The history of European linguistics and Chinese linguistics is almost equal to，The former originated in Greece and Rome，The latter is Duan Yu Duan Yu Qin and the Han Dynasty。The two linguistics traditions are independent of each other，Long -term irrelevant to each other，Slowly advance in your own territory，Serving their respective language，The focus and orientation of the research is very different。European language belongs to folding type，The complicated shape is complicated and changing，The boundary between the word category is relatively clear，Use the letters that are easy to read and write，So in Europe，There is a grammar book in the classical period，Dictionary only appeared in the Middle Ages，and text does not need to investigate，It does not constitute learning。Chinese is an isolated type，The form is simple and less changing，Word boundary is blurred，Writing uses difficulty characters，Words and words are both overlapped and different，Therefore, training 诂、Early emergence of text science，Dictionary compilation is particularly developed;，Then there is the learning of Yinyun。Only a grammar door，In the traditional Chinese academic architecture，and the special book of self -made system until the late Qing Dynasty。

If the East and the West have never been touched，Then the language life of Chinese and even Chinese today，What kind of state will it be? I guess，Our language research will still maintain the pattern of traditional primary schools，That is text、sound rhyme、Training 诂 Three Gate，without ordinary linguistics or theoretical linguistics;，without regulating grammar and teaching grammar;、Death and Live，Not a bet365 live casino games term for division、verb、adjective、Poly word、Number、quantifiers, etc.。Even，We will not have Pinyin letters，phonetic symbol、Chesso、The inconveniences input can be imagined。As for our language teaching and test，I am afraid it will be limited to a mother tongue，There is no foreign language.。

On the other hand, Europe，If the European people never know Chinese，How will the linguistics there be development? At least two aspects will be greatly affected。First，Philosophy thinking about language will lose color as a result，It is impossible to ask questions and think deeply: What is the difference between Chinese and Western language words，What are the best or bad? Bacon is convinced，Chinese is a kind of "real word"，Being able to pass the concept faithfully and effectively; Leibnitz thinks，Western language is sound language，Chinese belongs to "visual language"; Hegel claims，Chinese hidden defects，Not conducive to scientific development，etc.。That is a debate that lasted for hundreds of years，Yu Xiang is still there to this day。Next，If there is a lack of Chinese,，World Language Maps described by medieval scholars will not be complete，isolation、Adhesive、The language type pattern of flexion folding will be difficult to constitute。Modern linguists talk about isolation，All as examples of Chinese as an example，Because it not only has a high degree of single syllable，And has a logographing text that matches this feature (logography)。Besides, Chinese literature is very good，Complexed the scent，Use the population base to be huge，Extremely distributed and geographical mutation especially，In terms of typical meaning of language culture，No other language can compensate the lack of Chinese。

Fortunately, the process of history can't speculate，East and west traffic is imperative，Unstoppable language contact。Western missionaries in the late Ming Dynasty came to China bet365 best casino games while the Ouya Sea Road was opened，From the theory of learning the Han dialect、Write block words、Starting from the scriptures and novels，Gradually know Chinese，Then immerse in exploration。From this，Chinese research is no longer the Chinese people's own business，Add a clue of Western Chinese research outside the path of local primary schools。This clue starts with a single，Then bulls，It was interpreted from three or two studies in the late 16th century to thousands of professional writings in the early 20th century，sound rhyme、Vocabulary、grammar、Rhetoric、Dialect、Text is omnipotent。The ranks of researchers，At first clear a color in China，Therefore, there is the name of missionary linguistics。A response to a few domains，philosophers from European countries、Sinologator、Linguist joined one after another。Jiu Zhi，Xishi found that the analysis mode of European language is not suitable for Chinese，and traditional Chinese methods can also be available，Then use it to mix your own system。As the Ming and Qing Dynasties use a lot of use for Xishi，The interpretation of the entire classification, together with the interpretation of words, was moved into the Western Chinese grammar。Slightly late，There are Confucian scholars Zhang Ruzhen and American priest Gao Di together in "Literary Book Officer" (1869)。To Ma Jianzhong to retain the Fa to return to China，Borrowing the paradigm system of "Gelangma" in Osxi，Written 10 volumes of "Ma's Wendong" (1898-1899)，It started with the first modern Chinese grammar。This gradual progress，Near 20th century，The history of Western Chinese research is no longer purely the Department of Western Studies，and transformed into a history of Chinese research with the same length of Chinese and Western linguistics。

History of Western Chinese Research, which has been stretched for more than 300 years，How do I get to inspect? No matter Bet365 lotto review which academic history，First of all, we must sort out the original literature clearly。But at least two of the literature in this field is different from general。

　　bet365 best casino games or say，Si Shi writes all the works of Chinese themes，All European language used。But，The writer of the language in other fields is just an expression tool，And in the hands of Chinese researchers，Language is still a means of analysis，Different background language frameworks can lead to different observation perspectives，The results obtained will also be different。For example, the same analysis of Chinese grammar，If you start from Latin，May prefer the variant and change position，I thought that Chinese is not a major defect，If based on English，It is possible to simplify analysis，I feel regret not to change because of rarely Chinese.。Many original works are difficult to find in the past，Now the electronics is not difficult to get in hand，Delivery interpretation is still rare，Most discussion stops in the translation of the story or content，Limited to the life of the author、Tibetan information and other peripheral problems，It is because the researchers failed to master the analysis method，No deeper and inside the text。

　　The second is that the manuscript is extremely abundant and difficult to take.At first missionary learned Chinese，All struggle，Because there is no dictionary suitable for foreigners，I have to actively record the word、Analysis statement，Create a phonetic instructions at the same time to transfer Chinese。accumulated year by year，Form a certain system，can be compiled to form a book，For the new generation of priests used as a school information。Chinese manuscripts of early missionaries，Some have been annihilated，Some may be buried in a library in a certain place，Still excavated from time to time，Can I truly be handed down、Only a few % can be used as a research data for the academic circles，There are fewer kinds of published。Many missionaries in front of or after it，Many missionaries in front of or after it，so that the legacy is to belong to Tibet。

Sort the literature in the history of the exam，Sort the literature in the history of the exam，Although it is extremely tight，but not the essence of academic history。Next, think about: The West has always learned Chinese and puts it into practicality，What problems have encountered，How to repeatedly try to overcome，find a reasonable and reasonable solution to the province? In the development of Chinese structure、In the process of thinking about the characteristics of Chinese language and words，What are the substantial problems that Xishi cares about? During different periods，How the missionaries of each association and researchers from European countries start from their own position，Know and understand these issues? Their enlightenment、Perspective and processing method，What is the same，Where is the difference，What is the reason for the similarities and differences? Many literatures are in front of us，Need to use deep interpretation and analysis，Differential good and bad，Remove the branches，Between the whole problem that is related to the Chinese characteristics。

History of problems in the history of literature，It is a necessary step to examine the history of Western Chinese research。Questions at the macro level，Si Shi often recovered from generation to generation，It is difficult to reach a consensus。For example，How to understand the single syllables of Chinese，This characteristic is the nature of isolation，Or is it transferred to the historical stage of language development? Chinese grammar is different from European language，What methods do you rely on? Are these means form or meaning?，How to coordinate and complement each other? What kind of relationship between words and syntax，How to distinguish it? How to divide words，How to define words? wait。bet365 best casino games This series of theoretical issues extend to this day，Contemporary Chinese scholars are still discussing，It may not be aware of the discussion of Xishi for a long time。Questions at the micro level，Although much more specific，It can be solved in the short term。Some problems involve applications，Frequent practice，Unremitting for several generations，It may eventually form a unified design plan，or the operating system adopted by most people。For example，When writing bilingual dictionary，Is it necessary to indicate the grammatical nature of Chinese words? In the interpretation of words，How to make Chinese and Western words not only mean，Words can also match? How to transfer Chinese as Western language，is to give Chinese characters for Chinese characters with Latin letters? How to record sound，Is it distinguished? Tuner and gas delivery，How to deal with it to be appropriate，It is easy to write，Not confused with letters or other symbols?

Chinese Pinyin and Latin injection are the same object，It's just new and old，The service object is not the same。Latin phonology is mainly used for foreigners，Chinese Pinyin is used by the Chinese itself。Now Chinese Pinyin is getting more and more common，Dan Latin's note (such as Wei's spelling) is still useful overseas。Speaking of Chinese Pinyin，Everyone remembers Zhou Youguang，Respect him as "Father of Chinese Pinyin"。But Mr. Zhou dare not suffer from this reputation，Because Chinese Pinyin has his father nearly，Far will have their ancestors，That is, the Latin phonetic invented by the missionary in the late Ming Dynasty。Different language background，Unlike the affiliation，There are more than one kind of phonetic system produced by missionary output，Among them, the deepest person when the influence、The greatest relationship with Chinese pinyin，is the Jesuit Cunning System of Jesus, which is recorded in "West Confucian Ear"。This book is written bet365 Play online games by Jesus Kim Ni Pavilion，1626 Zi Xing in Hangzhou，1957 Fuwu by text reform publisher，List as one of "Pinyin's Historical Materials Series"。Only this is enough to explain，Chinese people have their own recognition of good things in the history of Western Chinese research。History of Western Chinese Research，Can give us a lot of teaching benefits。

　(The author is the head of the National Social Science Fund Project "History of Western Chinese Research: The 16th -201 Century Western Chinese Views"、Researcher at the Institute of Foreign Languages ​​at Beijing University of Foreign Languages)