The research on ancient Chinese "Li" has gone through a hundred years of journey。From the 1930s to the 1990s，The academic community mainly uses "etiquette" as the keyword of research。Sociology、Folklore、Anthropology and other disciplines involved "etiquette and customs" from the beginning of Caochuang，and generated a group of foundation for the foundation。After reform and opening up，The revival of these disciplines injected new vitality for the research of "etiquette"。Entering the 21st century，"Li" becomes history、Philosophy、Sociology and other areas of attention，Achievements come out。but，At present, there are still some factors restricting the research of "Li" further deepening。where，Core concepts have long been insufficient for a long time and the names are randomly named.。From the perspective of conceptual history，The contribution of the concept of "etiquette" is mainly based on the description of the matter，The contribution of the concept of "etiquette" is mainly in terms of empirical case research。In the future "Li" research, if you want to break through the current bottleneck，New concepts should be introduced while achieving multi -disciplinary crossing，"Temple Rites" and "Township in Township" is this concept。

　　bet365 Play online games

Starting from the Republic of China，Liu Yanzheng、Deng Ziqin and other scholars use the concept of "etiquette" to study ancient Chinese rituals。Liu Yizheng's "History of Chinese Culture" Chapter 19 "Zhou's Ceremony System" uses a large number of handed down literature "Zhou Li" and "Yili"，and in "History of Chinese Rites and Customs" published in 1947，For the first time, the main method of Chinese etiquette research was explained more comprehensively、Content and viewpoint; Deng Ziqin's "Outline of Chinese Etiquette and bet365 Play online games Customs" and "History of Chinese Customs" completed in the 1940s were preliminary summary of the study of Chinese etiquette history at the time，He hopes to establish a research system for Chinese etiquette and customs in the future。By the 1980s，Wang Guimin continues to promote research based on "etiquette" as the keyword，He pays great attention to the relationship between the analysis of the ritual and the social structure of the law，and believe that the upper ceremony of the government government should not include in the "etiquette"。From the research method,，Liu Yan's scholarship profile，The Zhou Dynasty ritual described by the three "Rites" is called "etiquette"; Deng Ziqin proposed to use comparative research methods and historical research methods to study etiquette;，The number of ways to discover the new information since the 21st century，It still has a wide range of influences today。

In short，Essays of etiquette and customs until the 1990s noticed that the "vulgar" part of the lower level of society in the "ritual"，Compassional。but，Due to folk customs、Sociology and other discipline systems have not been perfect for a long time，and failed to interact with the rich and magnificent knowledge system with traditional etiquette ourselves，Therefore, there are some shortcomings at this stage of research。First，The concept of "etiquette" during the Republic of China is more casual，This approach to give key terms with experience and intuition was very common at the time，But today's perspective，This approach looks too hasty because of the lack of meticulous thinking at the beginning; second，The analysis of etiquette and customs is too simple，Excessive composition described by things。And，The relationship between "etiquette" and "folk customs" has not been sorted out from the time to the present。To the moment，Further study "Li" with folklore, there are many difficulties，Because "folklore" is the overall knowledge of ordinary people、Thoughts、Cultural tradition or bet365 best casino games art form，But China has a huge and complex "ritual" system，"Vulgar" is incorporated into the system in many cases，Fei Xiaotong proposed "etiquette society" and was widely accepted。Therefore, in China，"Rites and Customs" is the middle and lower levels in the huge system of "ritual" and involves customs、Part of the level of level order，Those pure customs that neither reflect the level of level nor involved the etiquette process，It does not belong to "etiquette and customs"，belongs to ordinary folklore。More importantly，"Li" as a huge knowledge system and system assembly，Among them, the content of the temple ceremony designed by the ritual science and the upper -level ruler that is difficult to cover of folklore。but，At present, the theoretical system of domestic folklore has not yet formed，In the face of "Li", knowledge、System and customs when you are one of the complicated objects，It can't help but look stretched，This is the biggest problem that continues to study "ritual" with folk customs at present，I look forward to breaking this bottleneck from multi -disciplinary cross -method in the future。

　　"Etiquette" case research

Based on the above problems，Scholars starting from the end of the 20th century，Start using traditional historical evidence methods to study ancient Chinese "rituals" in ancient China。Zou Changlin's "Research on China" (Wenjin Press 1992 edition)、Zhang Hequan's "Zhou Dynasty Sacrifice Research" (Wenjin Publishing House 1993 edition) and Chang Jincang's "Weekly Etiquette Research" (Wenjin Publishing House 1993 edition) kicked off this prelude。Entering the 21st century，Rites Study becomes cutting -edge hotspots，And a group of representative monographs emerged。For example，In the study of the ancient ritual system，Liang Mancang's "The Five Ceremony of the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties" (Social Science Literature Publishing House 2009 edition)、Yang Ying's "Praying Harmony: The Evolution of the Zhou Qin and the two Han Bet365 app download dynasties and its laws" (Business Press 2009 edition)、Wu Liyu's "Ultimate Code: Research on Middle -aged Funeral System" (2012 Edition of the Chinese Book Company)、Zhu Yi's "The Demon of the State of the State: Research on the Change of the Northern Song Dynasty" (2014 edition of Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House)、Li Yuan's "Research on the National Sacrifice System of the Ming Dynasty" (China Social Science Press, 2011)、Zhang Jia's "The Research on the Reform of the New World: Research on Early Early Pineriums and Customs" (2014 edition of Fudan University Press)、Niu Jingfei's "Ancient Five Moon Sacrifice Evolution" (Zhonghua Book Company 2020 edition), etc.，All representative monographs of the study of temple ceremonies in various generations。In addition, there are many master's degree papers and doctoral dissertations，No enumeration。The breadth and depth of these studies have greatly exceeded the past。Looking at the distribution of results，The literature from the three generations to the Song Dynasty concentratedly records the situation of the upper layer，Therefore, more results are concentrated in the temple ceremony;，Except for the handed down literature，There are also files、Contract、A large amount of information such as folk literature，Therefore, the study of etiquette cases in the township can be carried out in depth。

Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties ’s social history research earlier used field surveys and historical anthropology methods，And noticed the important position of etiquette in regional society，Therefore, an important result of a group of etiquette cases has emerged。For example，Ke David in "Ming and Qing Society and Etiquette" (2016 edition of Beijing Normal University Press)，Analysis of the role of Confucian etiquette as a representative of regional characteristics in the formation of the Chinese characteristics of the Chinese University of the Ming and Qing Dynasties to join the national unification system;，Analysis of the process of "etiquette bet365 live casino games to the countryside"。Their research has noticed the interpretation and practice of science on "ritual" in the future of Song Dynasty.。Zhao Shiyu thinks，Etiquette in the name of "China"，In the process of "structural process" and "etiquette logo" in various places，Combining various people together。Studies above research and follow the field、Personnel、History nodes and other elements，While restoring etiquette structures and processes, outline the context of local society，Begamed beyond the period of the Republic of China to the level of only handed down literature in the 1980s and 1990s。If there are still some shortcomings，That is the connotation of "etiquette" too wide，The "etiquette" referred to by scholars is sometimes inconsistent，This requires more other concepts，can be more accurate。This also reflects the lack of local concepts in the research of ritual systems to date。Below，I introduce a few key concepts that help the study of etiquette.。

　Outlook of a systematic concept system

In recent years，Zhang Shiyan has always advocated the folk study research of "understanding China in the field"，and proposed the concept of "etiquette interaction"，Its core essence is to penetrate the national politics and folk "micro -politics"。I think，The concept of "etiquette and customs interaction" can cooperate with the concepts of the two concepts of "temple etiquette" and "ritual rank"，The concept system that forms a system。"Rites" from a set of complicated theory and a huge and complicated and comprehensive political level、The system of social level and ethical values ​​is comprehensive，Specific content can be divided into traditional ritual、Temple Ceremony、Three parts of the ritual rank。where，"Traditional Rites" belongs to the production and reproduction of knowledge，It fixes the concept of how to allocate various social interests; the "temple ceremony" includes the auspiciousness of the court、Merid、Army、Bin、Jiawu Li Li，It includes the sacrifice of the sun, Bet365 lotto review moon, mountains and rivers、The members of the clan guard the filial piety system and military、Chaigong、Yuanhui Festival and other rituals。other，Laws to the emperor、Noble、Pin Officer、Dr. Scholars' Way and Requires，It is also its subsidiary; "Township in the Township" is a village drinking ceremony that aims to be prefaced (the temples at the grassroots level can also be included in this category)、The ancestors of the clan ancestors aimed at collecting clans and the local gods worshiping in various places，They constitute a restrained "Power Cultural Network" at the grassroots level in the township，and join the country’s unification，It becomes a grass -roots terminal governance method with the lowest cost of achieving a large unified cost。"Li" is exactly the solid mechanism and system composed of the three，Only in order to achieve various capitals (money、Social status、Personal Labor) Allocated、Confirmation、Make -reactive and intergenerational transmission。With the "Ritual Movement" with the Song Dynasty，Zhu Zili is gradually implemented，"Family Li" is promoted and practiced，"Li" is no longer limited to the temple，Instead, it has been promoted to all levels of society，"Unification of the Great" is therefore more stable and perfect。

In short，Etiquette from "temple etiquette" to the middle layer of the "ritual rank"，All reflect the unification of the unity at different levels。other，Various etiquettes in the township are in practice，In addition to reflecting the unity and forming order，It also preserves the diversity of various places。Various etiquette under the row of the township during the Ming and Qing dynasties is during the performance，It can be seen that local "cultural capital" realizes resource monopoly or interest exchange in various fields。All these etiquette，The needs of obeying the centralized state in the temple，In the countryside, we will obey the needs of clan continuity and national rule。Each level of etiquette bet365 Play online games simulates an orderly idealized social structure，The entire society will form a "state of etiquette"，This is all unique features of ancient China。

So，Research on "Li" can introduce concepts such as "etiquette interaction", "temple ceremony", "ritual rank"。At the same time，To achieve literature、History、Sociology、Folklore、multidisciplinary methods of anthropology，This will make further in -depth research on the huge and vast ritual system as possible。Entering the 21st century，This cross has actually begun。With the improvement of the concept system and the in -depth multidisciplinary cross，The research paradigm of the ceremony will gradually mature，Eventually becoming an independent research field。This，The positive factors can be truly used today，This time is coming!

(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Ancient History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)