General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “There is no bet365 cricket odds，Nothing can be discussed。bet365 cricket odds is our greatest common interest，It is also the greatest common expectation of people of all countries。We must be the builders and guardians of regional bet365 cricket odds，Insist on dialogue rather than confrontation、Partnership but not alliance，Work together to deal with various negative factors that threaten to undermine bet365 cricket odds”。The world today is facing major changes unseen in a century，Multiple challenges and crises are intertwined，Focus、Hotspot、Difficult problems emerge in endlessly，Changes in the world、Changes of the Times、Historical changes are unfolding in an unprecedented way。Facing various challenges and crises，Only insist on unity and cooperation，From the perspective of bet365 cricket odds，In order to effectively solve these problems。

Around bet365 cricket odds, a classic topic in the history of human civilization，Our reporter interviewed a professor from the School of History of Nanjing University、Liu Cheng, chair of the UNESCO bet365 cricket odds Studies Chair，Professor of Fesita University in Germany、Egon Spiegel, visiting professor at Nanjing University，Ask them to explain the current development status of bet365 cricket odds studies based on their respective research experiences、Important value and significance of the times。

　　The core concept of peaceology originated from the East

"China Social Sciences Journal": Two experts have achieved many important results in the research and teaching of bet365 cricket odds studies，What is your original intention for choosing bet365 cricket odds studies？

　2001，The United Nations launches the "International Decade for Building a Culture of bet365 cricket odds and Non-Violence for the World's Children" plan，bet365 cricket odds cause attracts worldwide attention。My (Liu Cheng) “encounter” with Heping Studies dates back to 2001，That year，Nanjing University, where I teach, has established a cooperative relationship with Coventry University in the UK，Laying the foundation for the introduction of bet365 cricket odds science into China。Coventry and Nanjing share similar traumatic memories，It deals with war trauma through "reconciliation and forgiveness"，And establish the Center for bet365 cricket odds Studies at Coventry University。For this，The two universities jointly designed a Sino-British university cooperation project on bet365 cricket odds studies，And supported by funding from the British Council。With support from this project，I came to the Center for bet365 cricket odds Studies at Coventry University as a visiting scholar in 2003，Systematically study the main courses of bet365 cricket odds studies and conduct relevant academic research。It was a refreshing experience in Coventry，Triggered my new understanding of bet365 cricket odds issues and the meaning of life，Changed some of my past inherent views。Later，Learning through multiple training sessions、International and domestic conferences，And my own research and practice in bet365 cricket odds studies，My knowledge and understanding of bet365 cricket odds studies are gradually enriched。As a university professor，In addition to teaching and educating people，We should also care about human survival and social justice，Be responsible and responsible for the progress of the world。For me，It is not easy to open up the “second battlefield” of bet365 cricket odds studies。My major is British history，This persistence in bet365 cricket odds studies，Let me maintain my dedication to the British history profession，I have to devote the other half of my time and energy to the study of bet365 cricket odds studies、Teaching and Promotion。My teachers in academia gave me kind advice，It is recommended that I focus on the research on British history that has a good foundation。After careful consideration，I finally chose a career path that combined British history and bet365 cricket odds studies，Strive to balance professional academics and social responsibility as much as possible。2017，UNESCO bet365 cricket odds Studies Chair settled at Nanjing University，I serve as chairperson，There is a greater responsibility to promote bet365 cricket odds studies。With the development of Chinese bet365 cricket odds studies，China is increasingly aware of the importance of bet365 cricket odds studies，College、Colleagues in government agencies, enterprises and institutions have also begun to learn more about bet365 cricket odds studies。The development of Chinese bet365 cricket odds studies shows: a spark，Can start a prairie fire。

As a German born shortly after the end of World War II，My (Spiegel) father was a soldier，My mother lost three brothers in the war，And keep telling me their stories，This left a scar on my soul。This may explain my abhorrence of violence of any kind。Since school days，During studies and throughout your career，I have been exploring the issue of bet365 cricket odds operations extensively and deeply。

"China Social Sciences News": The Chinese nation has been bet365 cricket odds-loving since ancient times、Advocating bet365 cricket odds，China proposes to build a community with a shared future for mankind，A contemporary interpretation of the concept of bet365 cricket odds。What kind of science is peaceology，Are there any differences in the understanding of bet365 cricket odds studies between Chinese and foreign scholars?？

bet365 cricket odds Studies is a new discipline born after World War II，Interdisciplinary in nature，Includes bet365 cricket odds Research、Three parts of bet365 cricket odds education and bet365 cricket odds activities。bet365 cricket odds Studies Exploration and Prevention、Non-violent solutions to reduce and resolve conflicts，Analyze the structural mechanism of conflict，Create a system of knowledge and practice to achieve bet365 cricket odds。Peaceology is the "doctor" of human society，Pay attention to all types of violence (direct violence、Structural violence、Cultural Violence、Pain caused by ecological violence，The state of “diagnosing” violence，“Predicting” changes in violence，Reducing violence (negative bet365 cricket odds) and improving the environment (positive bet365 cricket odds) through “treatment”。People’s pursuit of bet365 cricket odds may be as old as human history。The English word bet365 cricket odds comes from the Latin Pax，Meaning the lack of war under the hegemonic order。The Chinese word "bet365 cricket odds" means harmony、The meaning of stability and order。Peaceology was originally produced in European and American countries，But its core concept originates from the East，For example, the idea of ​​non-violence in India，China’s “Balance of Yin and Yang” and “Harmonious Creatures”，Thoughts such as "If you are the same, you will not succeed", "Love all but not attack", "Turn hostility into friendship"。The concept of positive bet365 cricket odds is based on an understanding of broad social conditions，Believe that justice and equality are the fundamental factors of bet365 cricket odds，Advocates the elimination of classes based on class、Age、Religion、Race、Various forms of discrimination on the basis of gender, etc.，Focus on the future、persistent、Comprehensive bet365 cricket odds。This is consistent with Chinese culture’s understanding of bet365 cricket odds。Since the 1960s，The concept of positive bet365 cricket odds is accepted by more people in Eastern and Western countries。With the popularity of bet365 cricket odds studies around the world，Chinese culture is more known to the world、Accept，Countries around the world understand the rich connotation of bet365 cricket odds and resolve conflicts through peaceful means，Everything will continue to converge。

An unanswered question is，Why the history of Western Christianity is filled with war、Slavery and persecution of Aboriginal people，But its well-known religious tradition is to "advocate" the ethics of bet365 cricket odds，The purpose is not only non-violent interpersonal communication，It also depends on the corresponding social structure，This social structure relies on the “third force”。In this sense，Peaceology reflects all aspects of coexistence，From personal、Family to International，This involves a third party that was ultimately unavailable，Gandhi expressed it as "the power of truth"。While rulers use war and violence，There is always a counter-movement that criticizes violence in society，And supported by certain philosophical and theological schools。After World War II，A clear science of bet365 cricket odds is established，Many universities offer bet365 cricket odds studies courses，An understanding of bet365 cricket odds beyond that found in traditional humanities and social science curricula，And associate bet365 cricket odds with non-violence。

　The Creation and Development of bet365 cricket odds Studies

《Chinese Social Sciences Journal》: as a research field，How peaceology was established in China，What kind of development process has it experienced？

Alan Hunter thinks，Chinese bet365 cricket odds studies provide people with a series of tools、Thoughts、Research Materials and Inspiration，And formed a set of ways to deal with complex and challenging problems。bet365 cricket odds science advocates that the goals and means of pursuing bet365 cricket odds must be consistent，The tree of bet365 cricket odds is hidden in the seeds of bet365 cricket odds。Chinese scholars also had doubts about bet365 cricket odds studies at the beginning。For example: Can non-violent conflict resolution be an alternative way to promote true and lasting bet365 cricket odds for mankind？Can the thought of bet365 cricket odds in traditional Chinese culture enrich and expand the theoretical connotation and practical approaches of bet365 cricket odds studies？Nevertheless，Peaceology has aroused great interest among Chinese scholars，They gradually realized that this is a very important discipline paradigm，China’s universities should have bet365 cricket odds studies，This is worthy of Chinese scholars’ efforts to promote it。Popularizing bet365 cricket odds studies in China will be proven by history to be a great achievement in the contemporary era、A career that will last forever，We are determined，Overcome all difficulties，The goal is to comprehensively promote bet365 cricket odds studies in China，I hope that bet365 cricket odds studies can also become a subject in China’s higher education system。There are many difficulties in achieving this goal，But we believe，Spark，Can start a prairie fire。Nanjing University has made outstanding contributions to the development of bet365 cricket odds studies in China，The symbol is the establishment of the UNESCO bet365 cricket odds Studies Chair at Nanjing University in 2017。After 20 years of development，Peaceology is gradually growing in China，Main achievements include setting up bet365 cricket odds studies courses、Translating classic works on bet365 cricket odds studies、Publishing bet365 cricket odds textbooks、Established a collection of bet365 cricket odds studies、Establishing bet365 cricket odds studies research institutions, etc.。China actively carries out various academic activities on bet365 cricket odds studies，Promote Nanjing, Jiangsu、Zhijiang, Hunan、Weifang, Shandong、The construction of “International bet365 cricket odds Cities” in Dengfeng, Henan and other cities，Strengthen ties with international bet365 cricket odds institutions，Created the Nanjing bet365 cricket odds Forum。

"China Social Sciences Journal": Please introduce the development history and current situation of bet365 cricket odds studies abroad。

1948，Manchester College in the United States has launched a bet365 cricket odds studies program。1950s and 1960s，European bet365 cricket odds research institutions have been established one after another，Laid the disciplinary foundation of bet365 cricket odds studies。The Oslo bet365 cricket odds Research Institute, established in Norway in 1959, is very representative，The first director, Johan Galtung, founded the world's first bet365 cricket odds journal "Journal of bet365 cricket odds Research" in 1964。1959，Lancaster University in the UK founded the UK’s earliest bet365 cricket odds research center。Same in 1959，The University of Michigan established the Conflict Resolution Research Center。Therefore，Academic circles generally regard 1959 as the starting point of the history of the development of bet365 cricket odds studies，bet365 cricket odds studies as a discipline was born。1963，American scholar Walter Isard and others founded the bet365 cricket odds Research Association in Sweden，Renamed bet365 cricket odds Society in 1973。The organization organizes international conferences and founded two professional journals, "Journal of Conflict Resolution" and "Conflict Management and bet365 cricket odds Studies"。1966，John W. Burton (John W. Burton) established the Center for Conflict Analysis at University College London，Made theoretical contributions to conflict resolution research。1962，At Elise M.Boulding (Elise M. Boulding，The International bet365 cricket odds Research Advisory Committee under the Women’s International League for bet365 cricket odds and Freedom，Published "International bet365 cricket odds Research Letter" since 1963。1964，The bet365 cricket odds History Society was established，The association founded the magazine "bet365 cricket odds and Change: A Journal of bet365 cricket odds Studies" in 1972。The International bet365 cricket odds Research Association was established in 1964，This is a milestone in the development of bet365 cricket odds studies，Johann Galtung、Elise M. Boulding and Kenneth E.Boulding (Kenneth E. Boulding) couple、Bert Rolling and others contributed to the founding of the association。The International bet365 cricket odds Research Association is a global professional academic institution in the field of bet365 cricket odds studies，The largest scale、Extremely influential，Obtained special consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council。The association promotes multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research，Provide a platform for scholars and educators around the world，Encourage the application of research results to the cause of international bet365 cricket odds，Exchange information on the results of bet365 cricket odds research。The association has several special committees，Focus on a bet365 cricket odds theme respectively，The association has branches in various continents。After the establishment of the International bet365 cricket odds Research Association，Peaceology gradually expanded to Europe、America、Asia、Universities and research institutions in many countries in Africa，An independent and open academic research field gradually matures。

　　Create a culture of bet365 cricket odds

"Chinese Social Sciences Journal": What positive significance does the current major academic achievements of bet365 cricket odds studies in China and internationally have on world bet365 cricket odds and development？

Early research on bet365 cricket odds studies focused on negative bet365 cricket odds，Turn after the 1970s，Pay more attention to responding to various contradictions and challenges in the process of globalization through active bet365 cricket odds。Positive bet365 cricket odds includes four aspects。The first is natural bet365 cricket odds: emphasizing cooperation rather than struggle between species。The second is direct positive bet365 cricket odds: emphasizing kindness in words and material，Care for the basic needs of all people、Survival、Happiness、Freedom and Identity，Love is the epitome of it，i.e. body、The blend of mind and heart。The third is structural positive bet365 cricket odds: replacing oppression with freedom，Replacing exploitation with equality，The way to complete the replacement is dialogue、Integration、Unity、Participate，Instead of penetration、Split、isolated、Marginalization。The fourth is the positive bet365 cricket odds of culture: replacing the legitimacy of violence with the legitimacy of bet365 cricket odds，In Religion、Law、Ideology、Language、Within Arts and Sciences，At school、In universities and media，Build a positive culture of bet365 cricket odds，Use people’s different talents。Positive bet365 cricket odds goes beyond traditional definitions of bet365 cricket odds，Enriching the connotation of bet365 cricket odds，Becoming the main content of bet365 cricket odds studies。Promoting positive bet365 cricket odds is the focus of China’s bet365 cricket odds studies development work，The concept of positive bet365 cricket odds is now widely known。

Creating a culture of bet365 cricket odds is an important foundation for achieving positive bet365 cricket odds，Chinese bet365 cricket odds studies adhere to the concept of bet365 cricket odds culture advocated by UNESCO。October 6, 1999，The United Nations General Assembly adopted the Declaration on a Culture of bet365 cricket odds and the Program of Action on a Culture of bet365 cricket odds in resolution 53/243。These two documents emphasize the promotion of a culture of bet365 cricket odds and non-violence that benefits mankind and future generations，Development continues the concept upheld by UNESCO’s Constitution，That is, "War originates from human thoughts，Therefore, it is necessary to build a barrier to protect bet365 cricket odds in people’s minds”。However，In the process of developing Chinese bet365 cricket odds studies，We recognize，Some factors of traditional security and non-traditional security still affect the realization of the theme of bet365 cricket odds culture。In traditional security，Hegemony has a new manifestation。In many parts of the world，territory、Violent incidents caused by religious and racial issues occur from time to time。In the field of non-traditional security，Climate Change、Resource Crisis、Terrorist activities and other activities directly affect a country’s economic and social development, bet365 cricket odds and stability。How to build a peaceful world，Create a culture of bet365 cricket odds，Improving the human environment，Promote the Nation、Equality between ethnic groups and religions，This involves the issue of structural violence and cultural violence in bet365 cricket odds studies。A peaceful environment is the basis for individual development，Many areas and peoples of the world are still at war，Volume in all its forms is still happening。bet365 cricket odds is not everything，But no bet365 cricket odds，Everything will be gone。

"Chinese Social Sciences Journal": What are the current problems or challenges in bet365 cricket odds studies？What areas or issues should be focused on？

bet365 cricket odds needs nourishment and cultivation，Then it becomes a reality。In world history，War has brought great harm to mankind，In the era of globalization，It is harder for people to bear the weight of war。However，War seems to still be a lingering haze in the real world，To some extent, this has prompted some people to have the prejudice that "bet365 cricket odds science is too idealistic"。Actually，Peaceology emerged after World War II，People deeply reflect on the war，Wish to end violent conflict resolution，Start exploring how to transform conflicts using non-violent methods，especially from structure、Culture、Carry out research at the ecological level，And attempts to reveal the root causes of various violence and its peaceful solutions。In response to the separatist tendencies in today’s world，The study of alliances and confederations in bet365 cricket odds studies is conducive to better managing the world and considering regional interests。

In terms of Chinese bet365 cricket odds studies，The first translated book on bet365 cricket odds studies, "Justice and Reconciliation after Violence", was published in 2003，The first bet365 cricket odds science college textbook "bet365 cricket odds Studies" was published in 2006，The first set of youth bet365 cricket odds education books, "Peaceful Growth Series", was published in 2009 and selected into the 2010 General Administration of Press and Publication's list of 100 excellent books recommended to teenagers across the country，Later, "bet365 cricket odds Studies Translation Series", "International bet365 cricket odds City Series", "Middle School bet365 cricket odds Education", etc. were launched.。September 2015，The two of us jointly published "bet365 cricket odds Building in a Globalized World: Illustrated bet365 cricket odds Studies" (Chinese-English bilingual)，The "Father of bet365 cricket odds" John Galtung wrote in the preface to this book: "This is an extraordinary book on global bet365 cricket odds！”From 2022，Edited and published by "bet365 cricket odds Research"，This is China’s first professional collection of bet365 cricket odds studies。The goal of bet365 cricket odds education is to cultivate “peaceful people” for a peaceful society，Since 2020，We focus on bet365 cricket odds education。Piloting bet365 cricket odds education courses in Nanjing，With the support of UNESCO，The UNESCO Chair in bet365 cricket odds Studies at Nanjing University is cooperating with bet365 cricket odds education experts from South Korea and Japan，Carry out project research entitled "Common Guidelines for bet365 cricket odds Education Curriculum in Northeast Asia"。

　　bet365 cricket odds research, education and activities flourish

"Chinese Social Sciences Journal": Current，Local conflicts and unrest occur frequently in some areas of the world，bet365 cricket odds is particularly precious，The solution to the bet365 cricket odds issue is particularly urgent。To this，What solutions can Peaceology provide？

Violence brings serious harm to human beings，This is also the fundamental motivation of bet365 cricket odds studies。Historical experience shows，Those acts of violence that exist in the micro-sphere of society and in intra-state and international conflicts，It is invalid and meaningless，And damages people’s physical and mental health。Modern society，Human beings are smart enough to find other ways to resolve conflicts，That is, to achieve the purpose of resolving conflicts by transforming them through non-violent means。bet365 cricket odds science can provide a way to guide bet365 cricket odds construction，Provide the basis for people to live in the same world without violence。bet365 cricket odds science must be based on non-violent practice，And practical application in daily life and global society。The methods of bet365 cricket odds studies are completely different from the methods of violence，Not reduction but resource-oriented。People can understand a peaceful world as a community，It starts from common interests and mutual understanding。The second step is characterized by mutual tolerance，The third step is mutual acceptance beyond tolerance，The fourth step is to respect other traditions and emotions，The highest and final step is union with each other。The world will still need politics，Particularly political activity that successfully manages conflict，But what the world needs more is a kind of management，Good and sustainable management of all aspects of living together。

"China Social Sciences Journal": bet365 cricket odds Studies has achieved good results，How to promote better and faster development of bet365 cricket odds studies in the future？

bet365 cricket odds Studies includes three fields: bet365 cricket odds Studies、bet365 cricket odds Education、bet365 cricket odds activities。bet365 cricket odds research involves various related disciplines，includes political science、History、Philosophy、Sociology、Psychology、Biology、Medicine、Religious Studies、Law、Economics, etc.，Taking bet365 cricket odds as the value orientation of research。bet365 cricket odds education is based on bet365 cricket odds research，The purpose is to acquire the knowledge and skills to achieve bet365 cricket odds through the practice of nonviolence。bet365 cricket odds activism is used to describe bet365 cricket odds-oriented nonviolent movements and non-institutionalized (sometimes even anti-institutionalized) bet365 cricket odds movements，The topic involves combating racial discrimination、Protect the rights and interests of women and children、Protect animals, etc.。The political content and objectives of peaceful activities，Embodied in many university bet365 cricket odds studies programs。Today’s bet365 cricket odds science has a wide range of connotations，Including all aspects of conflict resolution through conflict transformation，Not limited to the political level。

Currently, about 400 universities and research institutions around the world have established bet365 cricket odds studies programs，bet365 cricket odds Studies has a complete educational structure from certificate education to doctoral education。The undergraduate study content for students majoring in bet365 cricket odds studies includes the three areas mentioned above，Choose one of these categories as their major at graduate level。Students in the "bet365 cricket odds Studies" direction often engage in theoretical research after graduation；Students in the "bet365 cricket odds Education" direction are mainly teachers；Students in the "bet365 cricket odds Activities" direction can work in bet365 cricket odds organizations or related government departments。Those who have obtained doctorates mostly work in universities or institutions related to bet365 cricket odds issues。The study of bet365 cricket odds studies is an interdisciplinary subject、International learning，Students will participate in a wealth of practical activities at home and abroad during the learning process。Considering the integrity of the study plan，We believe that the ideal situation would be for students to receive this、Master、Seven years of continuous training。Of course，In different countries，The education system of bet365 cricket odds studies should have different characteristics and focus on different themes。

　　China is an advocate and defender of world bet365 cricket odds

"China Social Sciences Journal": The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out，China always insists on safeguarding world bet365 cricket odds、The purpose of foreign policy to promote common development，Committed to promoting the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind。To this，How to understand from the perspective of bet365 cricket odds science？

Chinese traditional thought and history and culture contain rich concepts of bet365 cricket odds，China’s diplomacy has always followed the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence，Adhere to an independent foreign policy of bet365 cricket odds，In recent years, the initiative to build a community with a shared future for mankind has been proposed，Highlight China’s image as a responsible major country that maintains bet365 cricket odds。China develops itself by safeguarding world bet365 cricket odds，And maintain world bet365 cricket odds through its own development，Is an advocate and defender of world bet365 cricket odds。From a global perspective，Culture、The relationship between religion and state is divided into four different models，The choices vary from country to country。The first is the "self" model，Think of your own culture、Religion and ethnicity are the best、Better。In this self-centered understanding，All “others” cannot be compared。The second is the "multiple" model，It’s a different culture、The real world where religion and state coexist。In the process of pursuing equality by all parties，Often accompanied by fierce competition、Hostile、Violence and even war。The third is the "interactive" model，Think of each culture、Religion and ethnicity interact through each other、Existence and development through communication and cooperation。The fourth "fusion" is the highest level model，That is, everyone is sitting in the same boat，Living in the same world，Have common experience、Aspirations and challenges (e.g. ecological issues)，And become one in the global social network。A community with a shared future for mankind embodies the goals and approaches of the “fusion” model，It is a product of Chinese culture and wisdom，Is the non-violent way to achieve bet365 cricket odds，It embodies China’s view of bet365 cricket odds。

"China Social Sciences Journal": What other content related to bet365 cricket odds studies would I like to introduce to readers？

bet365 cricket odds is not just the absence of war，And it means hunger、Refugee、Elimination of pollution and other problems，Thus creating a harmonious and symbiotic global environment。Such a peaceful goal is a great and extremely challenging project for human society，It requires everyone’s sustained efforts and unremitting exploration。

The core of bet365 cricket odds science is in the social microcosm、Promote non-violent coexistence as much as possible in the meso and macro worlds，Therefore also a criticism of violence。Peaceology focuses on building a culture of bet365 cricket odds and non-violence that can defeat violence，Focus on the positive aspects of life and the potential for bet365 cricket odds that people have。Peaceology is committed to helping change people’s perspective on life，Shaping the world on the basis of bet365 cricket odds or non-violence。bet365 cricket odds studies should be based on highly complex bet365 cricket odds research，Providing people with the concept of bet365 cricket odds education and bet365 cricket odds activities，And teach appropriate skills。In principle，bet365 cricket odds studies should change people’s perspectives，From classic violence-based conflict resolution，Move towards conflict transformation based on non-violent strategies and methods。bet365 cricket odds studies also shift people's focus from criticizing violence (reduction orientation) to nonviolent assistance (resource orientation)，Includes criticism of the phenomenon of violence and firm responses to violence-related challenges。The world is colorful、All inclusive，Promoting bet365 cricket odds building is destined to be a process that requires continuous efforts，And our thinking about bet365 cricket odds must be a never-ending process。