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Many news that people consume today are not "first -hand information"，but the news aggregate re -combined with the information of multiple sources、Products released after the packaging。Juxu News is the adaptation of traditional news practice to the digital era，Still a danger、Unreliable "inferior products"? July 2019，Colombia University published a new book "News Agsome by News: Pressing Agreement: Second -hand Knowledge and News Authoritative erosion" of Mark Coddington, a assistant professor at Washington and Lee University in the United States,。

Kdingon told the production process of aggregation news in the book、Value and characters in the rapidly changing journalism today，and based on the observation and access of multiple types of aggregate news producers，Analyze how they weigh the source of information、Reconstruction news narrative、Maintaining the "edge survival" of the journalism。As the first aggregate news feature work，"News Jug" deepen the reader's understanding of news and knowledge production and consumption in the digital age，How to establish the authority and legitimacy of the news，and the consequences of the foundation of the foundation。Recent，Kdingon introduced the key content of the book in an interview with this reporter。

　　"Derivation" is the key feature of news aggregation

　　"China Social Sciences": What driver to write the book "News Ags"? What is the most important conclusion of this book?

Kdington:I have been interested in the flow and evolution of the news story on the Internet and the workers behind them。News aggregation is a basic component of today's news environment，But focusing on the merger of news aggregates, there are very few studies that compare it with traditional news reports，So I use a lot of pen and ink on the comparison of the two。The most important discovery of this research is，News aggregation and traditional news reports are actually very similar，But the news aggregation further peels the news story and the evidence used。The core feature of news aggregation is，It is derived from the traditional form of news report。This derivative relationship affects everything，Including how to evaluate the information for the aggregate news producers、How to describe news events、How to view yourself and readers，How do other news practitioners and the public view them。

　"China Social Sciences": How to define "news aggregation"?

Kdington:The term "aggregation" covers the various practices and styles of various institutions and platforms，Based on the general definition of several existing research on "aggregation"，The following definition of "News Agreement" is made: re -combination of news information that is open for the source，Published in a single place in a single place with a reduced form。"Public News Information" refers to all information that has been produced for public consumption，Not only does it include printing and online resources，also includes broadcast。This is the difference between news aggregation and most news collection and editing work，The latter does not collect the published information。"Reducing form" emphasized that the aggregation news is processed、Packaged，instead of the second release of "unmoved"。So，The complete release of the published information is not a news aggregation。"A single place" can be an article、A news push email、an application、A website，Most of the aggregate news we consume currently is digital products，But other forms are also included in the definition range。

　News aggregation is very common

　　"China Social Sciences": How common is news aggregation in today's news industry?

Kdington:This question is difficult to answer accurately，Part of the reason is that news aggregation and traditional reports are often difficult to fully divide，But some data indicate that news aggregation has spread throughout the news industry。According to a survey of the city of Baltimore, Maryland, USA in 2010，In the city's media reports on the 6 major news events in a certain week，83%belongs to duplicate reports，No new information。Dutch Utrecho University of Applied Science and Digital Media Professor Piet Bakker in 2012 show a research display，40%of the Dutch local news is aggregate news。The School of Journalism and Volkswagen Communication, a professor of the University of Journalism and Popular Communication of Saisaloniki, Greece, Andreas Veglis and others in 2017.，2013-2016 mainstream "elite" news agencies and popular news websites all increased significantly。According to the "Digital News Report" released by 2017 and 2018, the Institute of Journalism, Oxford University in the United Kingdom，25%of Apple mobile phone users in the United States and Australia use "Apple News" every week，North America、EU、East Asia、10%-20%of adults in Latin America use "Google News" every week，36%of the Japanese adults calling Juxu News is the main form of their acquisition news (Apple News and Google News are the news aggregate developed by Apple and Google's respective companies)。

Many media researchers also observe，Today "second -hand information" occupies a large share in news production and consumption。Professor Chris Anderson, a professor of media and communication professor of the University of Liz, in the book "Reconstruction of the News: Metropolitan Journalism in Digital Age", the news aggregation and (traditional) reports were listed as two dominant nature of the digital age. News production mode。Dominic Boyer, a professor of anthropology at the University of Rice University in the book "Life Information: News Production in Digital Age"，In today's news production，Manage a variety of information flow and positioning and sharing "new" news that has been moved quickly in circulation。In other words，The journalism in the digital era needs to find and open unknown facts，It also needs to be composed of public information、Find the direction in the complex news ecology。

　　"China Social Sciences": When does the news aggregation began? What is the attitude of journalism and the public?

Kdington:News aggregation is not a new phenomenon，It has gradually become popular in the past 20 years。In the United States and Western Europe，News aggregation as a news production model that is obviously different from the traditional model, the news industry's attention is in the early 21st century。At that time，Discussion on the legitimacy of automated news aggregates such as "Google News" in the news industry began。Around 2010，The criticism of the news aggregation of the news industry reaches the peak，News aggregate is reprimanded as "parasite" and "vampire"。American media tycoon Robert Murdoch said at the 2009 World Media Summit that search engines were "content theft patients"。He said，"News aggregated and other plagiars will soon pay for the content of our (referring to mainstream media) for free"，Other media managers have also expressed similar views。

Mainstream media's hostility for aggregation news is not groundless，At that time, the content of the news aggregate and its technology companies attracted huge investment through the content of the mainstream media of "processing"，and the profits and market share of mainstream media declined sharply，Facing unprecedented economic pressure。Under this comparison，Mainstream media can easily attribute its own downturn to its content and audience being "stolen" by the news aggregate。This negative image of news aggregation is still very clear。Since 2010，"Juxu News Accelerates the decline of the journalism" becomes a kind of consensus in the industry，The public is also affected by this attitude to a certain extent。According to the report released by the Ninte Foundation of the United States Non -profit organization in 2018, "American view: trust、Media and Democracy "，Providing accuracy、Political neutral information.，Americans have higher trust in mainstream television stations and newspapers than news aggregates or news agencies in the form of website forms。

bet365 live casino games but but，News aggregation still becomes an integral part of the existing existence and acceptance of the news industry。One of the founders of the American News Website "Sound" Ezra Klein (Ezra Klein) 2015 said，"Almost everyone is doing news aggregation now，At least some times "。Media institution managers realize，Strike news aggregation is better to use it for its own。Real requirements cover the question of whether the news aggregation hurts the journalist，Although the two sides have not really "reconciled"。But in this process，What does the news aggregation mean、What in -depth discussions to bring to the news industry are ignored，This is also a blank blank that I hope to fill in the book "News Ags"。

　News aggregation status is inferior to traditional reports

　　"China Social Sciences": What are the advantages and limitations of aggregation news?

Kdington:For readers，Juxu News helps save time、Quickly obtain the abstract information about complex themes。For press publishers，Low production cost of aggregation news、Fast speed，But this may also lead to the superficial content of the aggregate news、The quality is not high or even contains obvious errors。The biggest limitation of aggregation news is that it depends on the information that has been released，Therefore, it is almost impossible to produce exclusive reports that can cause sensation，This limits the value for readers and producers，It also gave birth to a large number of repeated existing information、The phenomenon of not "new" news。but but，This may not be as the "traditional faction" news practitioners say，Will impact on original news，Because high -quality news aggregation can increase the attention of original content。

　　"China Social Sciences": Compared to traditional news reports，Is the aggregation news more successful in business?

Kdington:The aggregation news in the past 10 years is very popular。On the one hand，News aggregate is good at attracting greater audiences through re -packaging，Especially on social media。On the other hand，The advantages of being able to produce low cost and large amount of production make the aggregate news with the commercial model that rely on advertising revenue high。In this mode，Publisher needs a great view of view，Only profitable advertisements can be profitable。From these two aspects,，News aggregation in the short term will still occupy an important position。But with the advertising -based model, let the subscription -based mode，The content of the low -cost large -scale output on the value of the publisher will decrease，Especially long -term value。So，I don't think that the future news agency will be selected as the primary strategy by most news agencies and then achieve huge business success，Unless it is a highly specialized demand market or a news aggregate that already has a huge user group。

　　"China Social Sciences": In your opinion，Is the news aggregation being eroding the authority and value foundation of the journalism?

Kdington:I think so，But this erosion is not simple and direct。The authority of the news industry depends on whether the practitioners have sufficient ability to continuously collect current affairs information and make the audience believe that this information is reliable、worthy of attention。News aggregation uses "second -hand information"，Low reliability，Even the aggregated news producers have accurately reflected the reality of their reports。So，In terms of the certainty of information collection，Juxu News erodes the authority of the journalist。

　"China Social Sciences": Is the news aggregation "low -grade" due to the nature of "derivatives" in traditional news reports?

Kdington:In the past 10 years，The news industry generally believes that the status of news aggregation is lower than traditional reports，The relevant remarks of industry insiders clearly expressed this view。There are two main reasons，The source of the "second -hand" information affects the quality of the aggregate news，Second, traditional reports are "deified" in the imagination of journalists，As a commanding height of news work。In their opinion，In front of traditional reports，All other forms of news work is dwarfed。I also felt that the news aggregation "status is not as good as humans" during the investigation and interview。Juxu news producers strive to be regarded as "regular" journalists，but affected by commercial pressure、Don’t recognize in the industry、Equipment for access restrictions on important evidence。Few people in my interview objects want to engage in news aggregation for a long time，Most of them regard this as a step towards traditional reporting，or prove that your working hours are not "vain"。

　(Newspaper Washington, August 19th)