bet365 apuestas survey is collection、A method of processing bet365 apuestas information，Plays an important role in bet365 apuestas science research。With mobile Internet、Big data、Development and progress of mobile smart terminals，There are also some new changes in the field of bet365 apuestas investigation。Our reporter invited a professor from the Department of Sociology of Zhejiang University、Liu Zhijun, deputy director of the bet365 apuestas Survey Research Center of Zhejiang University and director of the sociology department of the State University of New York at Albany (SUNY Albany)、Distinguished Professor, State University of New York，Liang Zai, Chair Professor of the School of Humanities and bet365 apuestas Sciences of Xi'an Jiaotong University, held a dialogue on bet365 apuestas surveys in the digital age。

　　New changes in bet365 apuestas surveys in the mobile Internet era

bet365 apuestas:Long time，bet365 apuestas surveys basically use paper questionnaires，After designing the questionnaire，First you need to find someone to fill out the questionnaire，Recycle and then manually review，Eliminate invalid questionnaires，Then manually enter and verify the data，Finally do analysis and research。But in today’s era，Network-based、New forms of investigation such as computers and smart mobile devices are increasingly becoming mainstream，Traditional paper questionnaires are declining。In your opinion，How should we view this new change in the form of investigation？

　　bet365 apuestas:Yes，As you said，Traditional paper questionnaires have encountered great challenges in today’s society，Whether it is market research、Government investigation or academic investigation，Both use a large number of online surveys and computer-assisted interview (CAI) methods。Because this bet365 apuestas method has many advantages that are difficult to match with traditional paper questionnaire surveys，The most important thing is convenience and cheapness。

　　bet365 apuestas:I feel the same way。I have done many research projects over the years，Have used paper questionnaires，Computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI) have also been used on several occasions、Computer Assisted Interview (CAPI) and Computer Assisted Internet bet365 apuestas (CAWI)，Have deep understanding。If you do a paper bet365 apuestas，Printing of Questionnaire、Issue、Fill in、Verification、Organization、Enter、Comparison is time-consuming、effort、cost money。With computer assistance，Whether by phone、Tablet or mobile phone to do the bet365 apuestas，At least reduce the printing of questionnaires、Questionnaire entry、Verification time and cost，It can also realize automatic logic verification，Get real-time data feedback。If computer-assisted interview bet365 apuestas is used，Can also take advantage of mobile device location、Take photos、Recording、Video recording and other functions，Achieve many quality control functions that cannot be achieved in paper questionnaires。

　　bet365 apuestas:That’s right，Academic bet365 apuestas projects I have directed over the years，Also mainly adopt these new investigation methods you mentioned，More convenient，Can also save costs。About the benefits of these new bet365 apuestas methods, especially online bet365 apuestas methods，In addition to these，There is another one that is also very important，That is when the investigation involves more sensitive information，New investigation method is more effective。Everyone has sensitive information that they don’t want to disclose easily，Vigilance on related sensitive issues，It is more prominent in the United States，If you ask the other party to fill in the paper questionnaire face to face，It is difficult to collect real data。But using Computer Assisted Self Interview method，Let the respondents fill in the answers anonymously on their computer or mobile phone，They will be more relaxed，I was embarrassed or didn’t dare to answer，Can also answer questions，The answer rate and the authenticity of the answers will increase。

　　bet365 apuestas:The advantage you mentioned is indeed very important，Because of the Internet and computers、Mobile terminal，That makes such an investigation possible。However，Although traditional paper questionnaires are decreasing day by day，But not completely replaced，Because different survey forms have their own advantages and disadvantages，The so-called "foot is short"，Every inch has its advantages”，All methods cannot be completely replaced，New and old bet365 apuestas survey forms will coexist for a long time。What do you think about this issue？

　　bet365 apuestas:No investigation method is perfect。Computer-assisted surveys, especially online surveys, are now very popular，Simple and convenient after all，But there are indeed many shortcomings that are difficult to overcome，Making the survey quality uneven。Take online survey as an example，The most criticized thing is the representativeness of the sample，Because the sampling frame is difficult to determine，Everyone’s probability of being contacted and willingness to fill out the questionnaire are not the same。As everyone already knows，different ages、Education level、Internet accessibility among bet365 apuestas classes、Network usage frequency、There are significant differences in website preferences and acceptance of online surveys，These will increase the selection bias of the sample。

　bet365 apuestas:This is indeed a major challenge restricting the development of online surveys，Need to actively explore countermeasures。I noticed that academia has proposed some alternatives to non-probabilistic network data collection。One is River Sampling，That is, intercepting Internet browsers and filtering them by questions and then directing them to enter specific surveys。The second is sample matching (Sample Matching)，Use a set of variables to match individuals in a large sample drawn non-probably with individuals in a large sample drawn probabilistically，Then individuals in the matched non-probability sample were invited to complete the online bet365 apuestas。The third is to use respondent-driven sampling (Respondent-driven Sampling), which is often used by academics in offline surveys of sensitive groups, to recruit online bet365 apuestas subjects。Of course，For the effectiveness of these alternatives，There are still some disputes in academia，But at least it shows，By taking new measures，We can do this without losing too much sample representativeness，Take full advantage of the convenience and cheapness of online surveys。

　　bet365 apuestas:Yes，When encountering new problems, someone will research solutions，I believe that after a period of exploration、Inspection，These problems will be solved sooner or later。What impressed me most was the Two-steps Process。I have participated in a higher education bet365 apuestas conducted by an institution in the United States，Received two paper emails one after another。The other party first obtained the graduates’ mailing address through the relevant departments of the university，After random drawing，Send the first paper letter，After confirming personal information and obtaining consent，Send the second paper letter，Tell us the link to the online questionnaire，The link is a questionnaire that takes about 15-20 minutes to complete。This is actually a combination of a self-administered online bet365 apuestas and a mailed paper bet365 apuestas，Contact randomly selected graduates first via paper mail，Conduct an online bet365 apuestas after obtaining consent，It not only improves the investigation efficiency、Reduced investigation costs，It can also ensure the representativeness of the sample。

　　bet365 apuestas on the Impact of Mobile Intelligent Terminals

bet365 apuestas:The two-step method you mentioned is a good design，It is a clever combination of traditional and modern methods。It can be seen that the form of filling in online questionnaires can actually be widely used。Also，Due to the popularity of mobile smart terminals，Many online surveys are completed via mobile phones, tablets, etc.。Strictly speaking，The term computer-aided investigation technology is a bit outdated，Because mobile smart terminals such as mobile phones and tablets are very different in function from traditional computers，The roles they play in people’s lives are also very different。We just talked about the advantages and disadvantages of online surveys，Can you please talk about the impact of smartphones on bet365 apuestas surveys？

　bet365 apuestas:No smartphone，To be highly digital、Network、Intelligent bet365 apuestas footing，It’s unimaginable。Precisely because smartphones have entered thousands of households，The long-standing computer-assisted telephone survey has become unsustainable，Because fewer and fewer people use landline phones，Basically just used as a business phone，If using landline number for sampling and survey，The response rate and cooperation rate are very low。

　bet365 apuestas:The issue you mentioned is indeed outstanding。Telephone survey from the bet365 apuestas Survey Research Center of Zhejiang University where I work，At first, landline numbers were used for sampling，Good effect。Probably starting in 2015，It is becoming increasingly difficult to extract landline numbers for bet365 apuestas surveys，Had to expand to mobile phone number sampling。But investigate by mobile phone number，Often encountered being blacklisted、Complaints and other issues，There are also many difficulties。

　　bet365 apuestas:Yes，Mobile phones are getting smarter and smarter now，You can set a blacklist，Can intelligently intercept unknown calls，So the telephone survey here in the United States is also in a worrying situation，Because the access success rate is too low，Investigations are expensive。However，Popularization of smart terminals such as mobile phones，There are many benefits for doing bet365 apuestas surveys。With the increase and improvement of mobile phone functions，We can complete many investigations that could not be done before。For example，A survey conducted by several teachers at Princeton University in 2013 made full use of the location function of mobile phones。We used to study apartheid，Mainly based on census data，Look at the racial composition of residents in the community。But this traditional method has flaws，Because it’s not just about the geographical distribution and racial composition of where you live，Also depends on the geographical distribution and racial composition of the workplace。Location based on mobile phone，You can see where the interviewee works or stays during the day，This will help us understand the true situation of apartheid more accurately and comprehensively。

　　bet365 apuestas:This function is indeed very practical。We have also used the positioning functions of mobile phones and tablets in conducting large-scale bet365 apuestas surveys over the years，To verify that the investigators are in place。

　bet365 apuestas:The positioning function of bet365 apuestas phones has many other uses。For example，In the past we asked others about their subjective happiness，It is regardless of geographical location，Not affected by location by default，But it’s not actually the case。Location via bet365 apuestas phone，We can ask the interviewees in different categories、Subjective well-being at different distances，To explore it at home、At work、Changes in subjective well-being during business trips and the inherent correlation between this change and demographic characteristics。This is difficult to achieve with traditional investigation methods。

　　bet365 apuestas:The examples you mentioned are very inspiring to me。I heard before that you also collected spatial positioning information when doing bet365 apuestas on left-behind children，May I ask how you designed and operated it？

　bet365 apuestas:We used this method when conducting bet365 apuestas in Shaanxi，Aimed at left-behind children in fourth grade of primary school。Because the kids don’t have smartphones，The school also does not allow students to use mobile phones，We use a lightweight and easy-to-wear locator，The selected students need to wear the locator for one week。If a student stays in a certain place for more than 10 minutes, a location record will be left，By comparison with geographic information system，We will find out if we go to the snack shop、Internet Cafe、Frequency of places such as classmates’ homes、Duration、Time period and other information。

　　bet365 apuestas:Your method is very clever，I have bet365 apuestas been paying attention to the problem of excessive intake of junk food among left-behind children in recent years，I can learn from your practice in the future。Of course，The geospatial positioning information you collect is comprehensive，Not only involves snack shops，There are bet365 apuestas Internet cafes and other entertainment venues。I noticed that you specifically mentioned the information of "classmate's home"，Excuse me why you should pay special attention to this information？

　bet365 apuestas:bet365 apuestas is to analyze related issues in the circle of friends。We asked the selected students to identify the people they consider their friends，Nominate a friend，Add spatial positioning information，You can examine these students’ friendship networks and spatial network relationships, etc.。Our concern is，Would being a left-behind child make others less willing to make friends with the selected students，As a result, they need to go to other villages to find people with similar experiences to make friends。

　　bet365 apuestas:Indeed，Understand the friends nominated by students through questionnaires，Combined with the actual activity space trajectory，You can discover a lot of information that is overlooked or difficult to obtain through traditional investigation methods。Although this bet365 apuestas did not use a mobile phone in the usual sense，But it can be located，Can also send location information over the Internet，Can be regarded as a mobile smart terminal with some mobile phone functions。Visible，We need to further revise our understanding of computer-aided investigation toolkits，Not only must expand from traditional desktop computers to mobile phones、Tablet，It should also be expanded to allow networking or recording、Mobile terminal device that saves spatial positioning and other information。

　　bet365 apuestas:Yes，Intelligent、Digital-enabled devices can be used to help us complete bet365 apuestas surveys。Of course，Because mobile phones are what we commonly use now、Comprehensive mobile smart terminal，Its role is the most prominent。

　　bet365 apuestas:Smartphones can store a lot of personal information，The background has accumulated massive bet365 apuestas，Many scholars are using such big bet365 apuestas for research。

　　bet365 apuestas:Except geographical tracks，Mobile phones can also store a lot of health-related information，There will be a lot of bet365 apuestas to be mined later，Just because of privacy and bet365 apuestas barrier issues，It will be more limited in use。

　Big data and bet365 apuestas surveys are complementary

bet365 apuestas:Mention the big bet365 apuestas accumulated behind the smartphone network，I can’t help but think，There was a time，There has been heated discussion in academia about whether questionnaire surveys are still necessary in the era of big bet365 apuestas。However，Now it has been proved that big bet365 apuestas cannot replace questionnaires。Accessibility of big bet365 apuestas、Thickness、Privacy limits its effective use。However，Because big bet365 apuestas itself is real and reliable、Overall and comprehensive、Natural advantages such as massive bet365 apuestas，There is still much to be done。

　bet365 apuestas:This is the consensus，After all, big data is too powerful，How to get the puzzle、Processing、Use。Big data is now widely used，In bet365 apuestas Studies，Many valuable research projects are mining and utilizing big data。For example，A team at Harvard University is using U.S. federal government tax return data to study whether the so-called "American Dream" can still be realized and the details thereof。U.S. tax return data contains key information such as address and accurate income (general bet365 apuestas surveys cannot collect accurate income information)，Including parents、Children and their data at different ages，You can also get precise geographical location，Add birthplace、Race Category、Migration history and other data，Be able to compare and analyze different races、Different place of birth、Different types of migration、Situations of different generations。One of the more interesting points is to look at the "American Dream" of people born in different generations。It is generally believed，Those born after World War II can easily realize the “American Dream”，There is a question mark as to whether the “American Dream” of the Millennials (people born in the 1980s and 1990s), especially the ethnic minorities, can be realized。This question can be answered accurately and carefully through the analysis of tax return data。

　bet365 apuestas:It seems that big data can indeed solve problems that are difficult to solve with traditional surveys。However，Big data is a kind of passively stored data，Involvement of bet365 apuestas investigation，In order to make better use of big data。If you want to do detailed process and mechanism analysis，We also need to obtain more key variable information through questionnaire surveys and case interviews。

　　bet365 apuestas:Yes，Big data is good，But often lacks necessary demographic characteristics information and background information，Needs to be combined with interventional bet365 apuestas survey for more in-depth analysis，More bet365 apuestas research value。

　　bet365 apuestas:What you said makes sense，I agree。In today’s digitalization、Intelligent、Network era，We cannot turn a blind eye to the emerging big data、Avoid it，But we cannot ignore traditional bet365 apuestas surveys because of this，Only through big data and questionnaire survey、In-depth interview、Combine data obtained from bet365 apuestas experiments etc.，In order to do better bet365 apuestas research。

　　Combination of questionnaires and other bet365 apuestas

bet365 apuestas:Of course，Questionnaire surveys must not only be combined with big data，It can also be used in combination with some data that is not called big data but is also very useful。In recent years，There is a trend in academia to combine questionnaire surveys and administrative data (Administrative Data) to do bet365 apuestas research。For example，There is a “High School Longitudinal Study” in the United States，Started in 2009，All participants are ninth grade students，A follow-up survey was conducted when these students graduated from high school in 2012，See if they graduated successfully or dropped out，How is the performance etc.，Then we paid a return visit in 2016 when they graduated from college。This project has been completed by students、Parents、Survey of teachers, etc.，Also collects students’ scores over the years、Teacher composition、Opening courses、Administrative data such as training items，This can be used to analyze which activities in high school are most helpful for students to enter college、The relationship between the number of ethnic minority teachers and students’ learning motivation、Performance of scientific training programs for students，Wait。This combination is a good innovative approach。Inspired by this，I was in Sichuan a few years ago、Shaanxi and other provinces also used similar methods when conducting surveys。For example，For fourth grade students，We collect、Analyzed its performance data from grades 1 to 4，In order to accurately describe the relationship between left-behind experience and academic performance。

　　bet365 apuestas:I have read the paper you wrote based on these data，This kind of research that combines survey data and administrative data is indeed more convincing。In addition，Academia also often combines survey data and biomedical indicator data for research。I heard you mention some related research before，I think this should be another promising bet365 apuestas research paradigm。

　bet365 apuestas:Yes，This practice is increasingly popular in health-related research。Variable information such as economic and bet365 apuestas indicators can be obtained through questionnaires，At the same time, biomedical methods can be used to collect relevant biological information。For example，To understand the influencing factors of college students’ drinking behavior，Researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have conducted a study on "Binge Drinking" among college students，In addition to investigating friends’ networks，Researchers also looked at biomedical indicators such as personal genes。The method is to collect saliva to test DNA，See which genes are related to drinking，Then it is included in the sharing model together with bet365 apuestas network and other variables。There are many such surveys，In New York State, the United States, a scholar conducted a 5-year survey involving 6,000 children，They are outside the questionnaire，Also collected children’s toenails，To examine lead in the environment、The relationship between the content of mercury and other metals and children’s health。

　　Design and cooperation of large-scale bet365 apuestas surveys

bet365 apuestas:We just had a conversation mainly about bet365 apuestas surveys in the digital age and research surrounding bet365 apuestas surveys，Preliminary review of some new changes，I personally gained a lot。But behind the changing survey forms are probably the same survey contents，After all, basic human needs and basic bet365 apuestas problems generally remain unchanged or change slowly。For these basic questions，China has carried out many large-scale tracking surveys in the past one or two decades，High investment，The output is also increasing，Influence is increasing。

　　bet365 apuestas:Just as you said，Although there will be new bet365 apuestas problems in the new era，But many basic problems will persist。Therefore，Many bet365 apuestas issues are worthy of long-term follow-up investigation，This is important for preserving historical data of human society、Diagnose current bet365 apuestas problems and offer suggestions、Exploring the laws of development of human society, etc.，They are all indispensable。China has a large population、Large economy、bet365 apuestas changes are rapid，It is especially necessary to conduct continuous sample surveys on many economic and bet365 apuestas phenomena，Great progress has indeed been made in recent years。

　　bet365 apuestas:Of course，American academic circles have a longer history of conducting such investigations，Experienced，Chinese academic circles have gained a lot of inspiration from relevant large-scale follow-up bet365 apuestas conducted by American colleagues，Also provides a lot of technical support，We need to continue to learn and draw lessons from it in the future。

　　bet365 apuestas:Yes，Some large-scale bet365 apuestas survey projects in the United States last for a long time、Accumulate richly，Worth learning。Currently，In addition to the American General bet365 apuestas Survey (GSS), which is well known in Chinese academic circles，There are several other surveys worth learning from。One is the "National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health" hosted by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill，Surveyed a nationally representative sample of adolescents in grades 7-12 in the United States from 1994 to 1995，Five waves of follow-up surveys have been carried out so far。The other is Sara McLanahan，Deceased，The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study) hosted and initiated by 10260_10341，Renamed "The Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study" in 2023，is a follow-up study based on a sample of 4898 children born in cities with a population of more than 200,000 in the United States from 1998 to 2000，7 rounds of data collected so far。There is also the Panel Study of Income Dynamics。The University of Michigan initiated this survey in 1968，More than 18,000 respondents were randomly selected from 5,000 U.S. households，And continue to conduct follow-up investigations on these people and their descendants。This is the world’s longest running longitudinal household survey，The National Science Foundation considers it one of the 60 most significant projects ever funded in history。

　bet365 apuestas:The large-scale survey projects you mentioned focus on major bet365 apuestas issues，Can persist for a long time，Very valuable。In addition to the items you mentioned，The "China Health and Nutrition Survey" conducted by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill since 1989，CHNS) is also known to everyone，Your mentor、American sociologist Douglas S.Messi (Douglas S. Massey and other scholars have conducted tracking surveys such as "The New Immigrant Survey" that have also had a wide impact。

　　bet365 apuestas:Of course，China has caught up quickly in recent years。Another gratifying phenomenon is the cooperation between Chinese and American academic circles to carry out corresponding investigations，In addition to the "China Health and Nutrition Survey" that the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill has been doing for a long time，Still during the COVID-19 epidemic，Professor Wu Xiaogang cooperates with Michael Hout, one of the members of the American General bet365 apuestas Survey team，Conducted a nationwide sample survey，Understand Americans’ views on Sino-US relations。If this investigation can be continued，It will be very distinctive and valuable。

　　bet365 apuestas:Yes，China and the United States are both big countries，There are cultural differences between the two countries，There is also a full range of communication and interaction，Both countries face some common bet365 apuestas problems，Carry out long-term and in-depth bet365 apuestas surveys respectively，While maintaining close communication and cooperation，It is of great significance to the well-being of the people of the two countries。bet365 apuestas survey methods and forms will develop and change with the times，But many bet365 apuestas problems are universal problems faced by mankind，Requires long-term attention。What’s more important，Even the question content、The investigation method has changed，Human society analyzes itself through bet365 apuestas surveys、Self-reflection、The need for self-transcendence will never change。In this sense，What has changed is the form of bet365 apuestas surveys、Technology and content，bet365 apuestas survey is an important scientific method to understand society, but this remains unchanged。