General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "No peace，I can't talk about everything。Peace is our biggest common interest，It is also the largest common expectation of the people of all countries。We want to be a regional peaceful builder and guardian，Persist in dialogue and not confrontation、Som together without Alliance，Together with the various negative factors that threatened and destroyed peace "。The world is facing a big change in the world today，Multiple challenges and crisis intertwined superimposed，Focus、Hot spots、​​Difficult problems are endless，The change of the world、Changes in the era、The change of history is unfolding in an unprecedented way。Facing various challenges and crises，Only insist on unity and combination，From the perspective of peaceful，can effectively solve these problems。

Classic topics in the history of human civilization around the history of human civilization，Our reporter interviewed a professor at the School of History of Nanjing University、The host of the UNESCO Peace Academic Chamber host Liu Cheng，Professor at the University of Feixi University in Germany、Visestion professor of Nanjing University Egon Spiegel，Please explain the development status of peace learning in combination with their respective research experience、Important value and the meaning of the times。

　　Bet365 lotto review  

"China Social Sciences": Two experts have achieved many important results in the study and teaching of peaceful learning，What is your original intention of choosing peaceful learning?

2001，The United Nations has launched the "Ten Years of Ten Years of Peace and Non -violent Culture for Children in the World"，The peace career is followed by the world。The "encounter" of me (Liu Cheng) and peace studies must be traced back to 2001，That year，The Nanjing University I taught to establish a cooperative relationship with the British Kaowen University，Play the foundation for the introduction of China for peace learning。Kaowen Chuang has similar trauma memories with Nanjing，It handles war creative trauma in a "reconciliation and forgiveness" way，Establish a Peace Studies Center at Kaowenchong University。For this，Two universities have jointly designed a peaceful Chinese and English university cooperation project，and get funded by the British Culture Association。With the support of this project，I came to Kaowenchong University Peace Studies Center as a visiting scholar in 2003，Systems Learning Peace Study Course and conducting related academic research。The experience of the drooping in the exam is refreshing，Triggering my re -understanding of peace and meaning of life，Changed some of my past inherent views。Later，Participate in training through multiple times、International Domestic Conference，and my own research and practice in peacetime，My understanding and understanding of peaceful learning gradually enriched。As a university professor，In addition to teaching and educating people，It should also care about human survival and social justice，Responsible and responsible for the progress of the world。For me，It is not easy to open up the "Second Battlefield" of peaceful learning。My major is British History，This persistence of peace learning，Let me keep paying for British history，The other half of the time and energy is put into the study of peace learning、Teaching and promotion。The teacher of the academic world has a kind persuasion for me，It is recommended that I focus on having a good basic British history research。After careful consideration，I finally chose a professional road that takes into account the history of British and peaceful，Balance of professional academic and social responsibility as much as possible。2017，UNESCO Peace Education bet365 best casino games Teachers will settle in Nanjing University，I am the host of the teaching seat，The responsibility for promoting peace is even greater。With the development of peace school in China，Domestic the importance of peace learning is increasingly recognized，University、colleagues of institutions and enterprises and institutions have also begun to learn more about peaceful learning。Development of Peace School in China shows: the fire of the stars，You can 燎 Yuanyuan。

As a German who was born shortly after the end of World War II，My father (Schipgel )'s father was a soldier，My mother lost three brothers in the war，And tell me about their story，This leaves a trauma for my heart。This may explain why I bother with any form of violence。From the school days，In the study and care of the whole career，I am exploring the problem of peaceful action。

"China Social Sciences": The Chinese nation has loved peace since ancient times、Promote peace，China proposes to build a community of human destiny，is a contemporary interpretation of the concept of peace。What kind of learning is peace learning，Is there a difference in understanding of Chinese and foreign scholars?

Peace learning is a new discipline born after World War II，Have interdisciplinary nature，Including peace research、Peace Education and Peace Activities。Peace learning to explore prevention、Non -violent schemes that reduce and resolve conflicts，Analysis of the structural mechanism of the conflict，Create a peaceful knowledge and practice system。Peace learning is the "doctor" of human society，Follow various types of violence (direct violence、Structural violence、Cultural violence、Ecological violence) pain caused by)，"Diagnosis" Status of violence，"Forecast" changes in violence，Reduce violence (negative peace) through "treatment" and improve the environment (positive peace)。People's pursuit of peace may be as long as the history of human beings。English Peace originated from Latin Pax，Meaning to lack the war in the order of hegemony。Chinese "Peace" has harmony、The meaning of stability and order。Peace school was originally produced in European and American countries，But its core concept comes from the East，For example, India's non -violent thought，China ’s“ Yin and Yang Balance ”,“ Harmony Bio，Do not follow the same thoughts of "and love non -attack", "Tu Gan Ge as jade"。The concept of positive and peaceful is based on the understanding of extensive social conditions，It is believed that justice and equality are the fundamental factor of peace，advocates eliminating the class in class、Age、Religious、race、Gender and other forms of discrimination，Follow the future、Live、Comprehensive peace。This is the same as Chinese culture's understanding of peace。Since the 1960s，The concept of positive and peaceful is accepted by more people in Eastern and Western countries。With the popularity of peace in the world，Chinese culture is more familiar to the world、Acceptance，The understanding of peace and rich connotations in the world and the awareness of resolving conflicts through peaceful ways，All will continue to converge。

A suspended problem is，Why the history of Western Christianity is full of war、Persecution of slavery and persecution of aboriginal people，The well -known religious tradition is "advocating" peace ethics，Its purpose is not only non -violent interpersonal communication，It is still in the corresponding social structure，This social structure depends on the "third force"。In this sense,，Peace learning reflects all levels of coexistence，From personal、Family to International，This involves a third party that cannot be obtained in the end，Gandhi expresses it as "the power of truth"。While the rulers use war and violent means，Following the reverse exercise of critical violence，and get support from some philosophy and theological genres。After World War II，Clear peace learning is established，Many universities Bet365 lotto review have set up peaceful research courses，The understanding of peace beyond the understanding of the traditional humanities and social science curriculum，and link peace with non -violence。

　The creation and development of peace learning 

"China Social Sciences": as a research field，How to establish peace in China，What kind of development has gone through?

Alan Hunter believes，China Peace School provides a series of tools、Thought、Research materials and inspiration，and formed a set of ways to deal with complex and challenging problems。Peace learning advocates the goal and means of pursuit of peace must be consistent，The Peace Tree is hidden in peace seeds。Chinese scholars also have questions about peace learning at the beginning。For example: A non -violent solution to conflict can become an alternative way to promote the true and lasting peace of mankind? Can peace in Chinese traditional culture enrich and expand the theoretical connotation and practical approach of expanding peaceful learning?，Peace learning has caused great interest in Chinese scholars，They gradually realized that this is a very important discipline paradigm，Chinese universities should have peaceful learning，This is worth promoting for Chinese scholars to spend strength。Popularity in China will be proved to be a merit in contemporary、A career in Qianqiu，We are determined，Exclude all difficulties，The target is to promote peace in China，Hope peaceful learning can also become a discipline in China's higher education system。The achievement of this goal is difficult and heavy，But we believe，Star Fire，You can 燎 Yuanyuan。Nanjing University has made outstanding contributions to the development of Chinese peace studies，Its logo is the establishment of the United Nations Teaching and Academic Organization in 2017 at Nanjing University。After 20 years of development，Peace learning gradually grows in China，The main scores include the establishment of peace studies、Classic works of translation and peaceful learning、Publishing peaceful learning materials、Establishing Peace Studies Collection、Establish a peaceful study research institution, etc.。China actively carry out various types of peaceful academic activities，Promote Nanjing, Jiangsu、Hunan Yanjiang、Weifang, Shandong、Construction of "International Peace City" in cities such as Dengfeng, Henan，Strengthen the contact with international peace learning institutions，Created Nanjing Peace Forum。

"China Social Sciences": Please introduce the development process and status quo of peace learning abroad。

1948，The Manchester College of the United States opened a peaceful study research project。The 1950s and 1960s，European Peace Research Institutions have established one after another，Lile the foundation of the discipline of peaceful learning。The Oslo Peace Research Institute, which was established in Norway in 1959, is very representative，Johan Galtung, the first director, founded the world's first Peace Study Magazine in 1964。1959，The University of Langcarster, the United Kingdom, founded the earliest peace research center in the UK。Same in 1959，University of Michigan, the University of Michigan, founded a conflict resolution research center。So，The academic community generally uses 1959 as the starting point for the history of peaceful learning，Peace Studies were born as a discipline。1963，American scholar Walter Isard and others founded a peaceful research association in Sweden，1973 renamed the Peace Society。The organization organized international conferences and founded the two professional journals of "Conflict Solving Magazine" and "Conflict Management and Peace School"。1966，John W. Burton (John W. Burton) established a conflict analysis center at the University of London，Make theoretical contribution for the resolution of conflict。1962，Under the leadership of Elise M. Boulding，International Women strive to set up the International Peace Research Consulting Committee bet365 best casino games under the League of Peace and Liberty，Published "International Peace Research Newsletter" since 1963。1964，Establishment of Peace History Society，The Association founded the magazine "Peace and Transformation: Peace Research Magazine"。The establishment of the International Peace Research Association in 1964，This is a milestone in the development of peaceful learning，John Galtong、Elis M. Boldin and Kennis E. Boulding、Bert Rolling and others made contributions to the creation of artificial associations。International Peace Research Association is a global professional academic institution in the field of peaceful learning，The largest scale、Very high influence，Won the special consultation status of the Council of the United Nations Economic Affairs Council。The association is committed to promoting research on multi -disciplinary and interdisciplinary，Provide a contact platform for scholars and educators all over the world，Encourage research results to be applied to international peaceful cause，Achievement information of exchange and peaceful research。There are multiple special committees under the association，Focus on a peace theme，The association has a branch organization that has affiliated on all continents。After the establishment of the International Peace Research Association，Peace learning gradually expands to Europe、America、Asia、Universities and research institutions in many countries in Africa，An independent and open academic research field gradually mature。

　　Create peace culture 

"China Social Sciences": What are the positive significance of major academic achievements in China and internationally in China and internationally?

Early studies of peace school concentrated in negative peace，A steering occurred after the 1970s，Pay more attention to the various contradictions and challenges in the process of globalization through positive peace。Positive peace includes four aspects。First is natural peace: emphasizes cooperation between species rather than struggle。Second is direct positive and peaceful: emphasize words and material love，Caring for the basic needs of everyone、Survival、Happiness、freedom and identity，Love is the epitome of it，is the body、The blending of thoughts and the mind。Third is the active peace of the structure: replace the suppression with freedom，Replace exploitation with equality，The way to complete the replacement is dialogue、Integrated、Unity、Participate，instead of penetration、Segmentation、isolated、edgeization。Fourth is the positive and peaceful culture: replace the legitimacy of violence with the legitimacy of peace，In religion、Law、Ideology、Language、Art and Science Internal，At school、In the university and the media，Create a positive peace culture，Give full play to people's different talents。Active and peaceful surpassing traditional peace definition，enriched the connotation of peace，The main content of becoming a study of peace studies。Promoting positive peace is the focus of China's peaceful school development，Now the concept of positive and peaceful is widely known。

Creation of peace culture is an important basis for achieving positive and peaceful，Chinese Peace Studies adhere to the peaceful cultural concept advocated by the UNESCO。October 6, 1999，The UN General Assembly passed the "Declaration of Peace Culture" and "Peace Cultural Action Program" in the resolution No. 53/243。These two documents emphasize the peace and non -violent culture of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of the benefit of human and their descendants，Development continues the concept adhering to the UNESCO "Organization Law"，"War originated from human thought，Hosting needs to build a barrier to defending peace in people's thoughts "。But，In the process of developing Chinese peace learning，We recognize，Some factors of traditional security and non -traditional safety still affect the realization bet365 live casino games of peaceful cultural themes。In terms of traditional security，Hegemonism has a new performance。In many parts of the world，Territory、Violent incidents caused by religious and racial issues occur from time to time。In the field of non -traditional security，Climate Change、Resource crisis、Terrorist activities, etc., directly affect the economic and social development and peace and stability of a country。How to build a peaceful world，Create peace culture，Improve the human environment，Promote the country、Equality between nation and religion，This issue involves structural violence and cultural violence in peace studies。Peace environment is the basis of individual development，Many regions and people in the world are still in war，Various forms of violence is still happening。peace is not everything，But there is no peace，Everything will not be。

"China Social Sciences": What are the problems or challenges existing in peacetime? What areas or issues should we focus on?

Peace needs to nourish and cultivate，Then it can become reality。In the history of the world，War brought huge damage to humans，In the era of globalization，It is difficult for people to bear the weight of war。But，War seems to be a haze that is lingering in the real world，This prompts some people to produce prejudices of "peaceful learning"。Actually，Peace learning was born after World War II，People reflect on the war deep，I hope to terminate the way of solving the conflict of violence，Began to explore how to achieve conflict in non -violent ways，Especially from the structure、Culture、Study on the ecological level，and try to reveal the roots of various violence and its peace solutions。For the existence of divisionism in the world today，The study of peace learning on alliances and the Federation is conducive to better managing the world and considering regional interests。

As far as Chinese peace studies，The first peaceful learning translation of "Justice and Reconciliation after violence" was published in 2003，The first educational college textbook "Peace School" was published in 2006，The first set of youth peace education reading books "He Ping Growth Series" was published in 2009 and was selected as the 2010 General Administration of Press and Publication.，Later, "Better School Translation", "International Peace City Series", "Middle School Peace Education", etc.。September 2015，Our two cooperate and publish "Peace Construction of the Globalization World: Dictionary and Peace School" (Chinese -English control)，"Father of Peace" John Galtong wrote in the order of this book: "This is an extraordinary global peaceful work!" From 2022，Editorial Published by Peace Research，This is the first professional college issue in China。The goal of carrying out peace education is to cultivate "peaceful people" for peace society，Since 2020，We focus on peace education。Try to try through the peace education course in Nanjing，With the support of UNESCO，Nanjing University UNESCO Peace Academic Teacher is cooperating with peace education experts in South Korea and Japan，Project research entitled "Common Guide of Northeast Asia Peace Education Course"。

　　Peace research, education and activities flourish 

"China Social Sciences": Current，Local conflicts and turbulence in some regions in the world，Peace looks particularly precious，Solution of peace issues is particularly urgent。For this，What solutions can peaceful learning be provided?

Violence brought serious damage to humans，This is also the fundamental motivation of peaceful learning。Historical experience indicates，Those violent behaviors that exist in the field of social micro -fields and internal and international conflicts，It is invalid and meaningless，and damage people’s physical and mental health。Modern Society，Humans have enough wisdom to find other ways to resolve conflicts，That is。Peace learning can provide a way to guide peaceful construction，Provide the foundation for people who live in bet365 live casino games the same world non -violent。Peace learning must be based on non -violent practice，and actually applied in daily life and global society。The method of peaceful learning is very different from violent means，Resource -oriented without reducing reduction。People can understand the peace world as a community，It starts with common interests and mutual understanding。The feature of the second step is to tolerate each other，The third step is the mutual acceptance beyond the tolerance，The fourth step is to respect other traditions and emotions，The highest and the final step is the union of each other。The world will still need politics，Especially political activities that successfully manage conflicts，But the world needs more management，Good and sustainable management of all levels of common life。

"China Social Sciences": Peace learning has achieved good results，How will they promote peaceful learning in the future?

Peace learning includes three areas: peace research、Peace Education、Peace activity。Peace research involves various related disciplines，Including politics、History、Philosophy、Sociology、Psychology、Biology、Medicine、religion、Law、Economics, etc.，Value orientation with peace as research。Based on peaceful research，Its purpose is to obtain knowledge and skills that realize peace through non -violent practice。Peace activities are used to describe peace -oriented non -violent movements and non -institutionalization (sometimes even anti -institutionalization) peace movement，The topic involves opposition to racial discrimination、Guarantee women and children's rights and interests、Protective animal, etc.。The content and goals of peaceful activities on political views，It is reflected in the peace studies of many universities。Today's peaceful learning connotation is wide，Including all aspects of conflict resolution through conflict conversion，not limited to political level。

At present, about 400 universities and research institutions in the world have set up peace studies，Peace learning has a complete educational structure from certificate education to doctoral education。The study content of the students of peace studies at the undergraduate stage includes the three areas mentioned above，Select one of them as their professional direction at the graduate stage。Students in the direction of "Peace Studies" often engage in theoretical research work after graduation; students in the direction of "peace education" are mainly teachers; students in the direction of "peaceful activities" can work in peace organizations or relevant government departments。Most of those who obtain doctoral degrees work in universities or institutions related to peaceful issues。The learning of peaceful learning is a kind of interdisciplinary、International learning，Students will participate in rich domestic and foreign practical activities during their studies。Considering the integrity of the learning plan，We think the ideal situation is to allow students to accept this、Shuo、Bo seven -year coherent training。Of course，In different countries，The education system of peaceful learning should have different characteristics and pay attention to different topics。

　　China is the advocate and defender of world peace 

"China Social Sciences": The 20th report of the party pointed out，China always adheres to maintaining world peace、Foreign policy purpose to promote common development，Dedicated to promote the construction of a community of human destiny。For this，How to understand from the perspective of peaceful learning?

Chinese traditional thoughts and historical and cultural contains rich peace concepts，Chinese diplomacy has always followed the five principles of peaceful coexistence，Adhere to independent peace foreign policy，In recent years, it has also proposed an initiative to build a community of human destiny，It shows the image of China as a responsible country that maintains peace。China develops itself through maintaining the bet365 Play online games world peacefully，Adhere to independent peace foreign policy，It is the advocate and defender of world peace。From the perspective of the world，Culture、The relationship between religion and the country is divided into four different models，The choices of various countries are different。The first is the "self" model，I think my culture、Religion and nation is the best、better。In this self -centered understanding，All "others" are not comparable。The second is the "diversity" model，Is a different culture、Real world of religion and the coexistence of the country。In the process of pursuing equality in all parties，Often accompanied by fierce competition、hostile、Violence and even war。The third is the "Interactive" model，Think of various cultures、Religion and nation through interaction、Existing and development with exchanges and cooperation。The fourth "fusion" is the highest -level model，That is, everyone is sitting on the same boat，Live in the same world，Have a common experience、Wishes and challenges (such as ecological problems)，and the global social network as a whole。Community of human destiny reflects the goals and ways of the "integration" model，is the product of Chinese culture and wisdom，is a non -violent way to realize peace，Concentrated reflects China's view of peace。

"Journal of Social Sciences of China": What else do you want to introduce to readers about peace studies?

Peace is not only no war，also means hunger、refugees、Elimination of pollution and other issues，to create a global environment for harmonious symbiosis。Such a peace goal is a great and challenging project for human society，The lasting efforts and unremitting exploration of everyone need to be required。

The core of peace studies is in the micro society、Middle viewing and the macro world to promote non -violent coexistence as much as possible，Therefore, it is also a criticism of violence。Peace Learning to build a peaceful and non -violent culture that can overcome violence，Pay attention to the positive side of life and the peace potential that people have。Peace learning is committed to help changing the perspective of people's view of life，Form the world on the basis of peace or non -violence。Peace learning should be on the basis of highly complicated and peaceful research，Concepts of providing people with peace education and peace activities，and teach appropriate skills。In principle，Peace learning to change people's perspective，From the classic violent conflict -based conflict，Conflict conversion of conflict -based strategies and methods for steering。Peace learning has also shifted people's focus from criticizing violence (cutting guidance) to non -violent assistance (resource orientation)，Including criticism of violence and firm response to violent challenges。The world is colorful、All -encompassing，Promoting peaceful construction is destined to be a process that requires continuous efforts，And our thinking about peace must be a never -stop process。