As a young researcher who takes the new generation of migrant bet365 cricket odds as the subject of his doctoral thesis，The author noticed that older migrant bet365 cricket odds are the parents of the new generation of migrant bet365 cricket odds，is supporting the development of future generations in various ways，At the same time, his own aging reflects the generational replacement and gradual aging of the migrant bet365 cricket odds。The "Monitoring Survey Report on Migrant bet365 cricket odds" released by the National Bureau of Statistics shows，From 2008 to 2022，The average age of migrant bet365 cricket odds increased from 34 to 42 years old.3 years old，The proportion of older migrant bet365 cricket odds aged 50 and above increased from 11.4% increased to 29.2%，Scale reaches 8632.10,000 people。Estimated based on the development trend of the current population structure，The number of older migrant bet365 cricket odds will continue to expand，Their situation in urban and rural areas needs urgent attention。

In recent years，With the emergence of the problem of older migrant bet365 cricket odds，The academic community has noticed that this group is employed、Difficulties in social security and other aspects。But due to the huge size of this group，Add changes in individual life course and family intergenerational responsibilities，Their relationship with the urban and rural structure is more complicated，The trajectory of his work flow needs further investigation。In fact，The vast majority of older migrant bet365 cricket odds do not withdraw from the urban labor market all at once and return to the countryside to settle down and provide for their retirement，They were defined as "older" labor force by the city and eventually lost the available labor force，They may constantly shuttle back and forth between various informal jobs and between urban and rural areas。Current academic research methods based on a single workplace in the city or in the countryside cannot grasp the continuous shuttle characteristics of this group，It is also impossible to reveal its work flow trajectory。

This article is based on the author’s urban and rural multi-site surveys in two industrial areas and two inland rural areas，After discovering that migrant bet365 cricket odds are identified as “older” by the urban labor market，It is common to experience a transition from relatively formal to increasingly informal、The "sinking-urban bias" job flow trajectory that gradually sinks along the labor market hierarchy but persistently resists returning to agricultural labor。

　The trajectory of older migrant bet365 cricket odds “sinking” layer by layer

For the huge number of migrant bet365 cricket odds，Coastal factories have long been the most important and relatively formal employment sector，It is also the earliest work field to identify the age of the labor force。In the coastal industrial zones of K City and S City that the author researched，There are job advertisements at the entrance of the industrial park and the nearby human resources market，The gender requirements for specific positions will be clearly stated、Education、Skills, especially age requirements。The typical recruitment requirement is "General bet365 cricket odds: under 35 years old、Junior high school education or above、Both men and women are welcome、Applicants with relevant work experience will be given priority”。At the beginning of the 21st century, when my country just emerged as the “world’s factory”，Due to the “unlimited supply” of the first generation of migrant bet365 cricket odds，Coastal factories usually have very low age limits for labor force。But as the "demographic dividend" gradually disappears and migrant bet365 cricket odds age year by year，Coastal factories have problems of “difficulty in recruiting” and “labor shortage”，Gradually extend the age limit for the labor force to 35 years old、38 or even 45 years old。Generally speaking，If you didn’t reach the grassroots management position in a coastal factory，Being over 45 years old means entering the ranks of “older” migrant bet365 cricket odds，Facing the risk of being fired，Factory managers have various ways to make "older" migrant bet365 cricket odds who don't want to continue their employment leave。

After older migrant bet365 cricket odds leave relatively regular factory jobs，Enter informal manufacturing、Service and construction sector jobs。Because the basic salary in coastal industrial areas is higher than that in inland cities，There are a large number of small and micro factories and private workshops surrounding the regular factory，Older migrant bet365 cricket odds who leave “big factories” usually choose this type of job to continue working。Compared with relatively formal factories，Such small factories and workshops are mostly run by small private owners，Rely on orders subcontracted by large manufacturers or small projects supporting upstream and downstream to survive，Labor management is even more irregular，The turnover rate of bet365 cricket odds is also higher。During the off-season or shutdown period，Some older migrant bet365 cricket odds who have entered such informal manufacturing jobs have begun to rely on labor agencies to obtain more temporary jobs，Including peak season order services from regular factories、Phased rush work in small workshops、Night sorting and picking at logistics points、Stage setting for shopping mall events、Temporary teams at construction sites and even temporary labor services for private families, etc.。

With increasing age，A large number of older migrant bet365 cricket odds have experienced a period of debugging in informal jobs around industrial zones，Then enter more informal construction or low-level service industry jobs。Compared to factory work，Construction industry work is extremely labor-intensive、The connection between projects is more uncertain (hence longer shutdown times)，Social security is rarely provided，But because this type of work has higher income、Usually obtaining jobs and organizing the labor process through connections with fellow villagers，You can also partially take care of your family，A large number of older migrant bet365 cricket odds choose to engage in this type of work。At the same time，Other older migrant bet365 cricket odds directly enter the industry with lower incomes、Worse protection、Lower service industry jobs that are also often more gendered。Among them，Older male migrant bet365 cricket odds are more commonly employed as low-level security guards、Cleaning and ground-level municipal work，Older female migrant bet365 cricket odds enter housekeeping、Care and lower-level cleaning and other service work。

When approaching 60 years old，Older migrant bet365 cricket odds must experience another more profound and fundamental sinking，Thereby completely disconnecting from the urban labor market。When the author went to Xibian Village in southern Gansu for investigation for the first time in 2016，It was discovered that a large number of migrant bet365 cricket odds in this village gathered in a plastic factory area along the coast and have been plastic molding for more than 20 years，The other group has been digging coal in a coal mine base along the coast for more than 20 years，Entering the ranks of older migrant bet365 cricket odds。When the author went to the village again for follow-up investigation in 2023，Seeing that bet365 cricket odds in small plastic factories and miners who are approaching 60 years old have been laid off from their original jobs，Afterwards, he moved to City S or other coastal cities to engage in lower-level service industry jobs。After an older migrant worker who had been mining coal in the aforementioned coal mine for 28 years resigned，Go to S City Industrial Zone to work as a security guard。He will be over 60 years old in a few years，Can no longer engage in day shift security work，Changed to night shift security，Staying up all night long to earn a meager salary。When the author asked him about his next plans，He said if he was not allowed to continue working as a security guard，He will be the same as an older worker who has resigned，Go to the property company to do cleaning，Mainly “driving a (three-wheeled) vehicle to transport and take out garbage”，This type of lowest-level job has relatively loose age restrictions。Another older female worker in the village who worked intermittently in a plastics factory for more than ten years when she was young returned to her hometown for several years to raise her left-behind grandchildren.，Recently after my grandson graduated from junior high school，Choose to continue working in the city where the plastic factory is located。Due to age over 60 years old，She can no longer find a factory job，First, I did cleaning in the industrial area，Later, I helped cook in the kitchen of a small factory，Recently, under the introduction of a fellow villager, I worked as housekeeper in a private family。

Entering the "over-age" stage of being over 60 years old，A large number of migrant bet365 cricket odds still manage to "stubbornly" stay at the bottom of the urban labor market，Unwilling to return to agricultural and rural labor。The above-mentioned older coal mine and factory bet365 cricket odds in Xibian Village in southern Jiangxi already reflect this "urban bias" employment characteristics，The job flow trajectory of older construction bet365 cricket odds in the village further illustrates this characteristic。Affected by the epidemic control and the downturn of the real estate industry in recent years，In 2023, the author saw many older construction bet365 cricket odds who were temporarily unemployed at home in Xibian Village in southern Gansu。What surprised the author，Although they live in the countryside and most of them engage in small farming family operations，But the labor force returning to the countryside from construction sites did not expand the scale of agricultural operations，There is no intensive labor input in the agricultural field，There is no peace of mind at home waiting for job opportunities or the transition to retirement living，But they are very eager to continue looking for job opportunities outside agriculture and rural areas。These older migrant bet365 cricket odds in unemployed villages show strong anxiety，On the one hand, they call the contractors they worked for from time to time to inquire about work information，On the other hand, it began to turn its attention to new job opportunities in local towns。In fact，Some "overage" migrant bet365 cricket odds laid off by coastal cities have been transferred to their hometown counties and towns，Those with good physical strength are engaged in transportation in the industrial park、Feeding、Heavy physical labor such as processing and commercial housing construction in new urban areas、Decoration and other labor work，Those with weakened physical strength can only work as security guards、Cleaning and other low-level service industry jobs。

So we see，Migrant bet365 cricket odds went from being recognized as “older” labor force by the urban labor market to eventually leaving urban informal work，Experiencing continuous decline along the labor market hierarchy，But stubbornly staying at the bottom of the urban labor market，Unwilling to return to the job mobility trajectory of agricultural and rural labor，Shows distinct "sinking-urban bias" work flow characteristics。

　　The structural origin of “sinking” bet365 cricket odds flow

The formation of the “sinking-urban bias” work mobility trajectory for older migrant bet365 cricket odds，Differenced exclusion rooted in urban labor markets at different levels、The combined effect of the increasing labor reproduction burden of older migrant bet365 cricket odds and the gradually decreasing income returns of traditional agricultural and rural labor。

Different levels of urban labor markets discriminate against the age and physical conditions of migrant bet365 cricket odds，Is the primary reason why older migrant bet365 cricket odds’ work trajectories continue to decline。Already mentioned above，Relatively formal factory work is the first to identify the age and physical condition of migrant bet365 cricket odds，And developed a series of grassroots management methods to control the employment and retention of labor force。Coastal assembly line factories require bet365 cricket odds to stand or sit for long periods of time，Requires high concentration or flexible operation from bet365 cricket odds，And work overtime and shift work。Such factories not only strictly control age and physical conditions in the recruitment process，Also sensitively identifies changes in bet365 cricket odds’ physical conditions during the production process，And take the initiative to resign under supervision、Reduce overtime schedule、Removing “older” migrant bet365 cricket odds by moving them to difficult-to-work positions。Compared to factory work，Private workshop、Construction site、Work such as security and cleaning is often subcontracted and subcontracted，Relatively tolerant of the age and physical conditions of migrant bet365 cricket odds，It is a work field at the bottom of the city where older migrant bet365 cricket odds who are approaching 60 years old gather。However, relevant national laws have rigid provisions on labor contracts and retirement age，Political definition of 60 years old as the age for rigid resignation，Let older migrant bet365 cricket odds approaching 60 years old face overall system exclusion。There are only temporary jobs that are more informal and therefore at the bottom of the urban labor market，Due to more flexible adoption、Flexibility、Private and temporary employment，Only will some “overage” migrant bet365 cricket odds be accepted to continue working。This type of work is a blind spot for government supervision，“Overage” migrant bet365 cricket odds rely on personal connections or intermediaries to obtain relevant jobs，Age softened by highly informal employment and trust in acquaintance relationships，bet365 cricket odds’ physical condition and working ability become the adjustment indicators of labor supply。These highly informal and temporary jobs have also become the last place for “over-age” migrant bet365 cricket odds to “stick” to the urban labor market。It can be seen from this，It is precisely the differential rejection of migrant bet365 cricket odds by age and body in different labor market levels and work departments with different degrees of formalization，Promoted the gradual sinking of older migrant bet365 cricket odds。

In the process of sinking layer by layer，Older migrant bet365 cricket odds are seriously insufficiently prepared for labor force reproduction in their later years，Promoting their continuous hard work。Because the labor market requires a period of development and construction，Only a limited number of first-generation migrant bet365 cricket odds (usually those who have worked in formal factories for a long time) can receive pensions after the "retirement age"。After the promulgation of relevant national laws，A large number of informal employment sectors are still exempt from paying social security to reduce labor costs，Resulting in incomplete social security for the vast majority of older migrant bet365 cricket odds。The split family reproduction model of the first generation of migrant bet365 cricket odds also increases the gap between their work and social security: the family focus of migrant bet365 cricket odds is still in the countryside，Migrants are being dragged back to their hometowns and even stay behind，Continue to work，Especially in a company where the continuous work process is constantly interrupted，As a result, the vast majority of first-generation migrant bet365 cricket odds, especially female bet365 cricket odds with left-behind experience, lack a continuous career and continuous social security payment records when they reach "retirement age"。So after migrant bet365 cricket odds enter an older stage，There is generally a serious lack of preparation for the reproduction of individual labor force，Usually you can only receive a monthly pension subsidy of more than 100 yuan in your hometown in the countryside after the age of 60。This meager "retirement income" is not only difficult to cover the cost of living after the labor force declines，It is more difficult to cope with the major diseases and medical expenses that will be faced after old age and frailty。Older migrant bet365 cricket odds are seriously unprepared for labor force reproduction in their later years and are worried about future living costs and disease expenses，Promotes them even as they grow older and physically decline，Still "stubbornly" "sticky" at the bottom of the urban labor market。

Outside the reproduction of individual labor power，The burden of family reproduction has continued to increase in recent years，It also further pushes older migrant bet365 cricket odds into the urban labor market。In the rural areas of southern Jiangxi and western Guangxi studied by the author，Education has become common in recent years、The trend of housing and family life moving from rural to urban areas，Greatly increases the reproduction burden of migrant bet365 cricket odds’ families。Take the education in Shannei Village in Xixi Guangxi as an example，In 2016, there were only two grades and a total of 21 students left in the village teaching site，In 2018, the village primary school teaching points and kindergartens were canceled together，Children move to towns or counties to study。For the large number of migrant families who cannot live in school or are unwilling to let their children live in school，Buying a house in the city or renting a house to accompany you to study becomes the only option，Family living expenses have increased significantly。Parallel with the upward movement of education is the upward movement of residence of migrant bet365 cricket odds’ families。In recent years, a huge number of commercial housing has been built in the two counties，The urban population more than tripled，The vast majority of home buyers are migrant worker families whose labor force is working abroad。They go to the city to buy houses for their children to go to school or to get married and start a family in the future，Not only spent many years of savings，Also burdened with a huge housing loan。Older migrant bet365 cricket odds and their wives move to the city as caregivers for left-behind grandchildren，Or join the wave of house buying for the sake of marriage for your children，Directly or indirectly bear the cost of household urbanization。Education from descendant families、Family reproduction burdens such as housing and living costs，Becomes another strong pressure to push older migrant bet365 cricket odds to continue working abroad。

Older migrant bet365 cricket odds、In particular, "over-age" migrant bet365 cricket odds are unwilling to return to agricultural labor but continue to "stick" at the bottom of the urban labor market，The root cause is that the return on labor at the bottom of the city is much higher than the return on agricultural labor。Take Lao Gao, an elderly migrant worker who has been tracked by the author for a long time as an example，He is 70 years old this year，Dumping garbage at a property management company in a commercial housing complex in a city in the Yangtze River Delta。Before he worked full-time more than ten years ago，Farming at home with my wife，While going out to work during the slack period。Then the wife went to the city to take care of the children for her son，He also came to the current city，Work as a handyman at a construction site first，Started working as a security guard after turning 60，After being fired, I went to work as a house cleaner in the community，Started dumping garbage when he was nearly 70 years old。There is no contract for this job，But basic salary plus picking up items，Monthly income between 4,000 and 5,000 yuan。opposite，Agricultural income has been low for a long time in my hometown of rural areas in southern Gansu，Even tending to decline recently。Rice is grown in the paddy fields of the village，Growing vegetables on dry land，Planting trees on slopes and mountains、Camellia oil or kumquat。In recent years, agricultural supplies (such as chemical fertilizers、Seeds, etc.) prices continue to rise，Arable land、Harvesting has been mechanized and monetized，Food prices have been depressed for a long time，The price of kumquats has also plummeted，Camellia oil production is greatly affected by weather，The annual income per mu of land is generally less than 1,000 yuan。Small farmer families can only invest in necessary agricultural materials and transfer dozens of acres of cultivated land，Only one can have an annual income of tens of thousands of yuan。Comparison of urban and rural labor returns，The aforementioned migrant worker Lao Gao has been reluctant to return home，He knows that with his age and physical strength，Neither willing to make large investments in agricultural production，We are unable to bear the heavy seasonal agricultural labor，Not willing to bear the opportunity cost of idle labor during slack periods。When the author interviewed him in 2023，Because he is 70 years old，Facing the risk of being fired by the property management company。Asked about next plans，He still chooses to be "sticky" at the bottom of the urban labor market: he heard from his coworkers，The municipal garbage disposal station needs manpower，If he is in good health at his age, he can still work for a few years。

The above analysis shows，Differential exclusion in urban labor markets at different levels results in the “sinking” job flow of older migrant bet365 cricket odds，Older migrant bet365 cricket odds are seriously insufficiently prepared for labor force reproduction in their later years and the burden of family reproduction continues to increase，Let them work "stubbornly" even when they are old and frail，The continued decline in returns from traditional agriculture has discouraged older migrant bet365 cricket odds、In particular, some "overage" migrant bet365 cricket odds remain "sticky" at the bottom of the city for a long time。

　Tracking the urban and rural situations of older migrant bet365 cricket odds

For quantities exceeding 80 million、For older migrant bet365 cricket odds over 50 years old who account for nearly one-third of the total number of migrant bet365 cricket odds，Entering older or even "over-age" life stage does not mean that you can retire and return to your hometown for retirement，But still trying to get a working income at the bottom of the urban labor market。From disconnecting from formal work in the city to finally returning to the countryside，Older migrant bet365 cricket odds show their desire to extend their working lives as much as possible、The effort of continuous hard work and the resilience to "stick" to the bottom of the city。This article is based on the author’s many years of multi-point follow-up surveys in urban and rural areas，Outline the "sinking-urban bias" work flow characteristics of older migrant bet365 cricket odds，Not only promotes the current academic discussion on the working conditions of older migrant bet365 cricket odds，It also helps us further trace the complex relationship between this group and the urban and rural structure，Provides some reflections on research methods。

We must first get rid of the false assumption that older migrant bet365 cricket odds will quickly return to their hometowns to provide for their retirement after reaching the "retirement age"，Also reflect on the data collection method that only uses villages as the survey point。In fact，The above analysis shows，The vast majority of older and even a large number of "over-age" migrant bet365 cricket odds will not return to their hometowns for retirement soon，On the contrary, it is "stubbornly" "sticky" at the bottom of the urban labor market，Use hard work to earn higher wages than agricultural labor。If we use local orientation to limit our field of observation，Or just think about the work and life of older migrant bet365 cricket odds at the bottom of the urban labor market from the countryside，Not only will it limit the scope of analysis，It will also bring bias in data collection。

In contrast to the above-mentioned limitations of ruralism，City-based, specifically single-site surveys that focus only on a specific industry or specific job area，There are also limitations in both analytical vision and data collection methods。We have seen it，The job mobility of older migrant bet365 cricket odds is gradually declining with age and physical decline。With the fluctuation of orders or labor services at the bottom of the urban labor market，Or the pull of individual or family reproduction events for older migrant bet365 cricket odds，They sometimes go into the bottom of the city to work，Sometimes I choose temporary jobs in my hometown，Even unemployed at home for a period of time。Obviously，It is difficult to capture the shuttle of older migrant bet365 cricket odds between urban and rural areas from a city-based perspective，Surveys of individual work locations in cities cannot capture their drift among various types of informal work。

In view of the fact that older migrant bet365 cricket odds have been disconnected from relatively formal jobs in cities but have been "sticky" at the bottom of the labor market for a long time，Characteristics of constantly drifting between various types of informal jobs and shuttling between urban and rural areas，The author believes that the urban and rural multi-point tracking survey method that is more suitable for the work flow characteristics of this group should be used，To study more deeply the characteristics of their work mobility and understand their urban and rural situations。This method emphasizes taking into account both urban and rural areas in terms of vision，We must see the urban aspects of job mobility for older migrant bet365 cricket odds，We also need to see their connection with their rural hometown, especially with agricultural labor；The data collection method takes into account multiple work locations，See the differentiated management and regulation of older migrant bet365 cricket odds in different levels of labor markets and work departments with different degrees of formalization，And their drift and debugging between various types of informal work；The analytical logic implies a life history method that pays more attention to daily life，That is, putting older migrant bet365 cricket odds into their personal life history and family structure，From changes in their personal age and physical conditions、Starting from the changes in individual labor force reproduction and family reproduction responsibilities in later life，Understand their job mobility across different labor market levels。Such a method can be used in the field of view、The data collection method and analysis logic help us track the subsequent work flow trajectory of the increasingly large number of older migrant bet365 cricket odds，To gain a deeper understanding of the urban and rural situation and later life situation of this group。

　　(The author is an associate professor bet365 cricket odds School of Social Sciences, Central China Normal University)