The new China has been established for 70 years，Economic Structure、Cultural concept、Changes in population characteristics，Bring a severe shock to the family，Make it facing new problems and challenges。As a connection point for individual and society，Family at different stages of life cycle，Different demands for public services and social governance; whether family demand can be met，It also directly affects the construction of family well -being and development capabilities。Turn in turn，Atomic units formed as a society，Family changes will also trigger social changes。So，In the past 70 years，What happened to Chinese families? Response to this question，can be inspected from multiple perspectives。This article starts from the perspective of the family cycle，Use the national census、1%population sampling survey data and other literature，After sorting out 70 years, especially the changes in families after reform and opening up。American scholar GLICK (P. C. GLICK) in 1947 "The Family Cycle"，Divide the family cycle into formation、Extension、Stable、contraction、6 stages of empty nest and disintegration。This division is more suitable for a period of high fertility rate; during the change of population、Modernization process、The change of the concept of marriage and family leads to severe declining childization，The family cycle can be merged into formation、Extension and stability、contraction and empty nest、Four stages of disintegration。

　bet365 Play online games

Family formation originated from the conclusion of marriage。With economic and social development，Family formation period is constantly delaying backward，But overall，The proportion of unmarried people after the age of 35 has not increased significantly，Traditional family formation model still survives。

1. The average preliminary marriage age presents N type，Low low from high、Low low from high、Continue to rise again。Men's wedding，Women's Marriage，But how big is it "big"? The "Survey Survey Survey of One Thousandths of the Thousandths of the National Population" data organized by the former National Family Planning Commission in 1982，Women's average first marriage age rose from 18.57 in 1949 to 1960 years in 1960、23.05 years old in 1980，Micro drop in 1981，is 22.82 years old。Fangfang's calculation also found，Between 1950-1970，Women's average first marriage age rose from 18.68 to 20.19 years; between 1971-1979，increased from 20.29 to 23.12，The average annual growth rate will accelerate。Zeng Bet365 app download Yi calculated，The average first marriage age of 1980-1984 is less than 23 years old; men are 25.49 years old，Women are 22.80 years old，But male 23 years old、Female 20 -year -old first married person。After reform and opening up，Stability delay of the first marriage age，2015 is 26 years old，Further rise in 2018。Visible，Due to the improvement of female education and improvement of economic status，The first marriage age is almost 10 years old。

2. More and more married people have not established families before the age of 30。According to the "Survey Survey of the Popularity of One Thousandths in the country"，If we are 18 years old，The national average early marriage rate was reduced from 49.3%in 1949 to 18.6%in 1970、3.8%in 1982; calculate the late marriage standard at the age of 23 after 23 years of age，Women's average late marriage rate rose from 6.6%in 1949 to 13.8%in 1970、52.8%in 1980。Census information indicates，Expressing over time，Single proportion of the 20-24 -year -old group continues to increase;，The gap between the unmarried ratio of different years is large，But it also rises quickly:，The proportion of the number of marriage people in this age group summarizes 36.9%of the number of marriage people，Primary marriage age is obviously delayed。Although the proportion of people who have not married after the age of 30 in some areas are not low，For example, the proportion of unmarried ratios over the age of 30 in Beijing in 1982 accounted for 10.3%of the population of the same age，1990 accounted for 7.6%，But from the whole country，The proportion of those who have not yet been born after 30 years of age are not high: the unmarried ratio of women aged 30-34 years old is less than 3%，35-39 years old group is less than 2%，40-44 -year -old group is less than 1%。30 years old seems to be a critical point，95%of women will end single life and set up their own family。

　　Family expansion and stability period:Short the family expansion period and extend the stable period

Family expansion period begins with the birth of one child，Finally the birth of the last child; from the birth of the last child to the stage of the first child's marriage, that is, the family stability period。Since the establishment of New China，The age bet365 Play online games interval between the first marriage and the beginning of childcare，But there is a narrowing trend; the family expansion period is shortened and the stable period is extended，From this to the obvious changes in the family structure。

1. Short marriage interval for first marriage，Family expansion speed accelerates。Zeng Yi calculated，In the early 1980s，China's first childbirth age is about 23-25 ​​years old，The bet365 Play online games interval between the first marriage and initial education is about 1.50-1.66 years; between 1980 and 1990，The age interval between the first marriage and early childbirth; between 1990 and 2010，The first marriage interval of the first marriage of the age group under the age of 35 is not only not extended，and there is a trend of shortening，The average maximum interval is less than two years，Most age groups in most years are within one and a half years。Perhaps it is the delay in marriage，Drive people to achieve fertility as soon as possible; perhaps it is even more common for unmarried pregnancy，Pulling down the first marriage interval。

2. From the expansion period, it continues to be long, but the stable period is shorter to the expansion period.。Du Peng's research indicates，The expansion of the Chinese family has gradually shortened before the 1980s: the time difference between women's first marriage and end fertility fell from 15.15 in 1957 to 14.74 in 1964、9.02 in 1977、6.24 years in 1981。Overall，70 years，The level of fertility is greatly reduced: the rough birth rate decreased from 36.00 ‰ in 1949 to 12.43 ‰ in 2017; the total fertility rate from 6 more children in 1949、less than 3 children in 1978、The more replacement level in 1990 to today's 1.6 children (different from data)。Correspondingly，Family expansion period presents a conjoined U-shaped-inverted U-shaped change mode。In the era of high fertility rate，A woman can only complete fertility at about 40 years old，So，A family raises the youngest child with adults，Mother is about 55 years old。Therefore，Early establishment of New China，Family expansion period continues to be longer，But over time，Family expansion period contraction、Stable extension。

Family expansion period and stable period change，Closely related to the reduction of the family scale。1947，Family scale is 5.35 people，But when the first census of New China in 1953，The size of the family is less than 4.5; the second population census in 1964 picked up; 1974，The maximum after the family size reaches the New China，but not more than 5 people; 1990，The family size is less than 4 people for the first time，A slight more than 3.4 people in 2000，In 2010 and 2015, only 3.1 people。During the 62 years from 1953 to 2015，Family scale decreased by 31.1%，Form in the history of family scale。but but，Changes in the life cycle of the family are also related to the change of family algebra。Li Jinghan's survey in Ding County, Hebei in 1930，The proportion of households is extremely low，Only 2.5%，Second -generation households are not much different from third -generation households，All about 49%; Yang Junqi's research indicates，During more than ten years after agricultural cooperation,，Families composed of two or more husbands and wives gradually become less，The complex families of "Three Life Tongtang" and "Four of the same hall" are gradually rare。According to the recent four census information，Bet365 lotto review After 1982，The proportion of the second -generation households is the U -shaped mode (from 67.3%in 1982 to 68.3%in 1987，dropped to less than 50%in 2010); but，The proportion of the three generations is basically unchanged，All fluctuate around 20%; the most changing is the continuous increase of a generation of households。At the same time，between 1982-2010，Family form is very stable。Display Data of Population Census and 1%Sample Survey，Since 1982，Family form is more diverse，But core families always account for about 2/3，The main family accounts for about 1/5，less than 1/10。This seemed to see two generations of families in history in history，It also shows that although the social transformation has reduced the size of the family，but failed to change the main form of the family，Parents and unmarried children or a married child have no subversive changes in the same life。The diverse and stable characteristics of the living arrangement coexist，Changes with structural elements (such as the disintegration and reorganization of marriage、Popularity of the population flow, etc.) is closely related。

　contraction and empty nest period:Middle -aged and elderly empty nests become common family forms

Family contraction began to get married in the first child、Establish another portal; when all children leave home，Family enter the empty nest stage。During 70 years，Short family contraction period、Extension of the empty nest period，and the interval between the two stages is shortened or even coincided，Middle -aged and elderly empty nests become common family forms。

1. Short shrinking and empty nest intervals。Data show by the former National Health and Family Planning Commission，2010，Families in the contraction and emptiness period account for 45.6 % of all families。1980, especially 1972，The level of high fertility makes the family's shrinkage period and the interval between the empty nest period，But after that，Especially the family formed after 1980，Only one (two) children，As a result, the family contraction period is shortened，Extended the empty nest period。and，The contraction period of the family of the only child is overlapped with the empty nest period; even if there are two children，Except for a few families，The interval between the contraction period and the empty nest period is only about 4-5 years。

2. The starting point of the empty nest from the past from the past to the middle of the middle age，Voly Nest Store Destiny Extended。A decrease in the number of children，Learning for the formation of the empty nest period。According to the "post -80s" women 25 years old、Men's 27 -year -old town average first marriage age，Early marriage interval between two years of marriage，The only child of the only child leaves the bet365 Play online games native family after the age of 18，Live of pro -generation to live for the start of the empty nest，Husband and wife enter the empty nest period between the age of 45-47，Enter the elderly after about 15 years in the empty nest family。Wu Fan's research discovery，20th century 40、50、The average age of the three birth queues in the 1960s when the family entered the empty nest period was 57.5 years, respectively、51.3 years old and 44.4 years old，That is, the family formed after 1980 compared with the family formed in the 1960s，Enter the empty nest period about 13 years in advance。

3. The proportion of the empty nest family continues to rise。Census data display in 1982，The empty nest family accounts for 12.64%of the total number of elderly families; the data of the sampling survey of the elderly population in the age of 60 in 1987 shows，The proportion of the empty nest family is 16.3 %; according to data from the National Old Old Commission，1999，The empty nest family accounts for 25.8%; in 2016, China ’s elderly society tracking survey data shows，The family's nest rate of the elderly has exceeded half。Therefore，The proportion of elderly people living in the empty nest family continues to rise: According to the census information of 1990，1/4 elderly people live in the empty nest family; the data of the "China Aging Career Development Report (2013)" indicates，2013，Nearly 50%of the elderly population is an empty nest elderly，Quantity exceeds 100 million。Family of the only child who enters the empty nest period is earlier，longer duration。but but，Some empty nest families are just theory rather than true empty nests，It may be temporary because the children leave home; structural or emotional factors may drive children who move away from the parent family to return to their parent families，or pro -generation moved to live with the son -in -law。In rural areas，Parent -child may be adjacent to，This is not a real empty nest，Therefore, the actual proportion of the home nest family may be lower than the level of data presentation。

　Family disintegration: The characteristics of the family level are obvious

Family disintegration refers to the period when the couple died to the other party。With the development of the economic and social and the improvement of living standards from this、Improvement of public health and medical conditions，Human life is getting longer and longer，The population aging at the macro level is becoming more severe、The aging characteristics at the family level are also more obvious。

1. Family elderly population continues to grow，Aging age structure，The proportion of old families rose。Short the family expansion period，It is due to the reduction of the number of children，This in turn will trigger the aging of family age structure。Census information Bet365 lotto review display，1982，The number of people 65 and above in the family is only 0.22 people，But in 2010 to 0.41 people; the population of children aged 0-14 decreased from 1.48 in 1982 to 0.51 in 2010。Visible，between 1982-2010，The number of elderly people in the family has increased by nearly double，The number of children's population is reduced by about 2/3。At the same time，According to census and 1%population sampling survey information，2000、2010 and 2015，The total number of nationwide households is 340.5 million households、401.5 billion households and 410.1 billion households。2015，Among all family households，More than 100 million households have at least one 65 -year -old and over the elderly，1/4 more than all families，increased by more than 3 percentage points over 2010，increased by nearly 5 percentage points over 2000; the number of families with two elderly people 65 and above accounted for 9.27%of the total family households，About 3 percentage points in 2010、Nearly 4 percentage points in 2000。

2. Family duration duration extension，The steps of disintegration are delayed accordingly。Family disintegration is directly controlled by the per capita life span; the longer people live the longer，The later the point of the family disintegration。70 years after the founding of New China，With the development of the economy and society，Per capita life expectancy is greatly improved。Before 1949，China's per capita life expectancy is about 35 years，1950 is about 47 years old; after the rapid development of the 1970s，increased to 67.9 years in 1981; 2017，China's per capita life span is 77 years old，Some areas even more than 80 years old。During 70 years，China's per capita life expectancy has increased at least 42 years。The extension of life span undoubtedly has a huge impact on the family form and duration of duration，Points of the family disintegration greatly back。

In short，Family life cycle has a profound marking of the times。In the past 70 years，More replacement of various major social events，Bring a huge impact on the traditional family life cycle，The sixth phase model of the family cycle is also deeply reconstructed。Although the toughness and resistance of Chinese families are still strong，But in the new era，Family changes that have or undergoing are indeed will indeed form a major challenge to the development of future families。Delay of the age of first marriage，It means that the family formation period and expansion period should be moved accordingly，From this directly reduced women's lifelong fertility rate，Cross the family expansion period and stable period、Convergence and the empty nest period overlap，Reconstruction of the age characteristics of the family cycle。These changes will bring the effect of Domino brand，Bet365 app download If simplified family structure、Reduce family care and pension resources and aggravate its burden，Then increase the family's pair of material、Psychological and spiritual and other social pension resources appeals。To deal with these challenges，Must be introduced with a family friendly type as the core、Treatment、Pension support policy，Make up the shortcomings of public services in the family field; you must clarify the family、Government and Social Responsibility Border，Clarify the government's supporter position positioning in the field of home function; it must be promoted to promote family (capacity) construction，Maintain and strengthen the family's resistance，Strengthen family unity and cohesion，so that the family is in the new historical position，Continue to perform as promoting individual development、Core duties to enhance social harmony and stability。

(This article is the National Natural Science Foundation of China, "Pu Second New Deal" Family Friendly Policies and Family Family -Work Balanced Relationship Relationships (71673287) and major research project of the National Social Science Fund "Comprehensive two -child policy 0- —— 3 -year -old infant childcare service system research "(17zda122) phased results)

(Author Unit: The National Development and Strategy Research Institute of Renmin University of China、Institute of Elderly; Department of Population Science, Renmin University of China)