In the era of digital economy，Online delivery and efficient exchange of digital services and products promoted the rapid development of cross -border digital trade，and make digital trade the core content and important carrier of the outgoing digital economy。But the governments of various countries are considered by their own data sovereignty and information security，In intellectual property right、Storage localization、Cross -border data stream、Set up digital trade barriers in network security，It has a significant impact on international trade that is different from traditional trade barriers。Uniform digital trade rules have not yet been established in the world，Negotiations about digital trade barriers are also different。So，In the process of building a new development pattern，The impact of digital trade barriers on China's export trade must be paid attention to，Especially the impact on extended margins，Multiple measures to promote the high -quality development of China's foreign trade。

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Contemporary trade theory divides trade growth into intensive margins and expansion margins。Jixue margin refers to the number of export products exports、The number of exports of the original export enterprise and the increase in the number of exports to the original trading partners，Extended marginal refers to the new export variety、Exporting enterprises and trading partners。Contemporary trade theory also discovered，If the export growth of a country is mainly contributed by the Jiyo -Edge，Then the country will have a large economic fluctuation when facing external shocks，It is also possible that the trading conditions Bet365 lotto review will continue to deteriorate due to the large number of exports of long -term exports。Converse，If the export growth of a country mainly comes from extension margins，So diverse product structure makes the country have a strong ability to resist external impact，It is unlikely that reverse trade conditions effect，It may even explore new economic growth points。

China is the world's largest commodity exporter and the second largest economy，Foreign trade is an engine for China's long -term economic growth since China's reform and opening up。This export -oriented economic development model，Makes China's export growth more dependent on the number increase，instead of diversified level。But with the rise of China's status in global trade and the level of economic development，Export growth space for the intensive margin is extremely limited。To enable China to achieve stable export trade in the process of promoting domestic and international dual -cycle，Must work at the level of diversity，More relying on extension margins。In a sense，Extension margins can be regarded as an intuitive measurement of the quality of China's foreign trade development。

　　Digital trade barriers lead to rising trade costs

The impact of digital trade barriers on the margin of export expansion is mainly through changing the occurrence of trade costs。Under normal circumstances，Export products from one country to another country need to overcome two trade costs: variable trade costs and fixed trade costs。Where，Fixed trade cost refers to the cost of the relevant procedures in the trade、Communication cost、The cost of undertaking uncertain risks and supervision costs。

If the digital service trade restriction index of the Economic Cooperation and Development Organization (OECD)，Unicom of infrastructure、Electronic transaction、Payment System、Five areas Bet365 app download of intellectual property and other barriers to measure the digital trade barriers of one country，It can be found that every field will limit the expansion of China's export trade。First, due to the free flow and authorization of cross -border data, activities such as establishing digital trade cooperation，Implementation of restricted measures in infrastructure Unicom will obviously hinder the level of information Unicom，Increases the difficulty of establishing a distribution channel for Chinese enterprises overseas，Improve the cost of distribution product，Then greatly reduce the willingness and possibility of Chinese enterprises to carry out export trade。Second, the restrictions on the field of electronic trading are mainly reflected in the limitation of permit and e -signature effect，It may increase the procedures and contract costs required by Chinese companies to enter the target country market，to improve the entry threshold of Chinese enterprises。Third is the barrier in cross -border payment，The settlement method of discriminatory or security standards is not applicable to international standards，It will also increase trading risk，to increase the overseas transaction cost of Chinese companies。Fourth is discriminatory treatment for intellectual property protection at home and abroad，and the imperfect digital regulations in some countries，and the imperfect digital regulations in some countries、greater export risk，Damage to the benefit。other，Other digital trade barriers such as local requirements and business requirements，It will also increase the sunk fixed trade cost of Chinese enterprises，Some small and medium -sized enterprises may abandon foreign markets because they cannot bear these new costs。

In fact，In addition to digital trade barriers itself，Digital trade barriers between China and trading partners will also affect bet365 best casino games expansion margins。This difference will make Chinese export companies undertake a two -way fixed cost to comply with the control rules of domestic and destination countries，to increase the total cost of enterprise exports。The greater the difference, the farther the restrictions and regulations of the two countries in related fields，Therefore, it is more difficult to enter the target country market，Not conducive to the expansion of the type and market scope of export products。

　　Multiple measures to deal with the influence of digital trade barriers

First，Accelerate the cultivation of the new kinetic energy of the development of the digital economy。In the past ten years，my country's digital economy development presents three features。One is big but not strong，Quality in the construction of digital infrastructure、Core technical research and human capital investment、Optimization of market and regulatory environment，Compared with other digital power countries in the world，There is still a lot of room for improvement。The second is the rapid development speed，my country's digital economy chase the momentum quickly，The average annual growth rate of the digital index has stabilized the first echelon。Third, the development environment is good，Governments at all levels and all walks of life attach great importance to the development of the digital economy。This must be targeted and weak、Make up shortcomings，Accelerate the construction of the Internet for the industrial Internet、Cloud computing、Digital infrastructure construction, mainly technologies such as artificial intelligence，Cultivate the new kinetic energy of the development of the digital economy;，Promoting Chinese digital economy enterprises "go global"，Internationalization of digital governance。

2，Actively promote the formulation of global bet365 best casino games digital trade rules。Current，The United States has passed bilateral、Multilateral negotiations to output the "American Template" with digital trade rules to the world。China is the largest developing country in the world，It is necessary。It should be highly valued and planned at the national strategic level，Based on my country's advantage in the field of digital economy，Seeking the largest number of contracts for cooperation with OECD countries。Actively promote multilateral negotiations、Coordinated stance、Gathering consensus，In -depth analysis of dispute issues，Accurately grasp the policies and demands of all parties，To better speak for developing countries，Effectively safeguard the interests of developing countries，Constantly improving my country's right to speak and influence in the formulation of digital trade rules。

third，Promoting digital trade liberalization and facilitation。Look from the existing data，my country's digital trade barriers are connected in infrastructure、Electronic transaction、Cross -border payment、There are more restrictions and obstacles in the field Bet365 app download of intellectual property protection，restricted the growth of exit along the expansion margin。Therefore, you can be in the Pilot Free Trade Pilot Zone、Hainan Free Trade Port and other areas to pilot，Explore institutional rules of ensuring data cross -border security flow。Under the premise of maintaining national information security，Improve the level of interconnection interconnection in international communication; strengthen the compatibility of the cross -border payment system，Improving the regulatory mechanism of cross -border electronic transactions，Implement trading rules and standards in line with international standards; strengthen intellectual property protection of different types of enterprises，Create a more transparent Bet365 lotto review for the development of the digital economy in my country、Convenient、Efficient、Fair business environment。

Fourth，Pay attention to trade negotiations from the perspective of digital trade barriers。Current，Regional trade agreements mostly involve digital trade clauses，But too large limit differences will reduce the coordination of the policy，Not conducive to export trade along the expansion marginal development。my country's current digital trade barriers are at a higher level，Not only is there a large gap with digital trade barriers in developed countries，There is also a gap with some developing countries。So，my country is when signing a trade agreement with other countries，The heterogeneity of digital trade barriers in various countries must be considered，It is expected to be consistent with more countries at the level of digital trade barriers，The possibility of improving domestic enterprises entering the international market。When choosing a nation for the selection and negotiation of the trade agreement，Priority is that the difference between digital trade barriers with my country's digital trade is small、Limited and regulatory countries carry out trade negotiations。

Fifth，Strengthen cultural output and cultural fusion，Help improve the level of export diversification。Short the cultural distance，It is conducive to reducing hidden trade costs，Then weaken the influence of the difference in digital trade barriers between countries。This requires strengthening the output of Chinese excellent traditional culture，Promote the cultural integration with trading partners，Efforts to shorten the cultural distance，Reduce cultural barriers，A negative effect on the diversification of exports as much as possible。Chinese export companies can also actively publicize and promote Chinese culture bet365 best casino games in the process of foreign trade，Promote economic and trade exchanges with cultural exchanges，Then expand the depth and breadth of my country's exports，Effectively improve the level of open economic development。

　(Author Unit: School of Economics, Nanjing University)