Hegel and Young Marx based on different understanding of the essence，Two different attitudes to social reality，That is reconciliation and revolution。Hegel holds a de -essentialist attitude towards the essence of things，This makes him look at social contradictions and historical evolution from the perspective of changing and reconciliation。On the contrary，Young Marx tends to look at the problem from the perspective of essentialism，This essentialism constitutes the prerequisite for his alienation theory。To abandon the alienation，Marx chose a revolutionary plan。

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Hegel discusses perceptual in the "consciousness" stage of "Phenomenal Phenomenology"、The ability to perceive and intellectuality tries to grasp the essence of things but belongs to the failure process，thus deeply revealing the nature of the essence of the phenomenon world。Hegel continued to examine the process of rational self -consciousness and processes in the "rational" stage。He divides rationality into theoretical rationality、Three stages of practical rationality and review of rationality，and criticize and criticize them separately。Overall，Hegelva solves the laws and nature of the objective world，Pointing out the confirmation of the rationality，That is, human rationality to nature、The understanding and grasp of the "things itself"，In the final analysis, it is just a set of dreams that human rationality woven for themselves，Always stay within the scope of the human subject。Thinking is perceptual definitation、Perception、Intellectual to rational dialectical movements have gone through various illusion and negative experiences，Finally achieved awareness of essence: essence is the reflection and reflection of thinking in itself，I know my own understanding of myself。In the "essential theory" of "Logic"，In essence is a "relationship" (VERH LTNIS)，That is to reflect each other (scheinen)，Hegel criticized it as a mode of intellectual thinking。essentially reflect or reflect (Reflexion)bet365 best casino games ，Its inherent structure is the relationship between the two factors。Next，essentially "Gesetztsein"，But due to the inherently refreshing relationship，Setzen cannot be established in itself。Last，The essence is the exercise and generated，instead of constant fixed objects。Between existence and concepts，Middle item of the two，and the concept movement based on existence。

Hegel's "essence" is a must -have in the history of conscious development，It is also a necessary stage for the absolute concept to realize，No essence，The formation of absolute knowledge and absolute concept is impossible。But the essence is only to the truth，A link to the real nature, that is, the absolute concept。At the same time，The prescribed essence itself is constantly changing and generating，Therefore, the dialectical characteristics are expressed，These factors determine that Hegel's essential view is an attitude of de -essentialism。

If we define essentialism as a way of thinking mode and methodology that grasp the laws and essence of things from the experience phenomenon，So，This essentialist position can be seen from the works of Marx's youth。The essentialism of the youth Marx is specifically manifested in his criticism of Hegel French philosophy，It is manifested in his essence of religion based on his "essence" concept of Ferbaha、The essence of currency、The essence of labor and the essence of people's essence。For this，Alduse pointed out when exploring the humanitarian of young Marx，The "general problem" of the youth Marx (how to ask questions、Principles and methods) is "the essence of people"。Heidegger also thinks，Marx's humanitarianism is based on humanity、Humanitarian nature and essential first understanding，Therefore, it is a kind of essentialism。

The fundamental difference between the essence of Hegel and Marx is the difference in their theoretical interests。Hegel's de -essentialism is closely related to his metaphysical ambitions，Because the absolute person can only abandon the traditional intellectual thinking，Discard the essence -the structure of the phenomenon，Reaching "Concept" and starting from this，can you realize yourself。and the young Marx abandoned the metaphysical factors in Hegel's philosophy，bet365 best casino games It aims to achieve a critical society through the nature of understanding things、The purpose of transforming the world。

　　alienation and change 

We regulate the alienation of Marx as，Things away from its essence，and oppose it with it。Marx's "alienation" is not a simple concept，Instead, it constitute an important methodology。We try to interpret Marx's alienation concept from the perspective of essentialism，And associate this concept of alienation with his social critical theory。

Young Marx sees from the perspective of this essentialist that the existence of alienation of capitalist society。For example，Modern state as representatives of universal interests in the philosophy of Hegelfa，It is essentially seen by Marx as false、"General Affairs of Forms"，and as a substantial private interests relative to the general interests of the people。Marx's four regulations on alienation labor in Paris Manuscripts，Discourse on associating alienation expresses his insight into the problem of alienation。If there is no such essentialism as the theoretical premise，Modern State、Employing labor and commodity exchange can be fully understood from the existing state where it is。The bourgeois thinker before Marx did do this，Therefore, the theoretical defense of the existing capitalist system。The basic idea of ​​the youth Marx is manifested in，He first theoretically the essence of preset things，Then understand the status of things as a state of alienation from the essence of things， Finally discard this alienation state through the revolution，Back to the essence of things、Ideal Status。

Contrary to，Hegel's de -essentialism leads to alienation thoughts in his doctrine absent。As mentioned earlier，Hegel is impossible to get the concept of alienation in Marx，The premise of alienation，The nature of things has been eliminated by him。He uses another conceptual tool to understand the concept of Marx's "alienation" to understand realistic things，or，He uses a changeable dialectics。The concept of changing easy is first explained in the "existence theory" in Hegel logic。Easy to change from pure "existence" to pure and non -transition，The result of the change is "dasein"。But the change is easy to change the motion changes of concepts bet365 live casino games or things，This is the most important core element that constitutes dialectics。Hegel thinks，Easy to change from emotional certainty until absolute knowledge，From pure existence to the basic provisions of the absolute concept，"Life is easy ... the spirit is also easy"。More precisely，Easy to become the spirit itself，The spirit of opposite yourself and self -movement due to the difference between existence and none，is "Unruhe" in myself。

The cleverness of the concept of easy concept is manifested in，It is the motion change itself。It insists on thinking，Things itself is unsuccessful，Things in the experience world do not hold a constant essence。or，Easy to become the essence of things。This dialectical thinking of Hegel is well adapted to his de -essentialist claim，Use changes to resolve the essence of things。At the same time，Easy to become a wider concept than alienation，It contains alienation。That is，Change is the movement of things，But this kind of exercise may not be separated from the essence of things as alienated and opposed to it。From Hegel's view，Even if you talk about the so -called essence or law，This essence or law is also the thinking of our subjective thinking，A dual relationship structure limited to intellectual thinking。From this perspective，When the youth Marx discusses alienation based on the essentialist position，It seems that there are some dialectical factor。

　　reconciliation or revolution 

Creation (Vers Hnung) is the basic attitude of Hegel's practice of philosophy to social reality problems。He said: "Everything that is rational is realistic; everything that is reality is reasonable。"He quoted the motto in" Isso Fables "and said:" This is Los'，Just jump here。""，He also said, "To know the rationality of the rose in the current cross，and I am optimistic about the present，This rational insight is the reconciliation of reality。"" This reconciliation is based on the grasp of rationality，Not for the existing sin，Instead, the consciousness is comforted by people's rationality。The reconciliation of social contradictions does not mean the stop of contradiction movement，but the component of the contradiction movement itself。

So，How can Hegel specifically implement this reconciliation thinking in social theory? In a word, summarize bet365 best casino games in one sentence: "In Seinem Andren Bei Sich Sich Selbst Zu Sein。Freedom is to return to himself among others，Reach reconciliation with others。Reality contains inevitability，According to Hegel's view，This inevitability must be realized。But how does this inevitability realize，But it is God's will that no one can speculate，It can only be given to history and destiny to answer，He calls "rational cunning trick"。So，To make the world easy to get rid of，Calling will be reached in our unknowingly，"The continuous development of a state is a kind of motion that cannot be perceived from the appearance"。but，Under the tone of this kind of fate theory，Hegel still gives a more practical and feasible action plan in "The Principles of Law Philosophy"。This is，Modern people must actively participate in the improvement of ethical entities，Efforts to make yourself a good family member、Social members and national citizens，can achieve a settlement with reality，Realize personal individuality and true freedom。Use Allen Wood and Hudmond to say，Calling is "in the social world is at home"，And to be among others，or at home in the world，It is necessary to maintain the individuality of modern people，Make sure their social members identity。other，Hegel does not exclude the necessity of social improvement。He thinks，If social contradictions are prominent，Even a significant alienation，For example, the gap between the rich and the poor，Then the social system must make changes，so that society is worth reconciliation。Hegel is not even rejected completely，Improvement and revolution is a means of people that promote rational things from reality。

Youth Marx expressed opposition to Hegel's reconciliation plan，"The main mistake of Hegel is: he understands the contradiction of the phenomenon as the concept、Unity in essence "。He explicitly proposed，"To establish a new national system，Always go through a real revolution "。He also rebuked Hegel's legal philosophy and the entire philosophy as "the great success of mysteriousism"。Young Marx got his revolutionary position from alienation theory。Because，Since alienation causes things to deviate from its essence，We have to reverse the current status of the society bet365 live casino games in a revolutionary way，Make it back to the essence of its deserved existence、Ideal Status。We see，In the field of social critical，Hegel's reconciliation inner place has a realistic perspective based on the present，and the revolution of the Youth Marx has an idealistic dimension that points to the future。

Of course，Marx's view on the revolution has a tendency to change from the political revolution to the social revolution。He increasingly emphasized that only the full development of social forces can truly promote the change of social progress and social forms，and the change of the dynasty through the pure violent revolution cannot directly promote the change of productivity and improvement of production methods。Marx began to realize the material foundation and social conditions required for the political revolution in "German Ideology"，He said: "Whether the revolutionary turbulence that repeats the periodic in history is strong enough to destroy the foundation of all the existing everything;，means，On the one hand, there is no certain productivity，On the other hand, it has not yet formed individual conditions that not only resist the old society，and the ‘Life Production’ itself that resists the old、A revolutionary people based on the "total activities" based on the old society，So，As the history of communism is proof，Although the concept of this change has expressed thousands of times，But this has no meaning to actual development。"He increasingly tended to emphasize that only the full development of social forces can truly promote the change of social progress and social forms，and simply transforming through the violent revolution cannot directly promote the change of productivity and improvement of production methods。The development of social productivity has its own objective laws，This depends on our grasp of the dialectics of changes in things，Therefore, it is associated with Hegel's change of dialectics。So，Marx's social revolution doctrine and Hegel's change of change and reconciliation have some degree of compatibility。

In the final analysis，Essentialism is a cognitive mode led by intellectual thinking，This cognitive model constitutes a must -have stage and fundamental way to solve the problem of human rational understanding and solving problems，It requires the abstraction of the rules of things to grasp it to achieve a understanding of its bet365 best casino games essence。It is undeniable，Hegel himself is inseparable from intellectual thinking while using dialectical thinking，The de -essentialism he explained itself is still a discussion on essential issues，Therefore, it is always entangled with essentialism。At the same time，Hegel's reconciliation thinking obviously contains the factors of the revolution。Similarly，The revolutionary theory of the youth Marx is also destroyed by the essentialist itself，Features of de -essentialism。His social revolution claim in the tendency of reconciliation。and comprehensively inspect，Marx's emphasis on changes and dialectics is undoubtedly no less than Hegel。We just try to look at Hegel's reconciliation from the unique perspective of essentialism and the revolutionary plan of the young Marx。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of Marxism University of Fudan University)