From the 1950s to the mid -1970s，Socialism has become a booming political force。The Soviet camp provides alternatives that are different from Western imperialism，The countries in the Soviet camp have different organizational structures with Western imperialist countries、Property right form and political legitimacy。In Western Europe，Capitalism still exists，But conservatives、Liberal and nationalist parties adopted the nationalization of major industries、High -level tax、National economic guidance and welfare redistribution policy。In Africa and Asia，Many anti -colonial movements with socialist tendencies have appeared，This country has successfully got rid of the domination of imperialist politics。Socialism of various forms as feasible and ideal political goals entered the public view。

By the beginning of the 21st century，World Politics and Ideology Layers have changed significantly。In today's Europe，We can't see the existence of the traditional social democratic government，The Communist Party of various countries has retired from the edge of political life，The Soviet Union does not exist。The theory and practice of new free capitalism affects global development。Marxist critics define it as a new stage of capitalism and imperialism，It is believed that it is a tool for "restoring class power"。

Why is neo -liberalism, which is still insignificant in the 1960s, has become an important political and economic theory in the 1980s? To explain this problem，We must surpass political coercion、Financial restrictions and capitalist mass media instill the "consent consent" saying。In Western Capitalist countries，New Liberal Policy is considered a good recipe for solving the problem of economic backward or decline in the government and the political forces in the wild，Get widely used。As far as critics of neo -liberalism are concerned，Although they recognized the defects of neo -liberalism，But I think I can't find a better alternative plan。For example，Former British Prime Minister Sachel once pointed out directly: "No choice。"But for this assertion，I questioned。

So，What are the main features of neo -liberalism? What is its defects?，Whether there is a feasible alternative solution，How to achieve replacement of neo -liberalism?

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New Liberalism originated from an economics theory，and then develop into a social theory。Classical capitalism of the 19th century is a profit -driven economic system，Coordinate through market relationships and competition。The state maintains private property rights and enforces laws。New Liberalism expands and deepen free capitalism，As a standardized theory，It can guide social organization operation。

The social system of new liberalism includes law、Psychological、Economic and political level。Law Bet365 lotto review is the basis of neo -liberalism，Guarantee the "wide consent principle" of society。British economist Friedrich Hayek believes，These principles promote personal freedom。The law cannot be overturned by the decision of most people。Democracy is "Principles aimed at defending freedom"。At the psychological level，Based on the realization of personal self -interest。For Mrs. Sachel，New Liberalism is a method of "changing the soul and soul"。For supporters of neoliberalism，People should get rid of social constraints，Personal rights first，Promote diversity and social liquidity。Protecting individual rights is an important political goal of civil society。

The country must not only supervise，It is also necessary to disclose its own procedures and participate in competition。The state does not directly produce products and provides services，But there is a responsibility to ensure the free system and program，and weaken those systems that do not meet the principles of freedom。Economic liberalism has increased a financial dimension，The monetization of social exchange relationship，and expand the scope of the economic market mechanism。The finance of the event is through the exchange process of currency transactions，improves efficiency and enables individuals to have more choices。This is one of the major differences between new liberal economics and classical economics，The latter limits the market field within the economic scope，Use moral obligations to solve the problem of taking care of the poor and patients。In reality，Many countries have adopted the perspective of neo -liberalism to varying degrees。

New Liberalism has a global normative concept，Emphasize that anyone should be able to enjoy rights anywhere，and its freedom should be legally guaranteed internationally。From the perspective of supporters of neo -liberalism，The international system promotes capital through national agreement、labor force、Free flow of goods and services。International Institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization shall be responsible for formulating rules，Support the global free flow of capital。

New Liberalism as a standardized theory，adopted by multiple political parties and applied to public policy formulation。Personal freedom and people's concept of "deserved reward" are widely attracted。The development of all European socialist countries has gone through the establishment or re -establishment of the power of the regime and the bourgeoisie。

In Western Europe,，The concept of the country began to weaken，A multinational global class that identify with the global network is rising。Some ironic is，In Western Europe，Critical "Left Wing" learn from new liberalism，Abandoned capitalist analysis with exploitation and social class。Mainstream thoughts in the Western left -wing have undergone major changes，Shin from the concept of socialist class to social diversity，From economic exploitation to focusing on economic bet365 best casino games opportunities，Shin from carrying out socialist political movements to expanding and strengthening democratic politics。Under the influence of new liberal thinking methods，Class politics has shifted to identity politics。These new attention points are those who have suffered social and political discrimination、The person in the subordinate position is proposed。In this context，Politics is based on race、National、Surname、Dissatisfaction with generations and gender，The fragmented identity politics replaced the social class analysis。

　　New Liberalism brings unacceptable development problems

Why find a solution to replace new free capitalism? What's wrong with global capitalism?，New Liberalism brings six important unacceptable development problems。First，The periodic economic crisis of capitalism leads to capital idle (economic depression) and overcurrent labor (inadequate employment and unemployment)。2，Sustainable income from the permanent inheritance of the production materials privately owned。third，fluctuates from the market、Unstable employment and serious social and political turbulence caused by large -scale immigrants。fourth，Unsus -driven development driven by profit has caused increased social costs and damage to the ecological environment。Fifth，The core country of the world system、Systemic inequality between the semi -core countries and the peripheral countries。Sixth，Permanent war threat。The core country of the world system (especially the United States and the United Kingdom) and the semi -core country (emerging economy) may occur.。

People think that the market has a self -regulation mechanism and confrontation forces，You can improve the non -optimized and utilization of labor and capital by slight adjustment。But as the British economist John Maynard Keynes pointed out in the 1930s，Balance can stay at the non -optimized level，and will not be corrected through the economic mechanism。Economic forces that confront each other will not bring new higher levels of economic equilibrium。Economic depression areas are difficult to attract investment that can promote economic growth，Instead, you will experience accumulated recession，Caused destructive immigration。The theory of Karl Gunnar Myrdal, a Swedish economist,，I think the initial inequality will be amplified in the mode of cycle and cumulative causality，Eventually leading to market failure，The state must intervene to break the inertia。

Many problems are what existed before the emergence of new liberalism and economic globalization，or that is independent of new liberalism and globalization，Therefore, we need to pay attention to distinguish。It is important not to confuse all the problems in the world，and attribute it to a separate factors，For example, new free capitalism。Despite this，New Liberalism constitutes the legal ideology of developed capitalism，Not only for capitalist society，and have a profound impact bet365 Play online games on the point of view of its critics。So，Trusted new liberal alternative schemes must be able to solve these problems over time。

　　Possible alternatives

So what is the alternative of new free capitalism? I can give a few major economic and political alternative plans。I will discuss the current relatively coherent economic organization theory and other options，Including a benign plan within capitalism、Alternative scheme in the sense of socialism、The main alternative solutions such as the hybrid scheme of capitalism and non -capitalist forms，and the regulated market socialist plan I admire。

The largest category is a benign solution within capitalism，Including social democracy and national capitalism。Social democraticism is a hybrid system of public and private enterprises operating through the market mechanism，It allows to extract economic surplus under certain supervision，and integrate the welfare services provided by the country into the market system。In its organizational form，by Socialist Party、Private Enterprise、Alliance composed of unions and the government is responsible for the operation of the country。

National capitalism refers to the realization of economic assets by planning or planning and adding market coordination.，Realize surplus to benefit state institutions。In the national capitalist model，National Legal ownership and control enterprise，Extract the surplus for revival and investment。

The second category is an alternative scheme in the sense of socialism，Including national socialism and market socialism。National socialism involves ownership of the country and guidance economy，Through comprehensive planning to achieve socialist goals，Direct production value。In the national socialist mode，Profit and market competition is abandoned，The use of surplus products is completely managed and dominated by the state，Economic goals that include cumulative development of productivity and directly provide public goods and services (use value)。

Market socialism is defined as public ownership、Maximum market competition、The combination of collective coordination of the minimum degree。The target is to produce products and services through market competition，without detailed national economic plan。

The third category is a hybrid scheme that integrates capitalism and non -capitalist forms，Including capitalism controlled by the self -sufficient economy and the state。Autonomous self -sufficient economy is self -sufficient by self -sufficiency in capitalism、Self -managed economic and social actors interacting network composition。That is to say, these self -sufficient economic units exist in existing capitalist society，and this form can leave it from the global and national market economy that interacts with it。

Capitalism controlled by the state refers to the model of private and/or quasi -state enterprises that have the guidance of national institutions that have mastered political bet365 best casino games leadership。The state uses administrative means through economic management institutions，Compulsory、Socialization and persuasion impose authority to non -state departments。The exercise of national authority may have different purposes。

As for the regulated market socialism，It is the transition stage of socialism，I will discuss in detail below。

These solutions represent different political stances，It aims to ensure the expected economic and political results。In order to transition to more advanced production methods, that is, socialist transition，In developed economies, such as the United States and the United Kingdom must replace class exploitation of workers。But Western hegemonic countries will not allow some types of transformations，Any political movement developed in this direction will be challenged or even suppressed。This is a problem that the marketing socialism is regulated，I think that the regulated marketing socialism provides the most simplified answer to the transition of socialism for developed capitalist countries，Discussion here is not applicable to emerging economies。

　　Socialism of the regulated market

Combination of planning at the macro level with the market at the micro level，Created a form of mixed economic coordination -regulated market socialism。The marketing socialist model that I outlines the marketing socialist model is designed to encourage the country to develop the country in the socialist direction in the capitalist market that has established a political system based on the establishment of a political system。The goal is to provide greater economic stability and promote sustainable development，Make production services for public interests，instead of just seeking interests for private。Profit motivation and economic rewards of SMEs will coexist with policies that promote income and make the living standards more balanced。The state will be based on long -term plan，Consider social costs、Technology Development、Based on the geographical location, guide direct investment。Social and moral order will have more collectivist characteristics，Focus on meeting human needs, especially maintaining full employment and providing housing、Education、Health and other public services。Retail products and service distribution from the public and private sector will be coordinated by the market。Consumption activities will be driven by demand，instead of being driven by business exaggerated desire。Diversified competitive political parties will continue to exist，and operate in accordance with the law under the existing conditions。Economic Strategy will be based on a coherent development policy，Reflecting economic democracy。

The main goal of the regulated marketing socialism is to formulate policies，Destroy class exploitation of workers，At the same time, improve human well -being，Avoid civil war that suppresss the nature。As an economic system，The regulated marketing bet365 live casino games socialism has the advantages of a planned economy，At the same time, retain consumers' choice and personal entrepreneurial spirit。Socialism of the regulated marketing is a dual economy: planning to be carried out at the national level，and the market and the network realize personal achievements and meet consumer demand at the micro level。Private ownership of marketing socialism restrict capital，Maintain the retail market competition in the context of national plan。This "social country" under the imagined will follow the socialist politics and moral order of post -capitalism，Planning develops an economic system that can achieve full employment，and ensure that people get the basic income of inclusiveness。It will retain a diversified consumer and welfare society，Socialist planning will be re -examined in the background of computerization。

The reason why large enterprises have to be changed into public ownership，This is because companies can operate more efficiently than in private all conditions，It will break the private inheritance and economic exploitation of capital。initial，This proposal is aimed at large enterprises that are due to the failure of public cause or the lack of public responsibility。Small and medium -sized enterprises can continue to operate in market competition under private system，Personalism of self -motivation。Political democracy expands to large enterprises in public and private sectors，To achieve economic democracy。Socialism develops in a democratic diversified society，and insist on a competitive election political system。

During the transition period，It is important to prevent civil war，Avoid economic disorder，and actively improve economic benefits。Under the socialist system，People's life should be significantly improved。The important thing is that those who do not endanger those who obtain personal assets through their own savings and labor，So as to create political and social support conditions for the transfer of corporate capital ownership and control，Prevent the rise of the bourgeoisie。

This plan may attract those who are socialized and believe in democracy、Creative and self -improved people。Except the current job、Working hard or starting a business，The hereditary ownership of corporate capital will be greatly reduced。The wealth inheritance determined by this historical decision enables some people to gain it without working，About 70%-80%of the wealth in developed countries is inherited in this way。It is worth noting that it is，Don't bring this wealth with your personal life、Mix the wealth obtained through labor。This is here，Many economic activities are actually excluded from the scope of transfer to the public sector。The assets of those participating in the business of enterprises (especially small enterprises) include cash deposits，Inheritance in normal ways。Small farms and similar companies will enjoy intergenerational bet365 best casino games transfer。In short，The goal of this plan is to reduce the level of capital wealth，to reduce the inequality related to capital，instead of tax levy on the income generated by capital wealth。

Borrowing my standard for evaluating neoliberal defects: In the regulated marketing socialist model，National ownership will reduce exploitation，greatly reduces the level of inequality。The transfer of property ownership will be gradual，It will not affect the income obtained by people or non -capital assets，This can also reduce the possibility of civil war。These proposals will not challenge other countries，It will not lead to war between the country，Not only will it bring short -term economic benefits to the community，And can strengthen the country's welfare system。

Readers may think these are fantasy，Because these views have almost no political support，They are not on the agenda of any political party in Western countries。I think our society is generally inert，Make the established new liberal forces occupy the wind in ideology and politics。Here I want to quote the words of American economist Milton Friedman: "Only the actual or perceive crisis can bring real changes。When the crisis occurs，The action taken depends on those ready -made ideas。So，We need to develop an alternative plan for existing policies，Keep them vibrant，Until politically impossible, it becomes politically unavoidable。"I believe，As Friedman said，Socialism, which seems to be "politically impossible" in the West, will eventually become a reality of "politically inevitable"。

　　(The author is a senior socialist theorist British socialist theorist，Researcher Rongxiu, Emannul College of Cambridge University、Professor of Sociology Rongxiu，Academician of the School of Social Sciences)