The issue of reference has attracted much attention in contemporary Western philosophy of language。bet365 bonus code louisiana problem follows from Mill’s theory of proper names，Initially explored the relationship between names and referents。Via Frege and Russell’s theory of descriptions，and Kripke (Saul A. The development of Kripke’s theory of historical causation，The question of reference has become the name and reality of gathering traditions、The knot of fundamental issues such as truth and necessity。At the beginning of the 20th century，Moritz Schlick, a leading figure in logical empiricism, also discussed bet365 bonus code louisiana issue opened up by Mill。Different from the description theory proposed by Russell at the same time，Schlick relied on David Hilbert’s definition of implicit definition in mathematics，Provides an original and pioneering discussion of the concept of rigid designator, later explicitly proposed by Kripke。

　bet365 bonus code louisiana instructions based on implicit definition

Schlick in his work "General Epistemology"，Launched a systematic investigation of epistemology around the justification of the correspondence theory of truth，And gives a complete explanation of the deictic relationship。Like many philosophers of the same period who were influenced by Mill，Schlick regards the deictic relationship as the relationship between bet365 bonus code louisiana and objects。He thinks，Denoting objects through bet365 bonus code louisiana is an extremely important way of knowing (means of knowing)。Another different way of knowing is to intuitively know reality through “image”。In response to some claims that mix these two basic ways of knowing，Schlick regards rigor or certainty as the distinguishing criterion。Understanding through bet365 bonus code louisiana，Promise strictness；Knowledge through imagery，is always vague (although it can meet many practical cognitive needs)。Out of assertion of the correspondence theory of truth，Schlick puts scientific knowledge in a higher position。This way，Knowledge through bet365 bonus code louisiana，Only can we promise the accuracy required by scientific knowledge。

An explanation of how concepts strictly refer to objects，Constitutes the part of Schlick's epistemological work that is closest to contemporary theories of reference。Schlick pointed out，Rigidity is superficially maintained above all by the fact that the concept has its exact definition。As an abstraction different from reality，The concept itself is compared to perceptual experiences such as images，The way of thinking is precise。This superficial rigor, in Schlick's opinion, already meets the actual needs of most scientific work，But it cannot meet the epistemological goals。For example，Consider our instructions for the metal "Silver"，If we rely on the perceptual image of metallic silver for indication，There are always similar things that can cause confusion (such as a certain alloy)。At this time，Resorting to a scientific definition of silver such as "atomic weight 108" can provide a bet365 bonus code louisiana reference。

However，If bet365 bonus code louisiana instructions are given on a specific piece of metallic silver in a practical situation，We still need to ultimately confirm this with the help of perceptual images of the relevant experiments (determining the atomic weight of silver in this piece of metal)。In Schlick's opinion，This regression poses a threat to the rigor of conceptual instructions。Attributes in a concept definition always require further definition，The end point to avoid this infinite regression is usually intuitive perceptual image。This claim poses a dilemma regarding the strictness of conceptual designations: either agree that some intuitions have fully determinate content (which conflicts with Schlick's classification premise)，Either accept some kind of Millian radical empiricism，Considering that all concepts, like mental processes such as imagery, are generally vague。

Schlick’s solution to this dilemma，It is to provide an end point for the infinite regression of concept definition that is different from intuitive perceptual imagery，The core relies on the implicit definition proposed by Hilbert。Hilbert proposed implicit definition to ensure the rigor of mathematical knowledge，Thus freeing modern geometry from dependence on intuitive validity。The essence of implicit definition is，Confirm some basic concepts that can no longer be defined (such as "point" and "line")，Then define these concepts in terms of the fact that they satisfy the relevant axioms。Obviously，The basic concepts involved in the implicit definition satisfy Schlick's requirement to terminate infinite regress，The operational regulations provided by implicit definitions eliminate the need for intuition。This way，Such basic concepts concern only the fact that the relevant judgments (axioms) are expressed，And no longer carries any specific content。Implicit definition by signing，Schlick provided guarantee for the principle of bet365 bonus code louisiana instruction of the concept。Of course，Schlick clearly recognized the limitations in empirical science of the conceptual rigor guaranteed by implicit definitions derived from mathematics。Therefore，He distinguishes the more common concrete definition as a supplement，The latter is the final definition based on intuition，Thus losing absolute rigor。

Overall，The discussion of bet365 bonus code louisiana and indicators serves the correspondence theory of truth advocated by Schlick in his epistemological work。His correspondence theory thoughts profoundly influenced Tarski’s semantic analysis，And became the symbol of logical empiricism in the view of truth。

　　Differences bet365 bonus code louisiana mainstream theories

　In terms of contemporaries，Schlick’s theory of bet365 bonus code louisiana instructions is basically the opposite of Russell’s theory of descriptions。This opposition is extremely significant in the indexical relationship，Russell’s description theory establishes the denotative relationship between concepts and objects through different descriptions，Thus distinguishing between "knowledge by description" and "knowledge by acquaintance"。But for Russell，Intimate knowledge occupies a more fundamental position，All our knowledge depends on this。Russell’s discussion on descriptions and acquaintance，Basically consistent with Schlick’s views on intuitive images and derived concepts。Intuitive imagery meets the definition of familiarity in that it directly presents perceptual experience without relying on an intermediary，And Schlick also clearly emphasized the "familarity-quality" of intuitive images。The different attributes in the conceptual connotation and its further decomposition are consistent with the description (in fact, both of them followed Mill's conceptual framework here)。Although Schlick is merely appealing to the inevitable ambiguity of intuitive imagery，Thus providing no counterarguments to Russell's ideas，But the competing positions of both sides on this issue are obvious。

What Schlick and Kripke have in common is，Both portray bet365 bonus code louisiana instructions in their own way。Also，The way they confirm the initial reference is also similar。The method of reference confirmation given by Kripke for proper names and natural class names is the naming ceremony，The naming ceremony confirms its referent in an ostensive way。This initial naming ceremony allows for arbitrariness，And the subsequent causal history of proper names is relatively unimportant。In Schlick's opinion，Even for natural science，The name recognition of a large number of objects is nothing more than an arbitrary convention，Even if the cognitive web they then form constitutes some descriptive truth。

At the same time，The two people have great differences in the typology of the concept of bet365 bonus code louisiana directives and their understanding of bet365 bonus code louisiana directives。Kripke’s bet365 bonus code louisiana demonstratives generally have proper names as the main type，Also contains generic names involving natural classes。And at least as far as the argument goes，Kripke’s focus was on the argument for proper names，For natural kinds, they are known by inference。But these two types of bet365 bonus code louisiana demonstrators still cover a large number of concepts in natural language (although a certain concept itself is not always used as a bet365 bonus code louisiana demonstrative)。Because Schlick maintains the strictness of conceptual indications on implicit definitions in mathematics，And carefully limit the scope of bet365 bonus code louisiana instructions，In his opinion，A large number of empirical scientific concepts are not rigorous as arbitrary conventions，They are assigned to specifically defined categories。Therefore，The honor of bet365 bonus code louisiana instruction belongs only to those implicitly defined concepts that form the axioms，Thus only basic concepts in mathematics and some physics are covered。Although implicitly defined concepts may also be found in scientific practice to ultimately apply to those objects selected through specific definitions (thus achieving the purpose of exact science in systematically applying mathematical concepts to the world)，But the scope of bet365 bonus code louisiana instructions is still tightened by Schlick。

The difference between Schlick and Kripke in the category of bet365 bonus code louisiana demonstratives，Rooted in their different understanding of the strictness of bet365 bonus code louisiana instructions。Kripke’s bet365 bonus code louisiana criterion is that the demonstrative word refers to the same object in different possible worlds，And does not depend on the description contained in any demonstrative。Schlick’s strictness criterion does not involve any possible world semantics，It lies in the bet365 bonus code louisiana referentiality of the demonstrative word and the referent object in reality。Schlick removes any element of chance or arbitrariness through the bet365 bonus code louisiana instructions of implicit definition，This essentially still belongs to the category of traditional "transcendental necessity"。

Admittedly，Kripke’s discussion of “posterior necessity” has an extraordinary influence in the philosophy of language, especially the theory of reference，But this does not mean that the philosophical tradition of characterizing bet365 bonus code louisiana instructions through a priori necessity has been refuted。Considering that Kripke’s reasoning about the use of generic names of natural kinds as bet365 bonus code louisiana designators is not as sufficient as his discussion of proper names，He provides an attempt to illustrate rigor in terms of essential properties or internal structures of natural kinds，It has not gained widespread recognition。In comparison，Schlick’s strictness standard based on implicit definition is based on the constitutive status of relevant concepts to axioms，The necessary truth of the axiom itself relies on the correspondence theory of truth he holds。Such a "transcendental necessity" path provides a self-consistent description of the bet365 bonus code louisiana indication of concepts and objects under the correspondence theory of truth favored by scientists。

(Author’s unit: Biquan Academy·School of bet365 bonus code louisiana and History and Culture, Xiangtan University)