Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China，Series of deployments and measures for China’s bet365 bonus code 2023 system reform，All derived from Chinese bet365 bonus code 2023 practice，And face China’s bet365 bonus code 2023 practice。In this sense，The basic philosophy upheld by my country’s bet365 bonus code 2023 reform since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China，The bet365 bonus code 2023 philosophy that can be called practicalism - this kind of "taking practice as the starting point，And finally return to practice” bet365 bonus code 2023 philosophy，It is a bet365 bonus code 2023 philosophy “in action”，There are three important points for bet365 bonus code 2023 reform。

　Problem orientation

一，The "problem-oriented" bet365 bonus code 2023 reform method takes the "problems" in bet365 bonus code 2023 practice as the logical starting point for reform。The "problem-oriented" reform method has three main points: first, investigation and research，Find out the situation。As a preparatory work for bet365 bonus code 2023 reform，Investigation and research are essentially the basic way for us to understand and grasp the actual situation of China’s judiciary，It is also a process for us to understand and grasp justice。The second is sorting and analysis，Find the right problem。Based on investigation and research，Complete and analyze various information，Remove the false and retain the true，In-depth understanding of the current situation of China’s judiciary、Nature and development trend，Accurately grasp the law of bet365 bonus code 2023 development，Find out the main contradictions and problems existing in China’s bet365 bonus code 2023 system and its operation。The third is evaluation argument，Draft plan。The Third Central Committee of the 18th CPC Central Committee、The Fourth Plenary Session of the CPC Central Committee made systematic planning and careful arrangements for the reform of the bet365 bonus code 2023 system，9 major reform areas identified、129 reform tasks，Developed specific construction drawings and timetable。

　Second，The "problem-oriented" bet365 bonus code 2023 reform method is gradually promoted through pilot reforms。Pilot reform is the basic way to implement reform measures，It is also a way to test the reform plan。In this sense，The "problem-oriented" reform method has practical qualities，There are three main points: first, it comes from practice，Go into practice。The bet365 bonus code 2023 reform measures since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China are “comprehensive review、Extracted on the basis of accurate analysis and objective evaluation of the bet365 bonus code 2023 system and its existing problems，And return to practice through pilot reforms，Accept the test of practice。The second is to respond to practical needs。The main contradiction in China’s bet365 bonus code 2023 field is the contradiction between the people’s need for bet365 bonus code 2023 justice and the insufficient professionalization of the development and operation of the bet365 bonus code 2023 system。Therefore，China’s bet365 bonus code 2023 reform is based on the people’s need for bet365 bonus code 2023 fairness as the basic motivation。The third is to solve practical problems。The Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee focused on “ensuring bet365 bonus code 2023 fairness、Improving bet365 bonus code 2023 credibility” has set 48 reform measures，18 reform measures have been set around "strengthening the construction of the rule of law team"。These reform measures are all aimed at problems that urgently need to be solved in bet365 bonus code 2023 practice。

Third，The "problem-oriented" bet365 bonus code 2023 reform method is a reform path that focuses on "solving urgent problems"。First, grasp the main contradictions in the bet365 bonus code 2023 field，Hold the nose of the bet365 bonus code 2023 accountability system。Second, respect the laws of justice。General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: Improving the bet365 bonus code 2023 system when presiding over the 21st collective study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee、Deepen the reform of the bet365 bonus code 2023 system，We must follow the objective laws of bet365 bonus code 2023 activities，Reflecting the unity of rights and responsibilities、Power restrictions、Open and fair、Respect the requirements of the program。The third is overall planning and promotion。We must coordinate and promote public security reform、National security agency reform、bet365 bonus code 2023 administration reform and other work。

　Case bet365 bonus code 2023

一，bet365 bonus code 2023 justice is concrete，And show justice in individual cases。First, in theory，People’s understanding of justice can be roughly divided into “transcendental justice” and “concrete justice”。Compared to transcendental justice，bet365 bonus code 2023 justice is more consistent with concrete justice。If transcendental justice focuses on constructing an absolutely just society，Then concrete justice is committed to eliminating injustice in real society。Second, bet365 bonus code 2023 activities always revolve around individual cases。From a bet365 bonus code 2023 perspective，It is always based on the facts of the individual case，In the process of resolving individual case disputes，Applicable law。As far as the parties to the litigation are concerned，Personal participation in the bet365 bonus code 2023 process gives him a natural affinity and sensitivity for individual cases。Third, the case is always specific。Individual justice constitutes a basic principle of bet365 bonus code 2023 activities。Although individual cases are the object of bet365 bonus code 2023 practice，But it is like a mirror，Not only reflects the appearance of the bet365 bonus code 2023 process，And it reflects the character of the bet365 bonus code 2023 subject。

　Second，Overall justice is based on individual justice。The first is the so-called overall bet365 bonus code 2023 justice，It can be roughly interpreted in two ways: universal justice and total justice。No matter the absolute value，or relative value，Overall bet365 bonus code 2023 justice is based on individual case justice，is the cumulative sum of justice in individual cases。The second is in its absolute sense，Individual justice is the only criterion for judging bet365 bonus code 2023 justice；In its relative sense，Individual justice and overall justice are the dialectical relationship between the individual and the general，Overall bet365 bonus code 2023 justice is a summary of individual case justice，And exist in the case。Third, individual case justice also has universal or overall significance。Injustice in individual cases often triggers people’s negative evaluation of the entire bet365 bonus code 2023 system，And people’s negative impression of the judiciary as a whole will extend to individual bet365 bonus code 2023 cases。Properly handle the relationship between universal justice and case justice，The essence is to limit the blindness and arbitrariness of judges。

Third，Individual bet365 bonus code 2023 leads social bet365 bonus code 2023。Social bet365 bonus code 2023 can be divided into distributive bet365 bonus code 2023 and corrective bet365 bonus code 2023。First，Distributive bet365 bonus code 2023 is mainly achieved by legislators。Because the "democratic" elements of legislation are degree and relativity，So，Distributive bet365 bonus code 2023 as social bet365 bonus code 2023 is a degree and relative form of bet365 bonus code 2023。Secondly，Corrective bet365 bonus code 2023 is achieved by judges - judges deprive wrongdoers of their gains and compensate victims for their losses，Thus restoring the "metric demarcation" established by legislation。Given that corrective bet365 bonus code 2023 usually takes the form of case-by-case bet365 bonus code 2023，And cases are always specific，Therefore，Corrective bet365 bonus code 2023 is concrete and absolute。Finally，Social bet365 bonus code 2023 is based on distributive bet365 bonus code 2023。But under the premise that distributive bet365 bonus code 2023 is presumed to be legitimate，Social bet365 bonus code 2023 has at least two meanings: one means that anyone who suffers injustice is given the power to activate the correction machine independently controlled by judges，The second means that the judge should not consider the special identity or social status of the perpetrator and the harmer when accepting any case。

　　Pay attention to effectiveness

一，The "effectiveness" bet365 bonus code 2023 reform means the establishment of a "consequentialist" bet365 bonus code 2023 stance。First, in terms of the parties and their related parties，An effective judgment not only directly binds the parties to the case，Change its rights and obligations，And it has a direct or indirect impact on the living order of the parties’ families and other related parties。The second is in terms of the general public，An effective bet365 bonus code 2023 decision actually establishes a "behavioral paradigm" in the name of the country。Based on this "demonstration effect"，The effectiveness of bet365 bonus code 2023 decisions has spilled over，That is, the effect of bet365 bonus code 2023 effectiveness spills over from the parties to the case to the public。In this sense，The “consideration” of consequence consideration in the bet365 bonus code 2023 process is not simply a factual empirical judgment，It is also a normative value judgment。The third is at the judge level，An effective judgment is likely to become an example cited in subsequent similar cases，A good effective referee，Not only may it become an "example" for the judge who made this ruling to rule on similar cases，And may also provide "guidance" for his colleagues when judging similar cases。This is the basic logic of China’s case guidance system。

　Second，The "effectiveness" bet365 bonus code 2023 reform means the introduction of "practical wisdom"。Practical wisdom is rooted in specific practical situations，Solving practical problems through guidance on action，Therefore，Different from conventional skills、Program or knowledge。In legal practice，Practical wisdom is the inherent element of legal practice subjects，The subject relies on practical wisdom，Realistic background of the legal practice activities in which he participates、Analysis of social factors and conditions、Weighing、Assessment and Adjustment，So as to find reason for their choices、Realistic、Expected basis and support。For judges and courts，bet365 bonus code 2023 adjudication is a rational undertaking，This rational enterprise is how practical wisdom works，It is also the product of practical wisdom。

Third，The "effectiveness" bet365 bonus code 2023 reform means that judges should pay attention to the effectiveness of bet365 bonus code 2023 decisions。Effective means achieving or meeting the intended purpose。Habermas distinguishes two aspects of legal validity: on the one hand, social validity measured in terms of its average compliance，The other aspect is that it has normative acceptance。The so-called emphasis on practical results cannot simply be understood as the factual effectiveness that only focuses on actual results，What should be considered more is precisely the dimension of normative validity。For bet365 bonus code 2023 decisions，We need to focus on the intersubjectivity or the so-called "law-civilian relationship" between the bet365 bonus code 2023 person and the bet365 bonus code 2023 person，And then seek communication and dialogue between each other，Reach normative consensus，To enhance the credibility and acceptability of the judiciary。This is also the main focus of the current bet365 bonus code 2023 reform。

　　(The author is a professor at Wuhan University Law School)