Repeat the relationship between the relationship between Marx's political philosophy and Western political philosophy research，Especially facing the following questions: How to reproduce the difference between Marx and modern political philosophy based on "Capital"? How to construct Marxist political philosophy based on political economics criticism?，This article attempts to reflect on the study of Marx's political philosophy and Western political philosophy from three dimensions。

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Current，Research on the relationship between Marx and Western political philosophers is increasingly deeper，But the research on the development relationship between the two is obviously insufficient。For this，Researchers must face the following questions: In what sense is Marx the heirs of modern political philosophy? In what sense is its transcendence?，Or the differences and change of the two? Follow what the two bring us，What can we open for us to follow the differences between the two?

From the perspective of the history of thought，What is more important than inheritance or continuity is the development point or difference in inheritance。Specific stage is the key to the historical dimension of historical materialism。It is the specificity of history、Historically fixed in inquiry，truly show the historical depth and complexity of Marx's thoughts。If the theory of "Capital" is defined as a stage of the history of political philosophy and thought，So what is more important is not modern political philosophy、The continuity of criticism of political economics and political economics，Instead of criticism of political economics, the difference in criticism of political economics and the differences in modern political philosophy。

From the perspective of the interpretation of "Capital" itself，Explanation can not stay in the past person or others, say Marx itself，Can't stay in the predecessor、Simply attached to Marx and Marx，should discover the position of the other from Marx's own words。That is to say，Do not pay attention to the same difference between "Capital" and modern political philosophy，should pay more attention to the difference between the two。Research should bet365 live casino games go through the development of the following three stages，can be deepened。First，"Speak directly from yourself" is simply based on the so -called "basic principle" to simply deny modern political philosophy。Next，"Talking from the other person's reflection" is based on the continuous unification of the history of thought to observe and Malx in modern political philosophy。Last，"Out of another person from the own" is based on the context of "Capital"，Nearly replacement of the internal and internal production of political philosophy from political and economic criticism。From this，can be more specific to grasp the historic connection between Marx and Western political philosophy。

In this sense，Study the relationship between Marx and modern political philosophy should also follow "Thinking of the Law from behind"。That is to say，Not in the order of natural time、Understand the relationship between the two，Instead of starting from the "Capital theory" as the current context，Back to modern political philosophy，Discover the inherent contradictions of modern political philosophy、Internal critical trend，Then the re -founding and theoretical sublimation of political philosophy in the future of political philosophy in the critical context of political economics。From this，The relationship between "Capital" and modern political philosophy，Breaking the linear time interpretation relationship of "past -present -future"，and move towards a common logic relationship based on "Capital"。Only the linear mode that breaks through the interpretation of the history of thought，Only from interpretation to theoretical construction。To say，Follow the difference between the two，Guide is the interpretation of the history of thought; pay attention to the difference between the same Chinese，The disciplines of Marxist philosophy are conscious and even Marxist political philosophy constructed。

　　Research content

The conversion of the research direction is finally implemented to the deepening of the research content。From the staged perspective of the above -mentioned history of thought，The key foundation for the study of the relationship between Marx and Western political philosophy is how to understand the differences between Marx and modern natural legal rights。For this，Can't be like some existing research，Use "transcendence theory" to answer in general，and the theoretical consciousness and theoretical unconsciousness of the theoretical consciousness and theoretical unconsciousness from Marx Political Economics, which specifically interpret bet365 best casino games the complex entanglement of inheritance and transcendence。

First，From the theoretical consciousness,，How does Marx criticize the modern political philosophy，What modern natural law he understands is in the sense of his own contradiction、So is it transitional? Obviously，This depends on the reproduction of the internal contradiction structure of the capitalist society。The deep internal connection between the capitalist production method and the external performance of the shallow layer、There is an objective contradiction structure between the exploitation relationship in the direct production and the free equal form in circulation distribution。The reproduction of this contradictory structure produces the form of contradiction between internal connection and external performance, that is, exploitation production relationship and simple circulation、"Trinity" appearance and its bourgeoisiered ideology、Apart from the same sex between the daily consciousness of the parties。To say，Ideological expression of external expression as a capitalist production method，Modern natural legal power and justice system and production method internal connection are contradictory，Therefore, it contains contradictions in social content and concepts。This can be seen，From the theoretical consciousness,，The freedom and equality as a natural right is obviously not a certainty political value that the political economy criticism is actively pursuing，Instead of discarded intermediary、Transitional concept。

Next，From the theoretical consciousness,，"Free Personality" and "Free Man Unite" actively pursued by Marx，In the sense, it constitutes a transcendence of modern natural legal and justice system? Analysis of the Value Law and Limitation of the Value of "Distribution of Labor" and the limitations of the "distribution of labor"，Paradox of the inequality of equal rights，The essence lies in the formality of modern legal and justice、historic criticism of cavity and self -anti -resistance。From Marx's view，The equal rights of the first phase of communism although it is out of its simple circulation foundation，However, the formal features still retain the law of value。Pure forms of rights once pushed to the extreme，It will move towards the opposite side because of the lack of internal and substantial purposes。No matter how the rights bet365 live casino games are implemented，Always rely on and contain your own negative。For the development of communism，Bourgeois legal power is a necessary intermediary link，The old trace of the so -called new society。Communism in the initial stage still has the formality of the capitalist society。From this，As a free personality and free person consortium as the substantial trend of historical development，It is necessary to be based on on -demand distribution。Needs in the need for distribution on demand，It is a reasonable need formed by history、Differential needs，It is the individual needs of human nature，The potential of free and comprehensive development and the reproduction of this potential。Replace it on demand allocation to distribute as workers，Its historical significance lies in，From still depending on the other、Formally communist primary stages towards from yourself、The substantive communist developed stage jumped。In this historical process，The historic abandonment of the modern legal and justice system is an important node。

The reason why natural legal power is formal，It is because legal power is the form of freedom，instead of the substantial provisions of freedom。That is to say，Law is the freedom to get rid of what restrants，Whether to fix the freedom，Instead of being free to provide freedom, what should I do?。and be able to provide such positive freedom of "should"，It can only be the self -discipline of moral practice。But，Moral self -discipline is bound to internal、Subjective and abstract confrontation with external actual existence，The confrontation between "should" and "yes" is generated，Therefore, it will inevitably be discarded and incorporated into the overall ethics。Ethical and overall objective freedom abandoned the opposition between "should" and "yes"，Make the existing normative sex life continue，or，Continuous reproduction of maintaining standardized social relations。But，Ethical Spirit finally proves that it is the self -understanding of the subject of the concept，So as a closed ring of self -identity in the eternal self -returning return。So，Only the self -transcendence trend of the freedom of ethics into multiple social relations and the differential ability in it、Purpose and Personalization Freedom，Only the openness of the history of history from the inevitable king Bet365 app download of the Kingdom to Liberty。The above from modern natural rights to Kant、Hegel's logical progress of Marx's logical progress，Norm is increasingly historically historical、Specifications are increasingly internalized in the historical process and reaching a substantial development trend。This can be seen，Compared to natural law，Free personality is a more substantial content of human freedom。

Last，From the theoretical unconscious or unconscious level，Whether Marx has preset some "super -history" value specifications、Principles of Natural Law or Justice? certainly，As described above，Marx consciously overcome the experience and facts and value specifications、The opposite of what should be with the existing things，Explore the rationality of things。The confrontation of facts and values ​​is historically understood as the phased product of the situation of modern capitalism，and require it to overcome it from the theoretical method，Abandoned from history。But，As the free kingdom of freedom as the historical purpose、Free personality、The most consistent activity of human nature, etc.，Does it contain an unconscious super -historical value specification?

The key to the problem is，To understand "Super History" in the sense? The "Super History" here cannot be regarded as independent of the historical process、Historical "hyper -trim"，At the same time，It can not be regarded as a "priority" that constitutes the logic of history。The "Super History" here should be regarded as an internal but not limited to the historical specific stage，Internal connection and penetration logic of evolution at different historical stages，and be able to get reasonable abstraction and specific reproduction in the general thinking。In other words，Beyond a specific historical stage and can be reasonably abstracted、Specific real historical continuity and commonality。Free personality can be understood as the "super history" purpose in this sense。Look at it from behind，Freedom personality surpassed the historical phase limit，In fact, the inherent connection and objective trend between the historical stages，Freed personality first is the trend，It is the law，and then the value，Is a specification。History first stipulates specifications，instead of the opposite。

　Reconstruction research purpose

Reflection on the research Bet365 lotto review direction and research content，In the end, they all guide the reconstruction of research purposes。Study the issue of the relationship between Marx and Western political philosophy，In the final analysis, it is not to compare and grafters between Marx's political philosophy and Western political philosophy，Instead, it is based on the basic principles of Marxist philosophy, especially the historic view of materialism and political economics critical constructing a political philosophy for realistic political practice。

Contemporary Political Philosophy Construction has dual ways to confront each other。The first is the normism that tends to be constructed，The "fact" level that cannot be touched by reality，Keep it abstract confrontation。The second is the empiricalism that advocates the confirmation of experience，The "value" level that cannot be touched by reality，Keep it abstract confrontation。This confrontation，Frequently understood as a variety of "tension"。But，Whether it is normism or empiricalism，All are the relationship between norms and facts with the unchanged "eternal present" of modernity.，Therefore, it is just a dual confrontation that is constantly self -proved or self -reproducing this specification and facts。further，I have not raised the following key issues: Why do modern social reality always seem to contain two confrontation between facts and value? Why can only modern philosophers ask this question?

If you think about the relationship between norms and value from later，You can see the short -termness of its historical、Transition。First，The internal contradictions based on modernity, that is, the split of specifications and facts，Chaos in the past to trace back to traditional ethics。Then，From the past, looking back at modern society, the dual separation and the main body and object of the specifications and facts in modern society、National and Civilian Society、A series of companions such as morality and politics。and then，From now on the historic abandonment of foreseeing norms and facts from now on，reveals the inherent purpose of the history itself。From this，can we truly grasp the past in the reality of modern society、Gathering with the future with the future，Really think between ancient and modern or above。

Political Economics Criticism that thinks and guids from behind can grasp the "reality" of history，and normativeism and empiricalism bet365 Play online games can only be detained in the state of "value" or "facts"。Therefore, in -depth research and continuous promotion of the philosophical thought of "Capital"，Political philosophy of political economy criticism，It is the top priority to construct Marxist political philosophy。

　(This article is the latest progress in the research of "foreign academic" capital theory "(18zda016) funding for the major project of the National Social Science Fund)

(Author Unit: College of Marxism College of Renmin University of China)