November 1，Collins English Dictionary, the compiler of which publishes the Collins Word of the Year for 2022: “permacrisis”。This is a portmanteau，Combined from the two English words "permanent" (permanent) and "nj bet365" (nj bet365)，Means "chronic instability and insecurity"。Compiler’s name，This word highlights the ongoing nj bet365 facing the UK and the world，Such as political instability、Military conflict、Climate change、High cost of living，“It sums up quite succinctly how bad 2022 will be for so many people”。

　　Pessimism prevails

said Helen Newstead, language content consultant at HarperCollins Publishing Group, the publisher of "Collins English Dictionary"，“Obviously，Public opinion this year has been dominated by crises。‘permacrisis’ summarizes one nj bet365 after another、A situation that does not give people a chance to breathe，I think this resonates with everyone。Not a lot to celebrate this year，The word of the year captures how everyone is feeling at this moment”。

Alex Beecroft, managing director of Collins Learning，“Language can reflect what is happening in society and the wider world，And nj bet365 year，Challenges one after another。People are experiencing the subsequent shock of Brexit、New coronavirus pneumonia epidemic、Extreme weather、Political turmoil、After European energy shortage，Feeling like I’m living in a constant state of uncertainty and worry”。

David Shariatmadari, editor nj bet365 British "Guardian" said，“‘permacrisis’ very accurately expresses the dizzying feeling caused by one unprecedented and out-of-control event，People hopelessly wonder，What bad thing is coming？”

　The name of the compilation organization of "Collins English Dictionary"，The term “permacrisis” first appeared in academic context in the 1970s，But usage has surged in recent months。Judging from media reports，The word "permacrisis" really appeared in the public eye in April 2021，CEO of the Belgian think tank European Policy Center、Fabian Zuleeg, Chief Economist，Research Director Janis A.Janis A. Emmanouilidis) and Ricardo Borges de Castro, director of the "Europe in the World" project, published in the pan-European independent media "European Dynamics" the article "The Long nj bet365" era"。

Three researchers wrote，A feeling of nj bet365 fatigue now spreads across Europe: the end of the epidemic is far away，Social and political cohesion within Europe、European values ​​under pressure，The geopolitical environment remains unstable。At the same time，Climate change and technological innovation continue to accelerate，The future of human society may be very different from the past。Many Europeans crave stability、Predictability，But volatile、Uncertainty、Vulnerability、Prolonged emergencies will become the new norm rather than an accident。

Other words selected for the 2022 Collins Word nj bet365 Year list also reveal the disappointment and powerlessness of Western people towards the recent social and political environment。For example，“lawfare”，refers to the strategic use of legal proceedings to intimidate or hinder an opponent)、"quiet quitting"，Refers to only performing duties at work without overworking，Leave more time for personal life)、“warm bank”、“partygate” etc.。

nj bet365 year，Geopolitical conflicts lead to "cutoff" of natural gas supply in Europe，Severe high temperature and drought weather in Europe during the summer has weakened water power、Nuclear and solar power generation capabilities，In addition, the European electricity market adopts marginal cost pricing，These together led to a sharp rise in electricity prices in Europe。Some people who cannot afford to heat their homes have to go to the library、Gallery、Community Activity Center、Churches and other public buildings with heating facilities to avoid the cold，These places are also called "warming banks"。

To control the spread nj bet365 epidemic，UK Government in March 2020、Ordered three times in November and January 2021，Strict restrictions on social gatherings。However，During the ban period，A group of British government officials, including then-Prime Minister Boris Johnson, and members nj bet365 British Conservative Party held 16 gatherings at the Prime Minister’s residence and other government offices。This series of events is called "Partygate"，The "gate" at the end nj bet365 word is taken from the 1972 American political scandal Watergate。

　　nj bet365 is also a turning point

　Nottingham Trent University English、Neil Turnbull, Acting Head of the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy，A long time ago，Philosophers view a nj bet365 as a situation that pushes an individual or group to a state of reflection and criticism，And then develop new ways to solve pressing problems。This definition comes from the ancient Greek word "krisis"，This word means "decision", "judgment" and "turning point"。However，Based on research by German historian Reinhart Koselleck，“krisis” has undergone significant semantic changes in modern philosophy，Referring instead to the conflict between opposing forces，It accelerates the transition from the past to the future。Steven Venette, professor of communication at the University of Central Florida, pointed out，“nj bet365 is a process of transformation，The old system can no longer be maintained during this process”。

Marx believed that capitalism is an economic system full of crises，This description reflects the above meaning of nj bet365。Due to the technological revolution, productivity has developed by leaps and bounds，And capitalists pursue high profits，Commodity supply far exceeds consumer demand，Triggering overproduction nj bet365。This also forces culture、Social and political innovation，Including the emergence of welfare states in the West in the 20th century。In Marx’s view，As profit margins tend to decline，Capitalism will eventually face a nj bet365，A brand new one、A better social system will arise，Communism。American philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn also viewed crises in a similar way in his research on the history of science。He proposed in his masterpiece "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions"，Scientific progress is not linear，Breakthrough scientific ideas do not come from everyday life、Progressive experimentation and data accumulation，The scientific revolution was born outside of “normal science”。

　　The current nj bet365 is complex and diversified

Turnbull said，In the theories of Marx and Kuhn，nj bet365 is related to progress and even ideals，And "permacrisis" means a kind of stillness、The enduring dilemma，Does not lead to better things。This concept can be interpreted with the help of contemporary systems theory and complexity science。A system is composed of multiple interactions、A complex whole composed of interdependent parts，French philosopher、Sociologist、Edgar Morin, the originator of “complexity thinking”, viewed organizations or societies as systems that may experience crises。He believes that humans now exist in a tightly intertwined network of systems，A nj bet365 in any system will trigger crises in other systems。As early as 1999 in the book "Home Earth: A Manifesto for the New Millennium"，Molan once proposed the concept of "multiple crises": "There is more than one crucial issue，But there are many，Question、Hostile、nj bet365、The interaction of uncontrolled processes and the general nj bet365 of the planet、Become one，Constitutes the ‘number one’ vital issue。”

Director of the Institute of European Studies, Columbia University、History professor Adam Tooze also uses "multiple crises" to describe the current world。October this year，Tooze published an article "Welcome to the world of multiple crises" in the Financial Times，When a problem challenges our ability to cope，When it poses a threat to our identity，It becomes a nj bet365。In multiple crises，Impacts vary，But their interaction results in the whole being more overwhelming than the sum of its parts。Pandemic、Natural disaster、Threat of war、Fragile Western democratic system、Tense relations between major powers、The huge ecological pressure caused by economic and social development...compared to the nj bet365 of the 20th century，The crises of the past 15 years have been so overwhelming，Because people no longer seem to be able to identify a single cause、Single solution found。

　　“Long-term nj bet365” reveals pessimism

Turnbull said，From “multiple crises” to “long-term nj bet365”，nj bet365 now seems to be viewed as a situation that can only be managed but not solved。The nj bet365 has become so complex and deep-rooted，Maybe beyond our ability to understand，Any decision to deal with a nj bet365 carries the risk of making the situation worse。The term “chronic nj bet365” shows a loss of faith in progress，What can you deal with?、What can be achieved creates a pessimistic realism。This points to a distressing conclusion: nj bet365 is no longer a problem，But a stubborn fact。

However，Some people also think，The key to the problem is how people deal with the nj bet365。The official website of the British "Daily Telegraph" published an article on November 3, "The real "long-term nj bet365" exists in Western civilization" pointed out，Disaster is part of the human condition，War、Disease、Financial nj bet365 and other phenomena are not far away from us in time and space。Many people feel that recent years are different from the past not because the world has changed，But because people have changed。People will no longer change、Disruptive events and unexpected events are accepted as a part of life that must be adapted to，But think they are impossible、Shouldn’t happen；Once it happens，The government should protect the public。

Article Talk，“Major events and the changes that follow are not normal，Normal life should be stable、Smoothly、Undisturbed” “Every risk is threatening and unavoidable，The world is more dangerous than ever before”…when people start thinking nj bet365 way，will become vulnerable、Loss of toughness。It can be said，Western people’s worldview has regressed。