As a youth researcher who uses the new generation of migrant workers as a doctoral dissertation，I noticed that the old farmers' work is the father of the new generation of migrant workers，It is supporting the development of the child in various ways，At the same time, it also reflects the intergenerational replacement and gradually aging of the migrant worker group with its own aging。The "Monitoring and Investigation Report" released by the National Bureau of Statistics，From 2008 to 2022，The average age of migrant workers has increased from 34 to 42.3，The proportion of aged workers aged 50 and above increases from 11.4%to 29.2%，The scale reaches 86.321 million people。Estimated by the development trend of the existing population structure，The scale of aging migrant workers will continue to expand，Their situation in urban and rural areas need to be concerned urgently。

In recent years，With the emergence of aging migrant workers，The academic world has noticed that the group is employment、Social security difficulties。But because the scale of this group is very large，Add the changes in individual life history and family intergenerational responsibility，Their relationship with urban and rural structures is more complicated，The trajectory of its work flow needs to be inspected more in -depth。In fact，Most of the elderly migrant workers do not withdraw from the urban labor market at one time and return to the countryside to settle and pension，From being defined by the city as the "age" labor force to the ultimate loss of labor，It is possible to travel between various informal work and between urban and rural areas.。At present, the academic community cannot grasp the continuous shuttle characteristics of the group in the city's single work location or the country -based research method，It is impossible to reveal its work flow trajectory。

This article based，It is found that when migrant workers are recognized by the urban labor market as "big age"，Generally, a generally experienced one from relatively formal to increasingly unconventional、Gradually sinking along the labor market level, but lasting resistance to the "sinking -city bias" work flow trajectory of the return of agricultural labor。

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For a huge number of migrant workers，The coastal factory has long been the most important relatively formal employment department，It is also the earliest job area for labor age recognition。The coastal K city and S city industrial zone investigated by the author，At the entrance of the industrial park and the recruitment advertisement of the human resources market nearby，All will clearly indicate the gender of specific positions、Education、Skills, especially the requirements for age。Typical recruitment needs are "general workers: under 35 years old、Junior high school degree or above、Both men and women can、Those with related work experience preferred "。In the early 21st century, my country just emerged as the "World Factory"，Due to the "Unlimited Supply" of the first generation of migrant workers，The age limit of the coastal factory on labor is usually low。But with the gradually disappearing with the "demographic dividend" and the aging of migrant workers year by year，The problem of "difficulty in recruitment" and "labor shortage" in the coastal factory，Gradually extend the age of labor to 35 years old、38 or even 45 years old。Generally speaking，If the coastal factory is not boiled to the grass -roots management position，More than 45 years old means entering the "age" migrant workers，Facing bet365 live casino games the risk of being fired，and factory managers have various ways to leave the "old age" migrant workers who do not want to be renewed。

Elderly migrant workers leave the relatively formal factory work，Then enter the informal manufacturing、Work and construction department work。Because the base salary of the coastal industrial zone is higher than that of mainland cities，There are a large number of small and micro factories and private workshops around the regular factory，Elderly migrant workers who leave the "Big Factory" usually choose to work such a job。Compared with relatively formal factories，Most of these small factories and workshops are operated by private little bosses，Orders that rely on large manufacturers or small projects with upstream and downstream facilities，Labor management is more irregular，The resignation rate of workers is also higher。In the off -season or stoppage season，Some aged migrant workers who have entered this type of informal manufacturing work began to rely on labor agencies to obtain more temporary work，Including the peak season order labor of the regular factory、Phase work of small workshops、Night distribution picking at the logistics point、Stage construction of mall activities、The temporary team of the construction site and the temporary labor service of even private families。

As you increase your age，A large part of the older migrant workers have gone through a period of debugging of an informal work around the industrial zone，Then enter the more informal construction industry or underlying service industry。Compared with the factory work，Although the construction industry work is extremely large、The connection between engineering projects is more uncertain (therefore, the stop working time is longer)，also rarely provide social security，But due to the high income of this type of work、Usually the work and organizational labor process by fellow fellow relationships，It can also be partially taken into account the family，A large number of aged migrant workers choose to engage in this category。At the same time，Other elderly migrant workers directly enter the lower income、Sales worse、Usually a more gender -level underlying service industry。Where，Elderly male migrant workers are more commonly engaged in underlying security、Cleaning and underlying municipal work，Elderly female migrant workers enter the housekeeping、Care and higher -level cleaning and other service work。

Near 60 years old，Elderly migrant workers must go through another deeper and fundamental sink，So as to completely disconnect closely related to the urban labor market。I first went to the Village of Gannan Creek Village for the first time in 2016，It is found that a large number of migrant workers in the village have gathered in a plastic factory coast for more than 20 years.，Another batch has dug more than 20 years of coal at a coal mine base in the coast，The ranks of aging migrant workers are being entered。I went to the village again in 2023 to follow the investigation，Seeing those small plastic factory workers and miners nearly 60 years old have been cleared by their original jobs，After transferring to S -city or other coastal cities to engage in a more bottom -level service industry。A 28 -year -old migrant worker who has been digging in the aforementioned coal mine，Go to S City Industrial Zone as a security guard。He exceeded 60 years later，Can't engage in Baiban Security Work，Instead of turning on the night shift security，Stay up all night to earn a meager salary。When the author asked about his next plan，He said that if you do not allow continuing to be a security guard，He will be the same as one of the older but who has resigned in the previous，Go to the property company for cleaning，Mainly "driving bet365 Play online games (three rounds) cars transport garbage and pour garbage"，The lowest limitation of this type of work is relatively loose。Another old female worker who has been working in a plastic factory for more than ten years in a plastic factory for more than ten years in the village has been supporting the grandchildren for several years because of his generation.，Recently after graduating from the grandson junior high school，Select to continue to work in the city where plastic factory is located。Due to age over 60 years of age，She can no longer find the work of the factory，First do cleaning in the industrial area，Help Kitchen in a small factory in a small factory，Recently, I went to private families to do housekeeping under the introduction of the fellow。

Enter the "Over -Age" stage in the age of 60，A large number of migrant workers still try to "stubbornly" stay at the bottom of the urban labor market，but do not want to return to agricultural and rural labor。The above -mentioned aging coal mines and factory workers in the village of Gannan Creek have reflected the employment characteristics of this "urban bias"，The working flow trajectory of the old construction workers in the village further illustrates this characteristic。Affected by the inhabitation control and the downturn of the real estate industry in recent years，In 2023, I saw many old -age construction workers who are temporarily waiting at home at the edge of Gannan Creek。What surprised the author is，Although they live in the countryside and most of the small farmers are operating，But the labor force returned from the construction site from the construction site did not expand the scale of agricultural business，Nor did it invest in intensive labor in the agricultural field，Not to be at home for a job opportunity or transition to the elderly，Instead, he is very eager to continue looking for job opportunities outside agricultural and rural areas。These aged migrant workers in the right -selling village show a strong anxiety mentality，On the one hand, they call the owner of the former service to ask about the work information，On the other hand, starting to turn the sight of the new job to the local town。In fact，"Over -aged" migrant workers who have been dismissed by coastal cities have been transferred to their hometown towns，Good physical strength is engaged in the transportation of industrial parks、feeding、Machining and other heavy physical labor and commercial housing buildings in Xincheng District、Decoration and other labor work，Those with physical recession can only do security、Cleaning and other underlying service industries。

So we see，Migrant workers have been identified by the urban labor market as "big age" labor to finally leaving the city's informal work，After continuous sinking along the labor market level，But stubbornly stay at the bottom of the urban labor market，The work flow trajectory of the work of labor and rural labor is unwilling to return to agricultural rural labor，Show the distinctive work flow characteristics of "Sinking -City"。

　　The Structural root of the "Sinking" work flow

Elderly migrant workers "Sinking -Sinking — Urban Leading" work flow trajectory，Differentiated and exclusive from the labor market at different levels of cities at different levels、The increasing burden of labor and reproduction of elderly migrant workers and the income return of traditional agricultural and rural labor income。

Differences of the age and physical conditions of migrant workers at different levels of urban labor markets at different levels，The first reason for the continuous sinking of the working trajectory of aged migrant workers。mentioned above，The relatively formalized factory work first identifies the age and physical conditions of migrant workers，and develop a series of grass -roots management methods bet365 best casino games to regulate labor forces to stay。The coastal assembly line factory requires workers to stand for a long time or sedentary，Requires workers to focus on or flexibly operate，and work overtime to change workers。This kind of factory not only strictly seizes the age and physical condition in the recruitment link，Also identifying changes in the physical conditions of workers in the production session，and take supervision to take the initiative to leave、Reduce overtime class、Adjustment to difficult work stations and other methods to exclude "old age" migrant workers。Compared with the factory work，Private workshop、Construction site、Security cleaning and other work is often subcontracted and transferred in layers，The age and physical conditions of migrant workers are relatively tolerant，It is the bottom work field of the city at the bottom of the urban at the bottom of the 60 -year -old migrant worker。But the rigid regulations of relevant national laws on labor contracts and retirement age，Defined 60 -year -old policy as the age of rigid resignation，Let the aged 60 who are nearly 60 facing the overall institutional exclusion。Only more uncertainty is also a temporary work at the bottom of the urban labor market，Because it is more flexible、Elastic、Private and temporary employment methods，Only part of the "over -aged" migrant workers will continue to work。This kind of work is a blind spot for government supervision，"Over -aged" migrant workers rely on private relations or intermediaries to obtain related work，Age -age growth is softened by the trust of highly informal employment and acquaintance relationship，Workers' physical conditions and labor capabilities have become regulatory pointers for labor supply。These highly informal and temporary work have also become the last place in the "adhesive" city laborers market for "over -aged" migrant workers。This can be seen，It is the differentiated work department of different labor market levels and different degrees of regularization of the age and body of migrant workers，promoted the layer sinking of aged migrant workers。

During the sinking process of layer，Elderly migrant workers are seriously prepared for the labor of labor in their later years，Promote their continued hard work。Because the labor market needs a period of development and construction，Only a limited number (usually working in regular factories) The first generation of migrant workers can receive pensions after the "retirement age"。After the issuance of relevant national laws，A large number of informal employment departments still reduce employment costs with exemption of social security，Leading most aging migrant workers in social security。and the first -generation migrant workers' split -type family reinforcement model has also increased the break of their work and social security: the family's focus of migrant workers is still in the countryside，Migrant workers are led to return to their hometowns or even staying behind，Continuous workers，Especially in the process of continuous work in a company, it is constantly interrupted，As a result, the vast majority of the first generation of migrant workers, especially female workers with left -behind experience, lacked a continuous career and continuous social security payment records when they reached the "retirement age"。Therefore, after the migrant workers enter the age stage，General preparation for personal labor reproduction is seriously inadequate，Usually only the pension subsidy of more than 100 yuan per month after the age of 60 can be received。This meager "retirement income" is not only difficult to pay for the cost of living after the recession of labor，It is more difficult to deal with major diseases and medical expenses that will face after the decline bet365 Play online games of the old body。Elderly migrant workers are seriously insufficient for the preparation of labor -reappearing production in their later years and worry about future living costs and disease expenditures，Promote them even if they grow older and physical recession，It is still "stubborn" and "sticky" at the bottom of the urban labor market。

In addition to personal labor,，In recent years, the burden on family reproduction has continued to increase，It also further pushes aging migrant workers to the city's labor market。Gannan and Guizhou Rural Rural in the author，Education has emerged in recent years、The trend of migrating from the countryside to the town from the countryside，greatly aggravated the burden of migrant workers' families。Take the education of Guixi Mountain Village as an example，In 2016, there were only 21 students in the village teaching site.，2018 village small teaching sites with kindergarten with the kindergarten，Children move to towns or towns or counties to read。For a large number of migrant workers who cannot live in school or are unwilling to allow young children to live，Enter the city to buy a house or rent a house to accompany it to become the only choice，Family life expenditure increased so much。The movement of migrant workers' families in the house of migrant workers is moved upward。In recent years, there have been a huge number of commercial housing in the two counties.，The population of the urban area has increased more than double，Most of the home buyers are migrant workers families in foreign workers。The movement of migrant workers' families in the house of migrant workers is moved upward，Not only consuming many years of savings，Also carrying huge mortgages。Elderly migrant workers and their husbands as the caregivers of left -behind grandchildren follow the city，or join the wave of buying a house for marriage，Direct or indirectly bearing the cost of family urbanization。Education from the family family、Housing and living costs such as home reproduction，Become another powerful pressure to promote aging migrant workers to continue to work in foreign workers。

Elderly migrant workers、Especially "over -aged" migrant workers are unwilling to return to agricultural labor, but continue to "stick" at the bottom of the urban labor market，The root cause is that the labor return at the bottom of the city is much higher than the agricultural labor return。Taking the older migrant workers who have been tracked for a long time as an example，He is 70 years old this this this，Property companies in a commercial housing community in a city in a city in the Yangtze River Delta dump the garbage。Before he worked in his full -time work more than ten years ago，On the one hand, he worked with his wife at home，I went out to work while leisure。After the wife entered the city to bring her son with children，He also came to the current city，First work at the construction site，Began to be a security guard after 60 years old，After being fired, go to the community property to clean，At nearly 70 years old, I started to dump the garbage。This job has not signed a contract，But the basic salary plus picking items，Monthly income at 4000-5000 yuan。Compared with it，The agricultural income of the rural Gannan rural areas for a long time，Recently, it has even declined。Plant rice planting rice in the village，Royal Land Planting Vegetables，Slope and mountain planting trees、Tea oil or golden orange。Agricultural capital in recent years (such as fertilizer、Seeds, etc. Price continues to rise，cultivated land、Harvest has achieved mechanization and monetization，Grain prices for a long time，The price of kumquats also falls thousands of feet，Tea oil production is greatly affected by the weather，The annual income per mu is generally below 1,000 yuan。Families of small farmers have bet365 live casino games only necessary agricultural investment and transfer dozens of acres of cultivated land，Only annual income of tens of thousands of yuan。Under the comparison of labor returns in urban and rural areas，The aforementioned migrant worker Lao Gao is delayed to return to home，He knows his age and physical strength，Not willing to make a lot of agricultural production investment，Unable to bear the heavy seasonal agricultural labor，I don’t want to bear the opportunity cost of labor when they are idle when they are leisure。I interviewed him in 2023，He has reached 70 years of age，The risk of being fired by a property company。Ask the next plan，He still chooses "sticky" at the bottom of the urban labor market: he listened to the workers，Municipal garbage centralized treatment station requires people，If he is good at this age, he can do it for a few years。

Analysis of the above indicates，Differential recessions of the labor market at different levels of urban labor markets cause the "sinking" work flow of aging migrant workers，Elderly migrant workers have a serious deficiency in the preparation of laborers in the old age and the continuous increase in the burden of family reproduction，Let them still "stubbornly" hard work when they are old and old，and the continuous decline of traditional agricultural returns allows aging migrant workers、Especially some "over -aged" migrant workers "sticky" at the bottom of the city。

　Tracking urban and rural situations of aging migrant workers

For the number of more than 80 million、For the aged 50, an aged migrant worker in the old age of nearly 1/3 of the total number of migrant workers，Entering aging or even the "super -old" life stage does not mean that you can retire and return home for pensions，Instead, I still try to get a job income at the bottom of the urban labor market。From the connection between disconnection and the regular work of the city to the end of the leaves return to the country，Elderly migrant workers show their desire to extend their job as possible、The hard work of continuous efforts and the toughness of "sticky" at the bottom of the city。This article is based on the author's many years of urban and rural multi -point tracking surveys，outlines the work flow characteristics of the "sinking style -city bias" of aged migrant workers，Not only did it promote the discussion of the current academic community on the working status of older migrant workers，It also further tracks the complex relationship between the group and the urban and rural structure，A reflection at the level of research method。

First of all, we must break the aging of aged migrant workers after the "retirement age" will soon return to the false presets of retirement，At the same time, reflect on the data collection method based on the village as the survey point。In fact，Analysis above shows，Most of the ages or even a large number of "over -aged" migrant workers will not return to their hometowns soon，Instead, it is "stubborn" and "sticky" at the bottom of the urban labor market，Earn a higher salary than agricultural labor with hard labor。If we use the local standard to limit our observation field of vision，Or just think about the work and life of the ages of aging migrant workers at the bottom of the urban labor market from rural areas，Not only will it lead to the limitations of the analysis field of vision，It will also bring bias for data collection。

The above -mentioned limitations of the local standard，Urban standards, especially a single -point survey focusing on a specific industry or specific work field，There are also limitations of analysis of vision and data collection method。We have seen，The work of aging migrant workers is sinking layer by layer with age and the decline of the body。Wells with the bottom order or labor of the city's labor market，or the pull of individual or family reproduction incidents of aged migrant workers，They sometimes enter the bottom of the city，Sometimes choosing the temporary work of Bet365 app download my hometown，Even at home for a period of time。Obviously，The observation field of the city's position is difficult to capture the shuttle between old migrant workers between urban and rural areas，A survey of a single work location in the city cannot grasp their drift between various types of informal work。

For aging migrant workers and cities, they have been disconnected from the city and have been disconnected from the city for a long time but "sticky" at the bottom of the labor market，The characteristics of continuous drift between various types of non -regular work and the characteristics of shuttle between urban and rural areas，I believe that the urban -rural multi -point tracking survey method that is more suitable for the flow of the group work，More deeply studying its work flow characteristics and understanding its urban and rural situation。This method emphasizes both urban and rural in the field of vision，You must see the city's face of the flowing work of aged migrant workers，We need to see their connection with the rural hometown, especially the agricultural labor; in terms of data collection methods, we take into account multiple work locations，See the differentiated management and regulation of older migrant workers at different levels of labor markets and different levels of work departments，and their drift and debugging between various types of non -regular work; in terms of analysis logic, it implies a life history method that pays more attention to daily life，Putting aging aging migrant workers into its personal life course and the family structure of the house，From their personal age and physical conditions,、Starting from the changes in the laborers and reproduction responsibilities of individuals in their later years，Understand their work flow status at different labor market levels。This method can be in the field of vision、Data collection methods and analysis logically help us track the follow -up work flow trajectory of the increasingly large aging migrant workers，Therefore, to understand the urban and rural situation and the situation of old age of this group。

　　(Author is an associate professor at the School of Social Sciences of Huazhong Normal University)