Cultural negotiations are a emerging discipline，Related discussions in recent years have increasingly appeared in the field of humanities and social science research。The keywords emphasized by researchers of cultural negotiations include "cross -domain", "cross -cultural", "cross -regional", "multiple -to -many", "diversified perspectives", "see the center from the surrounding"。Our reporter invited Zheng Mengjuan, associate professor of the School of International Cultural Exchange, Renmin University of China, and Honorary Professor of Kansai University in Japan、Researcher at the East and West Academic Institute，Beijing University of Foreign Studies University History and East East and West Language Culture Research Center Researcher Uchida Keiichi，Proposal back to the concept of "cultural negotiation"、related research methods、Early East Asian cultural negotiations and early Chinese international communication under the perspective of cultural negotiations.。

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　　Zheng Mengjuan:Enter the 21st century，Driven by the rapid development of economic globalization，Mutual dependence between countries around the world is increasing。But at the same time，Conflict frictions between countries are also more prominent、Complex。Different understandings and attitudes of culturally touches and collisions of culture，It is one of the important reasons for this situation。In many research cultural contact、diffusion、Change and other issues，Cultural negotiations are the latecomers who have gradually emerged in the past ten years，Its goal is to use comprehensive、The position of multiple perspectives to explain the overall form of culture。You are one of the founders of cultural negotiations and active advocates，Can you please introduce the background of this new discipline?

　Uchida City:2007，Kansai University takes the "East Asian Cultural Negotiation and Education Research Base -Create the Fresh and East Asian Cultural Panorama Map of the East Asian Culture" as the project theme，Apply to the Education Research Fund, the Ministry of Education and Research Center of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Ministry of Science and Technology, which represents the highest level of human science research in Japan，Established the Kansai University Cultural Negotiation Research Base (ICIS)。Then，We established East Asian Cultural Research Section in 2008 in the research base，East Asian Cultural Negotiations is opened。Bet from this，The unique East Asian cultural education research on Kansai University has a broader development platform，Never try to build and improve the theory of cultural negotiations。

　Zheng Mengjuan:In daily life，"Negotiated" more with questions、Contradictions together，"Communication" is more neutral or even righteous，"Cross -cultural Exchange" is also a very familiar concept of the academic community。So，Why does "East Asian Cultural Negotiations" use "cultural negotiations" without using "cultural exchange"?

　Uchida City:"Modern Chinese Dictionary (Seventh Edition)" (p. 650) explained to "communication" as "the supply of themselves to each other"，Such as material communication、Cultural exchange、Exchange work experience, etc.，The interpretation of "negotiation" is "discussing related issues related to the other party"，There is a similar word in English，NEGOTION。Records in Page 335, Volume 2 of the Chinese Dictionary，"Communication" has the meaning of "still words" and "communication; exchange"; "negotiation" includes "contact; exchanges"，Interaction in English，It also includes the meaning of "negotiating with the other party to solve the problem"。Therefore，We believe that "negotiation" contains "communication" and has a richer connotation，It is also more in line with the research theme of this discipline、range and target。

　Zheng Mengjuan:Many scholars have proposed their own definition of "cross -cultural communication"，Where，One of the more familiar definitions is that Stalla Ting-TOOMEY, a professor at the School of Communication, California State University, in 1999。She thinks，This knowledge refers to the symbolic communication process between people from different cultural backgrounds。She also emphasized，Effective cross -cultural communication goal is to create and share the meaning of different individuals in the interactive situation。Why did the research team at Kansai University abandon the terminology that has been widely accepted "cross -cultural communication"，What about the new term "cultural negotiation"?

　　Uchida City:We do not say "cultural exchange" or "cross -cultural communication"，Say "Cultural Negotiations"，It is mainly based on two reasons for two aspects。

One，In terms of traditional cultural exchange research，Its research framework is in the country's unit。Take the history of China -Japan exchange as an example，East Asia originally had multiple cultural exchanges，But the current research only picks out Japan and China，Analysis of only under the framework of cultural exchanges between the two countries。Even between the two countries，Individual studies have also been bound by the framework of Japan and China.。For example，The Sino -Japanese Cultural Exchange of the 17th -19th century was called "Sino -Japanese Cultural Exchange in the Qing Dynasty" in China，In Japan, it is called "the Japanese and Chinese cultural exchanges during the Meiji period"。

Its two，Traditional cultural exchange research is mainly aimed at case research in cultural relics or systems in individual professional fields，Lack of cross -disciplinary research。Although in language、Thought、National、Religious、Literature、History and other fields does accumulate very rich results，But there are still many unseen areas in the overall theory and its research methods of cultural negotiations，This also reflects the status quo of modern human scientific research，Although different disciplines use the same thing as research objects，But lack of contact or contact of interdisciplinary disciplines，Therefore, the overallness of research is lost，It is also difficult to grasp Bet365 lotto review the diversity and dynamics of cultural contact and mutation。

　　Zheng Mengjuan:Research team from the East and West Academic Research Institute of Kansai University，Published academic works、Academic journals，International seminars organized by hosted，Researchers in this field to build and improve the discipline of "cultural negotiations"，It is actively doing two "cross -border": First, the cross -border of the national research framework，That is multinational do not study，Especially emphasizing the between many countries、"Many pairs and multiple" studies between multiple regions; second, cross -border of the disciplinary research framework，That is interdisciplinary research。but，It is not easy to do this，Because this requires the researchers itself or the members of the research team，Researchers also need to be widened、Good at absorbing rich academic nutrients from the results of other disciplines。Can you please introduce what the main study of East Asian cultural negotiations? After more than ten years of development，What are the progress of scholars in this research field?

　　Uchida City:On the territory in East Asia，East Asian civilization that exceeds the national border、The concept of East Asia Cultural Circle。But if you simply set some advanced civilizations as the center of East Asian civilization and culture，It is impossible to get rid of the "civilization → unknown", "center (China) → peripheral (Japan and South Korea, etc.)"，It is also difficult to grasp the nature of cultural negotiations，It may lead to diversity of cultural contact、Dynamic、flat understanding of interactivity。Based on this，Although we use East Asia as the research object，But be sure to avoid the "East Asian Cultural Exchange Model is just a one -way transmission from China to neighboring countries"。

I think，East Asian Cultural Negotiations broke through the research framework of an analytical unit with a one or two countries and nations，Try to from a comprehensive position、Multi -dimensional perspective departure，Interpretation of the overall form of the negotiations of many countries and national culture。In other words，It regards East Asia as an overall cultural complex，Pay attention to the formation of the internal and cultural formation、Communication、contact、Changes and other related phenomena。

　Early diffusion of the Analects under the perspective of cultural negotiations

Zheng Mengjuan:The Analects of Confucius is the representative achievement of Chinese classics and Confucian thoughts，It has been widely circulated in the Chinese character cultural circle at least in the 3rd to 4th century AD，Touch the local language and text、Official Education、Imperial Examination、Moral etiquette and other fields，The "Confucian East Biography" of nearly two thousand years has a profound impact on all strata of local society in Japan and the Korean Peninsula。In Europe，The "Four Books" and "Five Classics" including "The Analects of Confucius", including the spread of Chinese classics, began in the 16th century。Compared with the diffusion of the Analects in the Chinese character culture circle and Europe and the United States, you can find it，Japan in the previous region、The overall diffusion of the Korean Peninsula and Vietnam is more "balanced"，The influence of the latter region is relatively decentralized，In the field is religion、Sinology gradually spread to philosophy、Cultural and other segments。Despite this，Under the promotion of missionaries and sinologists，Confucianism and other early Chinese sub -scholars doctrine has gradually become an important source for Western society to understand Chinese society，and promoted the process of "Middle School West Biography" and "West School East" process for more than 300 years。

Actually，in molding、The systematic textbooks are used to teach Chinese textbooks，The "Four Books" and "Five Classics" represented by the Analects of Confucius in the early days in the Chinese character culture circle、European and American regions have played Chinese education science books、Translation textbook、Chinese culture (including literature) textbooks and even important "characters"。

From the perspective of the overall research situation，The existing research results at home and abroad are mostly from philosophy、Literature、Translation and other disciplines to analyze，In -depth research from the perspective of language teaching。Another，More research on the diffusion of the Analects in a single country，and "more to more" research results。Therefore，Although related research results in recent years are very rich，But lacks more macro cross -country、Cross -region、Perspective angle of interdisciplinary。

　Uchida City:1687，Italian missionary Yin Duoze、Belgian missionary Bai Yingli and others published "Confucius Confucius" in Paris, France (also translated as "Confucius of Chinese Wing, Confucius")，This book already has the Latin full translation of "University", "The Analects of Confucius" and "The Golden Mean"。17-19 century，Many European and American missionaries have begun to translate "Four Books" and "Five Classics" such as their mother tongue。For example，1688，French scholar Francois Bayey published the French version of "The Analects Guide"，This is the first translation of a set of Confucian classics into French in history; British missionaries in 1861、Sinologist Lijia published the Analects of Confucius British Translation。

Even in the current Japan and South Korea，Ordinary people still use Confucian culture as an important personal cultivation and social ethics specification。I also have a calendar "The Analects of Confucius"，You can read a famous sentence in "The Analects" every day。My philosophy teacher has begun to learn the "Three Characters" and "Thirteen Classics"，Some public primary schools in Japan even require students to read the Analects of Confucius every day。

　Zheng Mengjuan:Using the "Multipiders and multiple" methods of cultural negotiations to analyze the early history of the Analects of Confucius，I will find that this book is in East Asia、Propaganda in Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States、Affecting the field、There are obvious differences in receiving groups, etc.，Studies in this area are very beneficial to comprehensively and objectively evaluate the contribution of Chinese classics such as the Analects of Confucius in promoting the process of human civilization。This kind of analysis method that focuses on the overall，​​It has important reference value for our construction of Chinese international diffusion theory。

　Uchida City:Research method of "Look at the cultural image and identity from the perspective of his other"，closely related to "Surrounding Center"。The difference between the portrait and his portrait and how their self -awareness affects their cultural identity，It is an inevitable problem when the contact of an alienation。Traditional Asian Culture Studies are trying to grasp Japanese culture in a national framework、The characteristics of Chinese culture and its formation，Pay attention to the approach of "center" or "core"，In fact, it is the non -middle "surrounding" stripping away，Only analyze "center" or "core"，To extract the purified cultural phenomenon。

But，What is not to be ignored is，Different cultural contacts are continuous，and these cultural contact phenomena exactly occur more in the divest "peripheral"。So，Only digging "Surrounding"，can we grasp the vitality of cultural negotiations。Under the promotion of this vitality，A culture is revealed under the sight of the people of B culture，and through collision、Converting and integration is accepted and established by the people of the B culture。The cultural image re -interpreted through the perspective of other other other helps to reveal an important factor that constitutes the nature of the cultural nature，And these factors are invisible in the traditional centered cultural research。We call this perspective that pays attention to rich "surroundings" as "peripheral method"，And believes that it is the basic methodology of forming cultural negotiations。

　Zheng Mengjuan:As far as the construction of cultural image and the formation of cultural identity，The perspectives of "others" and "self" are very important。The former is often related to a cultural external influence、penetration，The latter is related to the identity identity and cultural cohesion of members inside the community。and when we do identity、Cultural recognition at the same time，Also consciously or unconsciously from the "mirror" of the "other" to look at the self。

During the Zhenguan of the Tang Dynasty，Sacrifice holes are established as the national worship，Confucius Temple (also known as "Wen Temple") born in all parts of China。Affected by the concept of Chinese respect and sacrifice system，The ruler in various places in the Chinese character cultural circle has also begun to generally implement the "temple -building worship hole" policy，and gradually form a temple academic system。There are still many Confucian temples in Japan，Among them, the Sataya Temple (also known as "Tokyo Confucian Temple"), which was built around 1690), is the largest Confucian temple in Japan，In 1797, the "Changping Ban Knowledge Institute" was established here for the educational organs of the shogunate office.，After the Meiji Restoration, the Ministry of Culture and Provincial Ministry of Culture、Museum、Normal School and other institutions have been established here，Tangdao Sato has therefore become Bet365 app download the birthplace of Japanese modern education。time to this day，There are still many students and parents who are about to take the middle school entrance examination or college entrance examination every year to the Confucian Temple for signing a wish，and South Korea、Vietnam also retains similar customs。

East Asian Cultural Negotiation Studies not only study "East Asia"

　　Uchida City:East Asian Cultural Negotiations focuses on East Asia as a stage cultural negotiation，But not at this，It includes two major aspects of cultural negotiations between East Asia and cultural negotiations between East and West。What needs to be emphasized here is，The perspective of "relative" analysis in the research process is indispensable。In the past, we focused on between two countries、"One -to -one" comparison between two regions，East Asian cultural negotiations focus on many countries、"Multi -to -many" comparison between many places。For example，As a very representative Chinese Mongolian textbook，The earliest records of the "Three Characters" spread outside the domain appeared in 1583 Jesus、The Italian Luo Mingjian wrote to the letter to Jesus ’s president。Since then，European and American countries have a multi -language translation version of "Three Characters"、Note version、Imitation version。Orthodox missionary Bhqu Lin is known as "Father of Russian Sinology"，His translated "Han and Russian Control Three Characters" is considered to be the most classic Russian translation。The first new religion missionary who came to China -Britain's Marizon，It is also the earliest person to carry out the "Three Characters" translation work。

　Zheng Mengjuan:As you said，The research scope of East Asia Cultural Negotiations includes both Japan、The Korean Peninsula and other places，Also includes Vietnam in Southeast Asia、Singapore、Myanmar、Thailand、Cambodia、Laos and other countries，The latter also retains a lot of and middle、Day、Chao、Korean similar "cultural gene"。other，East Asian Cultural Negotiation also pays attention to the cultural interaction between East Asia and Europe and the United States。

The "Three Character Classics" of various European language translations is the study of Chinese philosophy in Western scholars、Thought、Culture、Education and other issues Introduction Treasures。In the 19th century, many works that imitated the "Three Characters" appeared in Europe and the United States，Among them, the typical significance is the "Three Characters" written by the British missionary Metus Metus。This work will be the language form of the "Three Characters" with the history of Christianity、The Bible "Gospel" and other contents are combined，Play an important role in the Chuan Chuan of Christian East。

The phenomenon of imitation of Chinese Mongolian textbooks is in early Japan、The Korean Peninsula and Vietnam have also appeared。For example，Relevant information display，Before 1946、Notes、Imitation book, etc.，Its content involves religious preaching、Historical Education、astronomical geography、Calligraphy, etc.，Each has its own characteristics。

　Uchida City:European and American comments in the "Three Character Classics" usually use Roman word signature，Therefore, beginners can read it soon，And these labels have also become an important reference for studying Chinese voice at that time at that time。China also has multiple imitations，For example, the "Three Characters" written by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom、The seven -character style "Sacred Training", officially promulgated by the Qing Dynasty。Generally speaking，East Asia's imitation version of rhythm and body popular reading such as "Three Characters" and "Thousand Characters"，Except three -character grid、Four -character grid，There are seven -character grid，This is more popular and long -mouth content. It is particularly suitable for teaching materials。

　　Zheng Mengjuan:"Three Character Classics" and "Thousand Characters" and other ancient Chinese classics of Chinese classics、Note version、Reward version、Derivatives such as imitation writing，In fact, it has become a record of Chinese characters and records in Europe and the United States、Storage、Inheritance and the unique carrier of their respective cultures。In 1990 UNESCO will income the "Three -character Classic" translation "Children's Moral Series"，Further explains that this book has high value，It is the common spiritual wealth of human beings。From this perspective，"Three Character Classics" and "Thousand Characters" and other classics to spread the scores around the world，It is a good "foot -footed" for depicting early East Asian cultural negotiations.。

　　(This article is the major project of the National Social Science Foundation "Study on the theoretical Innovation Innovation of the theory of Biant International Chinese Education" (23&ZD320) Pharmaceutical results)

(Author is an associate professor at the School of International Cultural Exchange, Renmin University of China; Honorary Professor of Kansai University in Japan、Researcher，Researcher of Modern East and West Language and Cultural Culture Research Center of Beijing University of Foreign Studies)