innovation method。Inspired by this，I was in Sichuan a few years ago、Shaanxi and other provinces also adopted similar methods when conducting surveys。For example，For the fourth grade students，We collect、Analysis of the grade data of grades 1-4，To accurately describe the relationship between left -behind experience and academic performance。

　　Liu Zhijun:I have read the paper you wrote based on this data，The research of this combination of investigation data and administrative data is indeed more convincing。In addition，Academic circles often combine survey data with biomedical indicators for research。I also heard you mentioned some related investigations and research before，I think this should be another prospective social research paradigm。

　Liang is in:Yes，This approach is becoming more and more popular in research related to health。Variable information such as economic and social indicators through questionnaires，At the same time, you can use biomedical means to collect related biological information。For example，In order to understand the influencing factors of college students' drinking behavior，Researchers at the Church Mountains of North Carolina University in the United States have done research on college students "binge drinking"，In addition to investigating friends online，Researchers have also inspected biomedical indicators such as personal genes。The method is to measure the DNA by collecting saliva，What genes are related to drinking，Then incorporates the sharing model with variables such as social networks。A lot of surveys，Some scholars in New York State in the United States have done a survey of 6,000 children in 5 years，They are outside the questionnaire，Also collected children's foot nails，To examine lead、The relationship between the content of metal and children's health。

　　Design and cooperation of large -scale social surveys

Liu Zhijun:We just started a dialogue on social surveys in the digital age and research around social surveys，Preliminary combing of some new changes，I personally have harvested。But the investigation form of change is likely to be the constant survey content，After all, the basic needs of people and the basic problems of society are generally unchanged or slow。For these basic problems，China has carried out many large -scale tracking surveys in the past one or two decades，Very investment，Output is also more and more，The influence is increasing。

　　Liang is in:As you said，Although there will be new social problems in the new era，But many basic problems will continue to exist。So，Many social problems are worthy of long -time tracking investigation，This is the historical data of preserving human society、Diagnosis of current social issues and contribute to suggestions、Exploring the laws of human society development, etc.，All are indispensable。Chinese population multi、Large economic volume、Fast speed of social changes，Special need to do a sustainable sampling survey for many economic and social phenomena，It has indeed made great progress in these years。

　　Liu Zhijun:Of course，The history of this type of survey in the American academic community is longer，experienced，Chinese academic circles have obtained a lot of enlightenment from the relevant large -scale tracking surveys made by American colleagues，It also provides a lot of technical support，I still need to continue to learn from it in the future。

　　Liang is in:Yes，Some large social survey projects in the United States last long、Accumulate rich，worth learning。At present，Apart from the American Integrated Social Survey (GSS), which is well known in Chinese academic circles，There are several surveys worth learning from。One is the "The National Longitudinal Study OF Adoles Health" hosted by the "National Young to Adult Healthy Tracking Survey" hosted by the University of North Carolina University.，The survey was the national representative sample of the 7th -12th grade teenager from 1994 to 1995，Five waves of tracking surveys have been carried out so far。The other is Sara Mclanahan，Host，Professor of Sociology, Professor Professor of Princeton University in his lifetime) The "The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study"，2023 renamed "The Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study)，It is a follow -up study based on 4898 children's samples born in cities with a population of more than 200,000 in the United States in 1998-2000，7 rounds of data have been collected so far。Another one is that the Panel Study of Income Dynamics。The University of Michigan launched this survey in 1968，Randomly extract more than 18,000 survey objects from 5,000 American families，and continue to track and investigate these people and their offspring。This is the longest -running home survey in the world，The National Science Foundation regards it as one of the 60 most important projects funded in history。

　Liu Zhijun:These large -scale survey projects you mentioned are concerned about major social issues，Can persist for a long time，Compassional。Except for these projects you mentioned，"China Health and Nutrition Survey，CHNS) is also well known for everyone，Your mentor、"The New Immigrant Survey" and other scholars jointly conducted a wide range of influences。

　　Liang is in:Of course，China has quickly caught up in these years。There is also a gratifying phenomenon that is the corresponding survey of cooperation between the Sino -auspicious academic community，Except for the "China Health and Nutrition Survey" for a long time, except for the North Carolina University Church Mountains，There is also a new crown epidemic period，Professor Wu Xiaogang cooperated with one of the members of the American Comprehensive Social Investigation Team Michael Hout，I did a national sampling survey，Understand Americans' views on Sino -US relations。If this survey can continue to do it，will be very distinctive and value。

　　Liu Zhijun:Yes，China and the United States are all big powers，Cultural differences between two countries，There is also a full range of communication and interaction，The two countries face some common social problems，Carry out long -term in -depth social surveys，Maintain close exchanges and cooperation at the same time，It is of great significance to the well -being of the people of the two countries。Methods and forms of social survey will follow the footsteps of the times and develop and change，But many social problems are universal problems facing humans，Need long -term attention。More importantly，Even if the question content、The survey method changed，Human society through social survey from me analysis、Self -reflection、The needs of self -transcendence are never changing。In this sense，The form of the change is the form of social survey、Technology and content，And social survey as an important scientific means to know the society is the same.。