Current，Global climate warming leads to increased frequency of extreme weather，Earth environment is destroyed，Global governance of environmental problems has become a consensus of the international community。Scientific understanding of global environmental problems is the key to strengthening global environmental governance。The reporter invited the professor of the School of Marxism at the School of Marxism in Peking University, Miranda Schreurs, Director of the Environmental and Climate Policy Research Center of Munich University of Munich, Germany, and Munichi University of Technology.，Two scholars on the formation and development of the global environmental governance system、Europe and China played in it and issues issues such as China -Europe environmental governance cooperation。

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"China Social Sciences": Please briefly introduce the formation and development process of the modern environmental governance system in Europe。

Schrust: Until the 1960s，The primary concern of the European people is still economic growth and development。But with the continuous growth of the economy，The problem of environmental pollution becomes more and more serious。Sweden issued an initiative to hold the UN Human Environment Conference，Because it received from the UK、Federal Germany and Poland's serious air pollution effects。This meeting in 1972 prompted Europe to start the establishment of national environmental protection institutions。As far as Europe, especially Federal Germany,，At that time, the pollution of the Rhine was very serious，People can no longer swim in the river。The problems such as air pollution and forest ecological environment damage caused by coal -fired make the public recognize，Need to deal with environmental problems from the level of law and system。Therefore，Federal Germany initially established an environmental supervision department in the Ministry of the Interior，After the Chel Nobel accident in 1986，Federation of the Federal Environment Department。

Similar development has experienced in Europe as a whole。The 1970s，The European Community begins to formulate and implement the "Environmental Action Plan"，It aims to improve environmental quality，These policies are largely promoted by society。Different from China，Under the split in Europe，Coping environmental pollution has become an important tool for dialogue between East and West and Europe，This is very critical。Compared with the response at the level of the state institution，Regional and even international institutions and policies have gradually formed。But until the mid -1980s，Europe only actively considers how to play a leading role in global environmental issues。Current，European environmental policy is gradually integrating bet365 best casino games with economic policy。In Germany and even Europe，People are more talked about environmental protection，but sustainable development，These concepts are increasingly integrated into the EU legal system。For example，The full name of the German Federal Environment is the environment、Natural protection、Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection Department，And the issue of climate change is responsible for the Ministry of Economics and Climate Protection。

郇 Qingzhi: After the founding of the People's Republic of China，The party and the government attach great importance to the protection and improvement of the people's production and living environment。1973，China held the first National Environmental Protection Conference and reviewed and approved the "Comprehensive Plan，Comprehensive use，Comprehensive use，Rely on the masses，Rely on the masses，Everyone's hands -on，Protecting the environment，Extinction of the 32 -character environmental protection work policy。The following year，Establishment of the Office of the State Council's Environmental Protection Leading Group。1983，The Second National Environmental Protection Conference established the basic national policy to protect the environment，Therefore, the process of creating a modern environmental legal system in the context of the reform and opening up of reform and opening up。2012，Ecological civilization construction from ecological environment protection to the overall layout of the "five -in -one"，Opening the new journey of modernization of the ecological environment governance system and governance capabilities in the new era。You can see，Compared with other countries in the world，China almost simultaneously opened the process of creating a modern environmental governance system。

"China Social Sciences": How to understand the establishment and development of the global environmental governance system，Especially the role of Europe and China in it?

Schrust: After the UN Human Environment Conference，The European Community realizes that environmental problems may become an important issue for European trade and regional integration。Because if different member states have different environmental regulations，It will cause obstacles to the internal trade of the community，Good operation that affects the economy。Starting from the 1980s，European Communist body is increasingly focused on solving environmental pollution problems in the region，The result is the rapid development of the European Community or International Agreement around cross -border air pollution。As early as the 1970s，Europe has been related to protecting wild birds、Regional regulations of migratory birds，Regulations for dealing with chemical pollution in the 1980s。But in general，Europe was still in the early stage of regional thinking。From the end of the 1980s to the beginning of the 21st century，The intensity of Europe's international concept in the environmental field is greatly enhanced。As the leadership of the United States in the global bet365 Play online games environment began to decline，Europe quickly entered this field。At the United Nations Environment and Development Conference in 1992，Europe really realized，This is a subject area that can become an important participant。​​From then on，Europe began to substantially promote the development of many new concepts，If you should deal with climate change、Circular Economy、Chemicals control and resource circulation use。Current，Europe is linking economic development with environmental protection，Try to maintain a certain leader role by continuing the possibility of green changes。Europe also realizes，China has gradually become active in global affairs，I believe that China is both a potential competitor，It is also an important partner to deal with global challenges。

郇 Qingzhi: 1972，The Chinese delegation attended the United Nations Human Environment Conference held in Stockholm, Sweden，signed and actively implemented the "Manists of Human Environment" and "Human Environment Action Plan"。1992，The Chinese delegation attended the United Nations Environment and Development Conference held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil，Actively participate、Sign and implement the Convention on the Framework of the United Nations Climate Change。China signed in 1998 and approved the "Kyoto Protocol" in 2002，Participate in the performance of the contract。2015，The Chinese delegation attended the 21st Convention on the Convention on the Framework of the United Nations，Promote the reach of the Paris Agreement、Signed、Implementation and follow -up performance negotiations。2020，China proposes to achieve the "double carbon" goal that is independently determined in time。2021，China has hosted the 15th Conference of the Convention on Biological Diversity，Promote the achievement and signing of "Kunming -Montreal Global Biological Diversity Framework"。These are fully indicated，China is the earliest and increasingly important participant in the contemporary global environmental management system、Maintenanceer、contributor。

　　Build a multi -party environmental governance mechanism 

"China Social Sciences": How should we understand the status quo of the global environmental governance system and its challenges?

Schrust: The United Nations gathers the countries around the world，It is an extremely critical institution in the global environmental governance system。If there is no United Nations，Many of the progress mentioned earlier will not be achieved so quickly。Copy climate change、A decrease in biological diversity、Marine Plastic Pollution、Resource exhaustion and other major challenges，I think，The key to the question is not whether to abandon the United Nations and set up other institutions，Instead, we should conduct in -depth reforms of the United Nations。Some emerging international cooperation platforms cannot be ignored，such as G20、"Belt and Road" initiative, etc.。To some extent，This is a reaction to the problem of the United Nations system.。Prove to the facts，Dialogue under the regional cooperation mechanism bet365 best casino games is very important。other，I think，Environmental governance at the national level is also worth paying attention to，For example, the mayor association of many cities in the United States and Europe。

One of the biggest problems in the global environmental governance process，It is the failure of Africa and Southeast Asia's aid policy in North America and Europe due to past colonialism，It does not really help it develop in the macro sense。This situation is changing with the improvement of China's participation in international affairs。For example，China cooperates with co -construction countries through the “Belt and Road” initiative，Daily becomes an important role on the world stage。other，I think，China enters the field of development aid，To a considerable extent, the system led by Europe and the United States。This is an important change in global geopolitics，It constitutes a positive competition。The very important thing is，People do not have to believe that development must follow the same road as the past，Because of that way brings too much pain and ecological crisis to the assisted country。In my opinion，This is why the development aid of all types needs to be focused，Two partners are regarded as partners who jointly promote sustainable development and the construction of ecological civilization。

郇 Qingzhi: It should be recognized，Since the early 1970s，Many countries have done many aspects of work around the United Nations platform and important bilateral multilateral cooperation mechanisms，and achieved a lot of specific results，Promoting the emergence of the "global environmental governance system" and the emergence of related discussions and opinions，Global climate change and sustainable development governance can be considered as pioneering attempts in this area。But from the following three aspects，The global environmental governance system still has obvious deficiencies。One，From the global level，Unable or effective response to including climate abnormalities、Biological diversity sharply、Large -scale desertification and loss of soil and soil、Crescent environmental pollution, etc., the long -term ecological environment of the healthy ecosystem of the earth's natural ecosystem of the earth。Its two，The dominance of developed countries in Europe and the United States is still obvious，But the environmental pollution treatment and sustainable development practice cases they provided, and the supportive discourse behind，It is increasingly proven to have serious limitations。Its three，From the demands of developing countries，This system has not been or difficult to effectively help solve them in industrialization、The problem of environmental pollution and ecological destruction continuously generated during urbanization，Especially those cross -border or regional problems。In my opinion，This also highlights the world meaning of "Chinese -style modernization" that China has strongly advocated,。

"China Social Sciences": How to view the positive role and limitations of Bet365 app download the public participation in environmental governance systems in the global environmental governance system in the global environmental governance system?

Schrust: Germany is one of the most active countries in environmental and social groups。For more than half a century for more than half a century，We witnessed the environmental groups of Germany and the entire European area、The rapid development of non -governmental organizations。Environmental policy think tanks can play an important role，Provide the government with various policy consultations，Make up the shortcomings that the government may exist in human resources and thinking methods。Current，Various forms of think tanks are active in energy transformation、Traffic Transformation、Ecological Transformation、Peace and security issues areas such as。As far as Europe is concerned，An important change in this area is，Environmental and social groups have become more institutionalized，Many large -scale environmental organizations operating like companies appear。These groups often hire CEOs at high salaries，With a modern office environment and many employees。In most cases，These environmental and social groups are actively participating in the government's policy formulation like ordinary think tanks，It will also promote change by raising public consciousness。Of course，Their activities may be opposed by specific social groups such as industrial or elderly people，It may also bring unbearable pressure to the government or society due to its excessive stimulus。Of course，Germany and even Europe have their own political, social environment and historical culture，So，The environmental groups that can be effectively operated here may not be applicable in other countries and regions in the world。

郇 Qingzhi: From the dual perspective of problem solving and democratic political construction，Volkswagen participation and the healthy development of environmental non -governmental organizations or environmental social groups as a representative form，The importance is self -evident。And it can be considered，The socialist system and system Chinese characteristics and systems are constantly improving，It also puts forward higher requirements for the development of this area，provided better prerequisites。For example，The principle of people -centered in contemporary Chinese ecological civilization construction，What emphasizes is to benefit the people、Democratic Decision、The importance of public participation。But must also be pointed out，Volkswagen participation, especially the participation of environmental non -governmental organizations or environmental social groups，Not only does it have diversified functional goals，It also has a variety of channel mechanisms。In the past 40 years，In the past 40 years，China's social and political participation in environmental governance，Compared with European and American countries, especially EU countries like Germany，Significant differences，Pay more attention to the cultivation and bet365 live casino games shape of the consciousness and behavior attitude of the public ecological civilization。Funding and other problems，Many environmental non -governmental organizations or environmental social groups do face personnel sucking、Funding and other problems，Need to give the necessary attention。

　　Promoting China -Europe Environmental Governance Cooperation 

"China Social Sciences": Whether the international situation in recent years and how much have influenced China -Europe cooperation, including environmental issues，What new motivation and opportunities are provided?

Schrust: Since 1985，I started studying China and came to China many times to visit，Witness China's amazing development。China ’s efforts in promoting its own economic and social development，Do more than many countries。I often say in my own class，​​If we notice the reduction of the world's poor people，That is largely because China allowed 800 million people to get rid of poverty，This is a great success story，and it is achieved in just decades。I think，Western world has not fully understood China，I did not really realize that China's important role in global development。Obviously，China can play a greater role in helping to think and achieve modernization in other countries or regions in the world。

Focusing on recovery and promoting cooperation between China and Europe, including environmental issues,，I think，One，Wide and in -depth dialogue is extremely necessary。In recent years，You can clearly see，Lack of conversations between each other will turn small problems into big problems，Big problems become more huge。If you do not try to make dialogue and enhance mutual understanding，Questions will definitely become more and more serious。Its two，Given that many developing countries are facing severe sustainable challenges or even survival problems，And these problems will have a significant impact on Europe and China at the same time，Strengthening European and China international assistance cooperation is very meaningful。Both parties should think about how to solve poverty、Environmental destruction、Evergright resources such as over mining of resources。Its three，We need to cooperate with the new future vision。The current sustainable development agenda is only 2030，So people need a new agenda that point to 2030。More importantly，The new agenda should be able to integrate the concepts of ecological civilization into it，At the same time, it is best to be from the Middle East、Africa and other regions draw some new ideas，In this way, we can be closer to a common vision of human society: the global economic level difference is substantially reduced，Human respect for nature is better reflected。

郇 Qingzhi: President Xi Jinping has a summary of the international current situation in recent years，That is "the world's unscrupulous changes in the world"。The specific meaning of this judgment，The academic world has made a lot of understanding and interpretation。For the past few years，We have clearly felt the Bet365 app download authenticity and challenge of this kind of change。Specific to China -Europe Environmental Governance Cooperation, including global climate change response，It must attach great importance to the structuralness brought by the big change、Undverted impact，Briefly say，The new framework foundation and its concept support of China -Europe Environmental Governance Cooperation requires re -narration、Reuse or reconstruction，The necessary prerequisite for all this should be the recovery and reconstruction of political mutual trust。The China -Europe exchanges in the first half of 2023 made China feel more a kind of "reconstruction" effort，But this is obviously not enough。Frequent earthy earth ecosystem dilemma、Signs of global climate change，It is undoubtedly an important external motivation for China and Europe to advance the Paris Agreement and promote the performance of the Paris Agreement and their respective commitment policies and measures，This is the inevitable choice of all responsible powers in the new geological era of "human world"。At the same time，China and European intellectuals need to make clearer sounds based on a wider unity，Fully realize that only unnecessary disputes under the concept of peace and cooperation rather than paranoia or narrow security concepts，It is possible to repair human global homeland，Create a beautiful future of human beings。