Rethinking the relationship between Marx’s political philosophy and Western political philosophy，In particular, we must face the following issues: How to reinterpret the differences between Marx and bet365 horse racing odds based on "Das Kapital"？How to construct Marxist political philosophy based on political economic criticism？for this，This article attempts to reflect on the study of the relationship between Marx’s political philosophy and Western political philosophy from three dimensions。

　　Rethinking bet365 horse racing odds directions

Current，Research on the inheritance relationship between Marx and Western political philosophers is increasingly in-depth，However, there is obviously insufficient research on the developmental relationship between the two。To this，Researchers must face the following questions: In what sense is Marx the successor of the bet365 horse racing odds tradition？In what sense is it transcendent？Contemporary research based on the criticism of political economy should pay more attention to the similarities and continuity between the two，It is still the difference and transformation between the two？Focus on what the two together bring us，What can paying attention to the difference between the two reveal to us？

From the perspective of interpretation of intellectual history，What is more important than inheritance or continuity is the development point or difference in inheritance。Stage specificity is the key to the intrinsic historical dimension of historical materialism。It is the specificity of history、Repeated exploration of historical existence，Truly demonstrates the historical depth and complexity of Marx’s thought。If "Das Kapital" is defined as a stage in the history of political philosophy，Then what is more important is not bet365 horse racing odds、The continuity of political economy and criticism of political economy，But the reason why criticism of political economy is criticism of political economy is the difference between bet365 horse racing odds。

From the perspective of the interpretative study of Capital itself，Explanation cannot stop at describing Marx himself from the perspective of predecessors or others，We can’t stop at following our predecessors、A simple comparison between others and Marx，We should discover the position of the other from Marx’s own words。In other words，We should not just focus on the differences and similarities between Capital and bet365 horse racing odds，We should pay more attention to the similarities and differences between the two。Research should go through the following three stages of development，In order to deepen。First，“Speaking directly from oneself to others” means simply denying bet365 horse racing odds based on the so-called “basic principles”。Secondly，“Reflectively speaking oneself from the other” means observing and comparing Marx with bet365 horse racing odds based on the continuum of intellectual history。Last，“Reproducing others from oneself” is based on the context of Capital，Internal reproduction of bet365 horse racing odds from the critique of political economy。From this，Only in this way can we more specifically grasp the historical connection between Marx and Western political philosophy。

In this sense，Studying the relationship between Marx and bet365 horse racing odds should also follow the "thinking from the rear" method。In other words，The places do not start one after another in natural chronological order、Understand the relationship between the two externally，But starting from "Das Kapital" as the current context，Looking back at bet365 horse racing odds，Discover the inherent contradictions in bet365 horse racing odds、Inner Criticism Trend，And then look forward to the future and the refounding and theoretical sublimation of political philosophy in the critical context of political economics。From this，The relationship between "Das Kapital" and bet365 horse racing odds，It breaks the linear time interpretation relationship of "past-present-future"，Toward a synchronic logical relationship based on "Das Kapital"。Only by breaking through the linear model of intellectual history interpretation，Only from interpretation to theoretical construction。Key words，Pay attention to the differences and similarities between the two，Oriented to the interpretation of intellectual history；Pay attention to the similarities and differences between the two，It leads to the subject consciousness of Marxist philosophy and the construction of Marxist political philosophy。

　　Re-exploring the bet365 horse racing odds content

The change in research direction must ultimately be implemented in the deepening of research content。From the above-mentioned stage perspective of intellectual history research，The key foundation for studying the relationship between Marx and Western bet365 horse racing odds lies in how to understand the differences between Marx and the modern natural law tradition。To this，Not as some existing studies，Reply with "transcendentalism" in general，It is necessary to analyze the complex entanglement of inheritance and transcendence from multiple levels such as the theoretical consciousness and theoretical unconsciousness of Marxist political economics criticism。

First，From the perspective of theoretical consciousness，How Marx criticized bet365 horse racing odds，In what sense does he understand modern natural law to be self-contradictory、Thus transitional？Obviously，This relies on the criticism of political economy to reproduce the inherent contradictory structure of capitalist society。Between the deep internal connection and shallow external manifestations of the capitalist mode of production、There is an objective contradictory structure between the exploitative relationship in direct production and the form of freedom and equality in circulation distribution。The reproduction of this contradictory structure produces the contradictory form between internal connections and external manifestations, that is, exploitative production relations and simple circulation、The appearance of the “Trinity” and its bourgeois ideology、The identity of opposites between the daily consciousness of the production parties。Key words，Ideological expression as an external manifestation of the capitalist mode of production，The inherent relationship between the modern natural law and justice system and the mode of production is contradictory，Therefore, it itself contains the contradiction between social content and conceptual form。It can be seen from this，From the perspective of theoretical consciousness，Liberty and equality as natural rights are obviously not the deterministic political value actively pursued by the critique of political economy，It is the sublation of intermediary、Transitional concept。

Next，bet365 horse racing odds perspective of theoretical consciousness，The "free individuality" and "union of free men" actively pursued by Marx，In what sense does it constitute a transcendence of modern natural law and justice systems？"Critique of the Gotha Program" analyzes the value law attributes of "distribution according to work" and the limitations of the bourgeoisie (citizens)，The paradoxical presentation of the unequal consequences of equal rights，The essence lies in the formality of modern legal rights and justice systems、Historical Critique of Emptiness and Reflexivity。In Marx’s view，Although the equal rights in the first stage of communism were divorced from its simple circulation basis，However, the formal characteristics of the law of value are still retained。Pure form of rights once pushed to the extreme，It will lead to the opposite direction due to the lack of guidance bet365 horse racing odds inner substantive purpose。No matter how rights are implemented，Always depends on and contains its own opposite。For the development of communism，Bourgeois legal power is a necessary intermediary link，That is, the so-called old traces of the new society。Communism in the primary stage still carries the formal provisions of capitalist society。From this，Free individuality and union of free people as the substantive trend of historical development，It must be based on distribution on demand。Need in on-demand distribution，It is a reasonable need formed by history、Differential needs，It is an individual need in line with human nature，Contains the potential for free and comprehensive development and the reproduction of this potential。According to need instead of according to work，The historical significance lies in，From still dependent on others、The primary stage of formalized communism is moving towards the goal of starting from oneself、Leap to the developed stage of substantive communism。In this historical process，The historic abandonment of modern legal rights and justice systems is an important node。

The reason why natural law is formal，Because legal power is a formal regulation of freedom，Rather than the substantive provisions of freedom。In other words，Dharma is freedom from any bondage，Negative freedom，It cannot provide the affirmative purpose of freedom, that is, what should be done。And can provide the affirmative freedom of "should"，It can only be the self-discipline of moral practice。However，Moral self-discipline is bound to immanence、Subjectivity confronts the abstraction of external reality，Create a confrontation bet365 horse racing odds "should" and "is"，Therefore it must be sublated and included in the overall ethics。The objective freedom of ethical totality abandons the opposition bet365 horse racing odds "should" and "is"，To continue existing normative life，Or，Maintaining the continuous reproduction of normative social relations。However，Ethical spirit ultimately proves itself to be the self-knowledge of the ideal subject，Thus moving towards the closed circle of self-identity in the eternal self-return。Therefore，Only by reconstructing ethical freedom into the self-transcendence tendency of multiple social relations and the differential abilities bred therein、Plurality needs and freedom of individualization，Only in this way can we grasp the openness of history as it moves from the kingdom of necessity to the kingdom of freedom。The above is from the modern theory of natural rights to Kant、The logical progression from Hegel to Marx shows，Norms are becoming increasingly historic、A development trend in which norms are increasingly internalized in the historical process and become substantial。It can be seen from this，Compared to natural law，Free individuality is a more substantial provision for human freedom。

Finally，From the theoretical unconscious or unconscious level，Did Marx presuppose certain "transhistorical" value norms、Natural right or principle of justice？Of course，As mentioned above，Marx consciously overcame empirical facts and value norms、The opposition bet365 horse racing odds what should be and what is，Exploring the rationality in things。Understand the confrontation bet365 horse racing odds facts and values ​​historically as a phased product of the modern capitalist situation，And require theoretical methods to overcome it，Abandon it from history。However，The Kingdom of Freedom as the Inner Purpose of History、Free individuality、Activities that are most in line with human nature, etc.，Whether it contains an unconscious super-historical value norm？

The key to the problem is，In what sense do you understand “super history”？The "super history" here cannot be regarded as independent of the historical process、The "transcendence" of historical specificity，At the same time，It cannot be regarded as a "prior" that constitutes the logical premise of history。The "superhistory" here should be seen as endogenous but not limited to a specific stage of history，The internal connections and through-logic of evolution bet365 horse racing odds different historical stages，And be able to obtain reasonable abstraction and concrete representation in the overall thinking。In other words，Can be reasonably abstracted beyond a specific historical stage、Concretely reproduced real historical continuity and commonality。Free individuality can be understood as a "super-historical" purpose in this sense。Looking thoughtfully from behind，Free individuality transcends the limitations of historical stages，In fact, it is the internal connection and objective trend bet365 horse racing odds various stages of history，That is, free individuality is the trend first，It’s the rule，Then value，is the norm。History first determines the norms，instead of the other way around。

　Purpose of reconstruction bet365 horse racing odds

Reflections on research direction and research content，Eventually led to reconstruction for research purposes。Study on the relationship between Marx and Western bet365 horse racing odds，In the final analysis, it is not for comparison and grafting between Marx’s bet365 horse racing odds and Western bet365 horse racing odds，It is about constructing a bet365 horse racing odds oriented to real political practice based on the basic principles of Marxist philosophy, especially historical materialism and criticism of political economy。

There are two competing directions in the construction of contemporary bet365 horse racing odds。First, normativeism that tends to a priori construction，Unable to touch the “factual” level of reality，Maintain an abstract confrontation with it。The second is positivism that advocates empirical verification，Unable to touch the "value" level of reality，Maintain an abstract confrontation with it。This confrontation，Often understood as various "tensions"。However，Whether it is normativism or positivism，We all think about the relationship between norms and facts from the perspective of modernity, the solid “eternal present”，Therefore it is just a binary confrontation between norms and facts that constantly proves or reproduces itself。Further，This also fails to raise the following key questions: Why does modern social reality always seem to contain two opposing levels of fact and value？Why only modern philosophers can ask this question？

If we think about the relationship bet365 horse racing odds norms and values ​​from now on，You can see the transience of its history、Transitional。First，Based on the inherent contradiction of modernity, that is, the split bet365 horse racing odds norms and facts，Looking back to the past to see the general chaos of traditional ethics。Furthermore，Looking back at the binary separation of norms and facts and the subject and object in modern society from the past、State and Civil Society、A series of accompanying confrontations bet365 horse racing odds morality and politics。Then，Foresee the historical sublation of norms and facts from the present to the future，Revealing the inner purpose of history itself。From this，In order to truly grasp the past in the reality of modern society、The synchronic convergence of present and future，Really thinking bet365 horse racing odds or above the past and present。

The criticism of political economy guided by post-thinking can grasp the "reality" as history，Normativism and positivism can only stick to the either-or status of "value" or "fact"。Thus in-depth study and continuous promotion of the philosophical thought of "Das Kapital"，Discover the bet365 horse racing odds implications of the criticism of political economy，Is the top priority in constructing Marxist bet365 horse racing odds。

　(This article is the result of funding bet365 horse racing odds National Social Science Fund’s major project “The Latest Progress in Foreign Academic Research on Capital” (18ZDA016)

(Author’s affiliation: School of Marxism, Renmin University of China)