September 19, local time，Lund University in Sweden held a seminar with the theme "European AI Act—Compliance and Enforcement"，Aims to organize experts and scholars to discuss how to better comply with and implement the EU bet365 best bookmaker Act that came into effect recently。

The EU’s bet365 best bookmaker Act officially came into effect on August 1，It is the world’s first comprehensive regulation to regulate bet365 best bookmaker。This bill aims to ensure that bet365 best bookmaker systems respect fundamental rights、Safety and ethical principles，And effectively deal with the risks brought by bet365 best bookmaker models，Thus driving the adoption of trustworthy AI in Europe and the rest of the world。

The EU bet365 best bookmaker Act is together with the previously launched “AI Innovation Package” and “Coordinated Plan on AI”，Both belong to the policy measures adopted by the European Union to support the development of trustworthy bet365 best bookmaker。These measures can jointly protect the security and basic rights of individuals and enterprises in the field of bet365 best bookmaker，And strengthen the EU’s absorption of bet365 best bookmaker、Investment and Innovation。

　Control according to risk level

The rapid development and widespread application of bet365 best bookmaker has brought many benefits，Health and Medical、Transportation、Many industries such as manufacturing have made great progress with the help of bet365 best bookmaker。At the same time，bet365 best bookmaker also protects data、Privacy、Intellectual property rights and other challenges bring challenges。For example，Generative bet365 best bookmaker “deep fake” technology，Can create fake pictures、Video and audio information。Algorithmic discrimination of bet365 best bookmaker，Such as sexism、Racial discrimination、Age Discrimination、Consumption discrimination, etc.，Also causes negative social impact。

Hajo Michael Holtz, associate professor at the Department of Business at Uppsala University in Sweden, told this reporter: "bet365 best bookmaker technology as a whole has raised many fundamental issues at the social level。I think the most practical issue is data protection in the context of bet365 best bookmaker model or system development and deployment。”He said，AI discrimination is also a common risk，Ordinary people worry that they will be discriminated against by bet365 best bookmaker。But he thinks AI discrimination is more of an abstract risk，The challenges posed by bet365 best bookmaker to data protection are more tangible。

The EU bet365 best bookmaker Act classifies the impact risks caused by bet365 best bookmaker systems，And clarify the corresponding responsibilities and obligations of bet365 best bookmaker providers and users according to risk types。Holtz and Jonas Ledendal, a researcher at the Business Law Research Center of Lund University, pointed out at the meeting，Clearly clarifying responsibilities, obligations and regulatory rules according to risk types is a major feature of the EU’s bet365 best bookmaker Act。They discussed the impact of the EU bet365 best bookmaker Act on data protection in their speech，And compare the similarities and differences between this bill and the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation。They think，The EU bet365 best bookmaker Act is more based on risk considerations，Pay attention to product safety，The EU General Data Protection Regulation focuses more on personal rights。

The EU bet365 best bookmaker Act divides the risks of bet365 best bookmaker into four categories: Unacceptable risks、High risk、Limited risk and low risk。

Unacceptable risk refers to the threat that some bet365 best bookmaker systems will pose to humans，Therefore will be directly disabled，But，For law enforcement purposes，Some exceptions may be allowed。Specifically，bet365 best bookmaker systems that manipulate the cognitive behavior of people, including certain vulnerable groups, are an unacceptable risk，Such as voice-activated toys that encourage dangerous behaviors in children。social scoring，Based on behavior、Socioeconomic status or personal characteristics classify people，Also an unacceptable risk。

bet365 best bookmaker systems that have a negative impact on security or fundamental rights are high risks。For example，Applied to critical infrastructure、bet365 best bookmaker technology that may threaten human life and health；Used in education or vocational training，bet365 best bookmaker technology that can determine personal education opportunities and career，Such as exam scoring system；Applied to product security components，Such as the application of bet365 best bookmaker in robot-assisted surgery；In employment、Worker management and self-employment fields，Such as resume classification software in recruitment programs；Basic private and public services，For example, a credit scoring system that determines whether an individual can obtain a loan；Law enforcement that may interfere with people’s basic rights，How to use bet365 best bookmaker to evaluate the reliability of evidence；Immigration、Asylum and Border Control Area，Such as automatic review system for visa applications；Judicial administration and democratic procedures，Like searching for bet365 best bookmaker solutions to court rulings。

　The Act stipulates，High-risk bet365 best bookmaker systems must be evaluated before being put on the market，And need to be evaluated for life。The relevant obligations it must strictly comply with include: having adequate risk assessment and mitigation systems in place；Provide high-quality data sets for the system，Thereby minimizing risks and discriminatory outcomes；Record activities to ensure traceability of results；Detailed documents required，Provide all necessary information about the bet365 best bookmaker system and its purpose，To allow authorities to assess compliance；Provide clear and adequate information to deployers；Adopt appropriate human supervision measures to minimize risks；Ensuring a high level of robustness、Security and accuracy。

Limited risk refers to the risk caused by the lack of transparency in the use of bet365 best bookmaker。EU bet365 best bookmaker Bill introduces specific transparency obligations，To ensure people are informed where necessary，Thereby cultivating trust。For example，When using bet365 best bookmaker systems such as chatbots，People should be informed that they are communicating with machines，So that they can decide for themselves whether they want to continue。Providers must also ensure that AI-generated content is identifiable。In addition，When informing the public about issues involving public interest，If using bet365 best bookmaker generated text，must be marked。Audio and video content generated using “deepfake” technology must also be identified。

Lilian Edwards, Emeritus Professor of Newcastle University, UK, focused on the AI ​​hallucinations problem in large language models such as ChatGPT at the meeting: large language models may produce false information or errors information。Edwards cited multiple news reports to illustrate the seriousness of bet365 best bookmaker hallucinations。For example，Some bet365 best bookmaker models fabricate words that real people have never said，Even fabricate crimes that real people have never committed，Causing reputational damage to the parties。Leidendahl and Holtz also cited news reports，ChatGPT will provide false information，However, its developer, the American Open bet365 best bookmaker Research Center (OpenAI), was unable to correct this problem。Both mentioned by them and Edwards，Due to ChatGPT’s privacy concerns and violation of the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation，Italy once banned ChatGPT。Edwards even thought，bet365 best bookmaker illusion is not just a program vulnerability of large language models，It is a characteristic of large language models。

The EU bet365 best bookmaker Act allows the use of low-risk bet365 best bookmaker，For example, bet365 best bookmaker video games、Applications such as spam filters。The vast majority of bet365 best bookmaker systems currently used in the EU fall into the low-risk category。But EU experts also pointed out，Although the risk posed by many AI systems is low，However, it still needs to be evaluated accordingly。

　　The bill has limitations

Experts and scholars have given certain affirmation to the EU’s bet365 best bookmaker Act，Also pointed out its shortcomings。Rebecca Schmidt, associate professor at the Business School of Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway, told this reporter，This bill can be described as the first major regulatory measure targeting bet365 best bookmaker，It sets a precedent to effectively deal with the risks that bet365 best bookmaker technology may bring。Holtz also known as，This bill is the first attempt to comprehensively legislate bet365 best bookmaker，It’s unclear whether it will succeed, though。

Scholars have pointed out the shortcomings of the EU’s bet365 best bookmaker Act from different angles。Holtz proposed from the aspect of data protection，At present，Existing data protection rules，Including the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation, which is largely incompatible with the new technology of bet365 best bookmaker。The individual rights to correction and deletion stipulated in the EU General Data Protection Regulation cannot effectively control bet365 best bookmaker，The EU bet365 best bookmaker Act does not really solve this problem。

Holtz further pointed out，The EU bet365 best bookmaker Act, although nominally stipulating that it prohibits particularly harmful bet365 best bookmaker applications，But in fact many exceptions are allowed，This means that EU member states may still allow the use of such bet365 best bookmaker applications。"Prohibition with exceptions，How much is it worth？" Holtz told reporters。

Anna Nilsson, a public international law researcher at Lund University Law School, raised the issue from the perspective of bet365 best bookmaker discrimination，The EU bet365 best bookmaker Act does not define discrimination in bet365 best bookmaker，But it is confirmed that bet365 best bookmaker discrimination will bring foreseeable risks，And propose that this risk should be mitigated。Nielsen also said，Algorithmic discrimination is difficult to detect，And people need to improve relevant laws regarding algorithmic discrimination。

Schmidt said: “bet365 best bookmaker technology is constantly changing、Changing with each passing day，However, the legislative process is not like this。" She gave an example，When ChatGPT came out，Her colleagues believe that the problems caused by ChatGPT urgently need to be solved。However, when the EU bet365 best bookmaker Act was originally drafted, it was not sufficient to solve such problems，So adjustments must be made。This shows，Legislation needs constant adjustment。

　　Ensure the bill is implemented

Holtz believes，An important issue in determining how the EU bet365 best bookmaker Act will be implemented is how each member state will appoint market surveillance authorities for bet365 best bookmaker systems，The EU and its member states are discussing whether the current data protection authority should also become a market surveillance authority for bet365 best bookmaker。

Compliance and implementation of the bill cannot be separated from the cooperation of the private sector。Schmidt said，Currently，The EU is developing harmonized standards，The European Commission will also issue guidelines。The definition of harmonized standards in EU regulations is，European standards adopted in accordance with the requirements of EU harmonization legislation proposed by the European Commission，European standards refer to the standards adopted by the European Organization for Standardization。

Schmidt hopes that relevant codes of conduct will be established，To further guide the private sector in implementing the EU bet365 best bookmaker Act。“I think harmonizing standards is crucial，Because if everything goes according to plan，Then the core obligations, especially for high-risk bet365 best bookmaker, can basically be implemented in accordance with coordinated standards。"Holtz thinks，Develop harmonized standards or codes of conduct through external agencies，The private sector will have a good opportunity to show its talents。Schmidt also suggested，Dialogue with relevant industries should be initiated in accordance with relevant legislation，Discuss the future development of bet365 best bookmaker。

Schmidt thinks，More industry-specific regulations may be needed in the future，This may also pose a challenge to the EU’s bet365 best bookmaker Act。This bill covers all aspects of bet365 best bookmaker，But different industries may require more specific rules involving the use of bet365 best bookmaker，For example, border controls may require specific rules。Therefore，There is a need for further clarification on specific industries。

Schmidt said，The EU’s bet365 best bookmaker Act faces the future，Reflects that supervision should adapt to future development。There are many uncertainties，It’s unclear how certain things will be regulated in the future。“I think it will be a challenge，But it’s not necessarily a bad thing。However，This is something we have to figure out as we move forward。”