The Ming Dynasty has always been regarded as a decline in the history of classics。Pi Xirui pointed out，"The era of classics to the age of extremely decay"。Huang Zongxi said，"There are Ming articles、Merit，Not as before，Independent science，Lost of the previous generation "，It seems to imply the cause and effect between the prosperity of science and the decline of science。As Ma Zonghuo said: "Scholaring and learning micro，It is also momentum。"" In the Ming Dynasty's context，Confucianism is the core of Yangming Heart。So，What is the relationship between the prosperity of Yangming Heart and the decline of the Ming Dynasty? First of all, I must ask Yang Ming Xinxue's question consciousness。

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Zhang Zai once criticized: "Seeking a sage but not a sage，The big disadvantages of scholars since the Qin and Han dynasties also。"Qin and Han downs，Confucian scholars do not want to be saints，Because they think that the sage is "the holy of heaven"，Non -day Gongfuka。But a scientist develops a new view of saints，In the opening of the mountain, Zhou Dunyi, who opened the mountain, advocates "Sheng Ke Xue"。Since then Chengsheng has become the highest pursuit of science，Zhang Zai、Two Cheng、Zhu Xi is all like this，Wang Yangming is no exception。"Chronicles" record，Yangming is about to "read and learn sages" as the "first priority" in life when the eleven years old; see Zhu Zi from the age of 18，It has strengthened the confidence of "the sage can learn"; then although there are frustration and hesitation on the road of holy science，But since the age of thirty -four years old, after receiving the apprentice lecture，It is clear that "making people must be the ambition of saints first"。

But，Yangming Holy Heroes and Outlook for Orthodox Sciences actually have fundamental differences。Zhu Zi and others think，The sage is both moral and talented，"Since ancient times, there is nothing to know at the bottom of the sages，Nothing to change the bottom of the sage，There is no closing Bet365 lotto review door to sit alone，Sage omnipotisters，所 所，Is it possible? "This indicates，The sage is the sage is not just that he is fully moral，Practical ability also constitutes the essential condition of the sanctuary。

But the view of the saints of Yangming uses pure moral subjects as connotation，A period of dialogue in "Biography" best reflects this。Cai Xiyuan asked: "The sage can learn and arrive。Ran Boyi、Yi Yin Yu Confucius ended differently，Is it the same as the saints of the same thing? "Wang Yangming replied:" The reason why the saint is holy，It's just that his heart is pure，but unmanned miscellaneous。The reason why Judong Gold is fine，But with its complexity and non -copper lead, it also。People are purely heavenly Fang is Holy，Gold to Foot color prescription is fine。Ran the talent of the sage，It is also different，Judin is divided into two weights。Yao、Shun Judong，Wang Wang、Confucius has nine thousand 镒，Yu、Tang、Wu Wang still seven or eight thousand 镒，Boyi、Yi Yin is still four or five thousand 镒 镒: different talents and pureness are the same as heaven.，can be described as saints; although the two are different，and the same foot color，Can be described as fine gold。Those who enter the thousands of people with 5,000 镒，The same color is the same;、Yin Er Yao、Between the holes，It is purely natural and the same。cover so it is a refined gold，In the foot color but not in two; so the saints，In purely natural but not talent。"" Confucian tradition，Confucius、Boyi、Yi Yin，and even Yao、Shun and others are regarded as saints，But their skills and influence are huge。Cai Xiyuan attributed this difference to their "talent" differences。But the question is what is their uniform standard as saints? The key to Yangming's answer is，He distinguishes the sage's "color" and "weight": The key to gold is the metal composition，As long as it is composed of pure gold，Regardless of its weight，It does not hinder its nature as gold;，The key to the sage as the sage is not its "weight"，"Talent" size，and whether their hearts are "pure in heaven，but unmanned miscellaneous "。

Based on this，Yang Ming further pointed out，"The sage knows everything，Bet365 lotto review Just knowing a natural reason; omnipotent，Just be able to be a heavenly reason "。On the other hand，In Yangming，"Inconsistent is the heaven"，"Conscience is just a heart of right and wrong"，The internal criterion of the subject's moral judgment。So，For Yangming，The essence of the sage lies in the purity of morality and has nothing to do with knowledge、talent，Achievement sage means becoming a pure moral subject。The question lies in，In the era of Wang Yangming，Can the official academics with classics be assigned this task?

　　Academic knowledge and utilitarization

The Ming Dynasty since the beginning of the founding，The content of the "Four Books" and "Five Classics" as the content of the imperial examination。Yongle Twelve Years，Hu Guang and others were ordered to compile "Four Books" and "Five Classics"，The leading position of the "Four Books and Five Classics" in the official science system of the Ming Dynasty，And Zhu Zixue as an interpretation standard。

Zhu Zixue's own sanctuary。According to Zhu Zi's interpretation of "Taoism" and "Mind Method" in the "Mean"，Zhu Zixue has no essential differences with Yangming Heart on the way。but but，Because the "saint" defined by Zhu Zixue is a practical subject with both virtue，Matthew knows that the work of "university" is rising as the primary position。But from the Yuan Confucian Wu Cheng to distinguish between Zhu Zi and Lu Jiuyuan with "Dao Questions" and "Respecting Morality"，Later generations basically regard the "Dao Wenxue" that the grid knows as Zhu Zicheng Gongfu。Especially with Zhu Zixue’s official learning，The fundamental method of being seen as a sanctuary。Actually，Yangming saw Lou Langshi，Lou Liang told Yang Ming's sanctuary.。

But，From the perspective of Yangming，The learning of the grid is only knowledge，Can't achieve the inner virtue。So，Zhu Zijin theory aimed at achieving knowledge, not only does the morality of the internal motivation not only make any meaning，It is even counterproductive。"I do n’t know that later generations do n’t know that the origin of the sanctuary is purely heaven，However, you can go to the sage。I thought the sage knows everything，所 所，I have to get a lot of knowledge of the saint in order to be able to bet365 best casino games start one by one。Therefore, do n’t go to the same time，Disadvantage，Research from the booklet，On the famous object，Syndrome comparison，The wider knowledge, the more people want to get nourishing，The more powerful，and the heavenly healing "。Knowledge composition talent、Guarantee of Ability，However, if the internal motivation is non -moral，Knowledge can become a tool to satisfy personal desire。For Yangming who thinks it is to reach the sanctuary，Only achieve knowledge，Not achieved virtue，This is a resolute unacceptable for learning.。and the imperial examination system obviously strengthened this kind of knowledge about learning.，As Yang Ming said: "The karma of the imperial examination，Scholars are all "memorizing chapters。”

On the other hand，Due to the utilitarian orientation of the imperial examination system，"Four Books", "Five Classics" and Zhu Zixue will inevitably be toolized。Xiang Qiao pointed out: "，Scholars' first -level subjects，or "Four Books"、Studies are more than many dogs。"The essence of toolization is utilitarization，As Gu Yanwu pointed out，"Four Books and Five Classics" came out，"One person，Discard Song、The practical learning passed since the yuan。Mongolia up and down，Ask with Lilu and Mo Zhi。Woohoo! Study of Classics，From this since then "。Like mainstream scientists such as Wang Yangming and Cheng Zhu，Although not absolutely opposed to the imperial examination system，But the tendency of the utilitarianization of sages caused by the imperial examination system has a sober observation and understanding。"Those who entered from Keyi，Class Multi -徇 Private Media "，Under this utilitarian practice，"The gentleman has the study of the sage，Directed to do business，He 啻 Thousand Miles "。

Intellectualization and utilitarization with the imperial examinations，"Four Books" and "Five Classics" be carried by the saint's way of being unknown，And in reality, the "chaos", "humiliation" and "thief" are getting worse。This is forcing Wang Yangming to rethink the possibility of sanctification，Resend the relationship between the "Four Books" and "Five Classics" and the Holy Studies。

　　Establishment of conscience and the deconstruction of classics

From the above you can know，​​Yangming Heart Studies reflected and criticized Zhu Zixue on the academic level，At the same time。

From an academic perspective，Yangming Heart Study can be described as the "Copernicus" revolution of Zhu Zixue。Through the realization of the dragon field，Wang Yangming recognizes "the way of the sage，My Self -Find，Seeking it to be wrong with things "。In his opinion，Zhu Zixue's way of seeking profitability cannot be sanctified。As a conscience of Tianli, it was originally in everyone's heart，My Heart and Tianli are integrated，Therefore, the grid needs to be reasonable to make a "Copernicus" flip，That is, you can't reasonable foreign objects，should be "reasonable to my heart"。

Wang Yangming further interpreted the theory of "University" as "conscience": "If the so -called people who know the mate，To my conscience in things also。My Conscience，The so -called ‘Tianli’ also。To my conscience ‘heaven’ s knowledge ’，Then everything is reasonable。Those who are conscience to my heart，Zhizhi also。Those who have everything in everything，grid also。"The point of this interpretation is，The theory used by Zhu Zi to achieve knowledge，In Wang Yangming, it becomes a time to achieve virtue。"'grid' is like Mencius' Grand Personal Jun" 'grid'。Is the injustice of your heart，Positive to all its ontology。But the idea is，I want to go to their unfair，With all right "。This indicates，When the theory of the grid is transformed into a conscience，The function of the grid has become "positive heart"，And this "go to its incorrect，Positive work with all right "is essentially a self -censorship at the level of moral consciousness，to guarantee the morality of the internal motivation of the subject。For Wang Yangming，Only ensure the morality of the internal motivation，The subject can become a true moral subject。

Since the essence of the sage as the sage is the pureness of virtue and unrelated knowledge and ability，To conscience also become the most reliable way of sanctification。"The conscience of the heart is sacred。Learning of the sage，But this is just a conscience。"" in this sense，Yangming emphasized that "to conscience" is bet365 Play online games "the first meaning of the sage to teach people"，is "Sacred Gate Faithful Eye Tibetan"。

By converting the theory of grid into a conscience，and establish the conscience as the fundamental to being a sacred time，Yangming's conscience system can be established theoretically。and Yangming's conscience system once established，In the heart learning system，Scripture is inevitable to be deconstructed。From Wang Yangming's view，"The Six Classic" Six Classics，Just the heart of people，Just save the heavenly reason、Go to the Desire "，"Sage Temptation，Could it be taught people to go to people who want to save heaven，If the Five Classics "and" Four Books "have been"，When "Stocking Heaven、Prescription of the desire to destroy people "through the simple、After the direct way is grasped，Then the "Five Classics" and "Four Books" have no substantial significance。

Wang Yangming once said: "Four books and five classics are just talking about this mind and body"。In "Ji Shan Academy Zun Jing Pavilion"，Yang Ming further elaborated the relationship between classics and heart learning。The Jing is the carrier of the Tao，At the same time is the result of the saints described，is the product of human culture，When there is no classic，The Way of Heaven and Earth is really comfortable。"Person、Da Sihai、Sai Tian Di、Elderly and present。"" The way of heaven and earth seemed to see the place，It is a little bit in the hearts of people，The Six Classic of the Six Classics is just a record of the way of heaven and earth displayed by people's hearts。"So" Yi "also，Yin and Yang Message of Zhiwu Heart; "Book" also，Zhiwu Xinji Guanzhi also; "Poetry" also，The singer of Zhiwu's heart is also chanting temperament; "Li" is also，Zhiwu Hexin's Story of Literature also; "Le" is also，Zhiwu's joy and peace, also; "Spring and Autumn" also，Zhiwu's sincerity of the pseudo -evil is also "。So，"Six Classics"，My Heart's Remember also，and the fact that the Six Classics is from my heart "，So one here，The kind of "study from the booklet，Famous Issue Koosho "and other methods are wrong。"Scholar of the World，I don’t know how to ask for the "Six Classics" in my heart，Between influence，Bet365 lotto review At the end of the text，硁硁 Thinking that it is the Six Classics。"from this concluded:" Seeking your hearts "is the legitimate way of" respect "。From yes，Four Kuoguan ministers said "the heart learning is prosperous and the menstrual failure" is inevitable!

Last，Judgment of the Ming Dynasty's menstrual school decline，It is precisely in the sense of knowledge criticism that Yangming criticized。As Xue Yan said，"Kaiting is repaid，Sidao Daming，No work，Just bow "。Rao Zongyi further pointed out based on Xue Yan's point of view: "Ming people rule the classics，Important is still practical time ";，You can martyrs at any time "，So，"The Great Place of Studies in the Ming Dynasty，Tao Questions Learning levels not on the surface "。The prosperity of Yangming Heart，Although the Ming Dynasty classics "extremely decline" at the knowledge level，But the holy spirit carried by the scriptures has gained physical strength in the heart -studied descendants represented by Yangming、Himmons，And this is exactly what you should pay attention to today's re -developing science。

　(The author is a lecturer at the School of Humanities of Xi'an University of Electronic Science and Technology)