◇［Egypt］Abdel Aziz Hamdi

bet365 offer is the art of language。Ancient times，Primitive people gradually developed language from labor。Since humans have been able to use language，And express thoughts and feelings through language，The germ of bet365 offer was born。bet365 offer was initially closely linked to labor，Then labor and language are combined，Become the main driving force for the continuous development of human society。Chinese and foreign scholars、bet365 offer writer、Historians and literary theorists have conducted in-depth explorations into the origin of bet365 offer。Their theories can be roughly summarized into four types，That is, religious theory、Mythology、Game Theory and Imitation Theory。The exchange process between Chinese classical bet365 offer and foreign bet365 offer is a history of mutual learning。With the opening of the Silk Road and the subsequent deepening of various exchanges between the people of the countries along the route，Interaction between Chinese classical bet365 offer and foreign bet365 offer、Common development。This article will explore the impact of the exchange of Chinese and foreign classical bet365 offer from multiple angles，And introduce some specific typical cases。

　　Four theories about the origin of classical bet365 offer

On the land of China，Human beings existed very early。In addition to the well-known "Peking Man" (lived about 550,000 years ago)，Archaeologists in Yunnan、Sichuan、Shaanxi、Inner Mongolia、Henan、Shandong、Jiangsu and other places，Paleolithic bet365 offer human fossils and activity relics have been discovered，The time span of these discoveries may be earlier or later than the existence period of "Peking Man"。

Generally believed，In early human life，bet365 offer does not appear alone，But it is closely integrated with many other art forms。There was a popular theory in the past that primitive bet365 offer and art originated from labor。If based on "labor creates man himself"，This statement is naturally true，If not for labor，Human beings themselves cannot form，How to come to art？But from the perspective of the specific process of the creation of bet365 offer and art，The situation is much more complicated。For example，During archaeological excavations in various places，Primitive humans are often found holding shells、Animal teeth、Small stone pieces and other drilling holes are connected in series，Weared as an ornament，This is obviously one of the primitive art phenomena，But what is its connection with specific productive labor？In fact，The origin of bet365 offer and art，First of all, it is closely related to the nature of bet365 offer and art，The essence of bet365 offer and art，It is the aesthetic expression of human emotions。When people’s emotions in life are no longer just laughter、Crying、Express by shouting and other methods，But it appears to be aesthetically pleasing、When the form of contagion exists，The first literary and artistic phenomenon emerged。In this literary and artistic phenomenon，Both emotion and expression are crucial。Further explanation，Emotions are not only produced during labor，There are passionate emotional activities in all kinds of primitive human lives，We also need to find someone who can understand each other、Exhibited in the form of mutual infection。

What the four theories on the origin of bet365 offer have in common is that they confuse bet365 offer with art，Think that the two have the same origin。In religious theory，Many Western scholars regard ancient witchcraft as the same entity as primitive religion to conduct theoretical research。They believe that prehistoric humans had an era ruled by witchcraft，Paleolithic rock paintings，It was created with the motive of witchcraft。Wang Chong, a scholar from the Han Dynasty in China, also explained the carvings in "Lunheng·Chaanlong Chapter"、Painting originated from witchcraft，i.e. religion。

Mythology。Recorded in ancient Greek mythology，Zeus, the king of gods, has 9 daughters，Respectively in charge of all arts and sciences。There is a myth in the ancient Chinese myth collection "The Classic of Mountains and Seas" that explains that poetry and music in the world began with the ancient music "Nine Bian" and "Nine Songs" that fell from the sky，This proves that bet365 offer originated from mythology。

Game Talk。German writer Friedrich Schiller proposed in "Letter on Aesthetic Education" that all games belong to the art of pleasure，Or the art of beauty。China's "Lu's Spring and Autumn Period Ancient Music Chapter" also mentioned that song and dance as bet365 offer and art originated from games。

Imitation Theory。Aristotle raised the issue of imitation in the Poetics，Imitation is human nature，The sense of tone and rhythm are also natural instincts，"Epic and Tragedy、Comedy and Dithyrambia and much of the flute and harp music—all this is really imitation”。bet365 offer Greek philosopher Democritus believes，"On many important things，We are imitation beasts，A primary school student who behaves like a beast。With spiders we learned to weave and mend；Learned to build a house with the swallow；Learned to sing with singing birds such as swans and orioles”。

In bet365 offer and Religion、Myth、Game、On the relationship between imitation and so on，These views all show idealist tendencies。Actually，Religion、Myth、Game、Imitation, etc. all belong to the field of spiritual production，And this kind of spiritual production comes from material existence，Produced from labor。

　Explore the origins of bet365 offer from various places

The source of Chinese bet365 offer is primitive poetry，It has extremely low social productivity、Primitive society has emerged without written records。It is the earliest literary style，It is an oral creation passed down orally by primitive humans。

Same as the original music、Painting、The same as dance and other art forms，Primitive poetry also originated from labor。It is primitive human beings in the labor process，Singing to coordinate the rhythm of labor and inspire enthusiasm for labor。Lu Xun said in "Wenwaiwentan": "Human beings lived before writing，There is creation，Unfortunately no one wrote it down，There is no way to write it down。Our ancestors, the primitive people，He couldn’t even speak，To work together，Comments required，Only gradually developed complex sounds。If everyone carried wood at that time，I feel exhausted，But I didn’t expect to publish it，One of them is called "Hangyu Hangyu"，Then，This is creation。Everyone must also admire，Applied，This is equivalent to publishing。If the mark is preserved，This is bet365 offer；Of course he is a writer，Also a writer，It is the ‘Hangyu Hangyu Sect’。”

Lu Xun discussed the origin of bet365 offer from a Marxist perspective。Marxist view，Labor creates people，Created human society。Human beings exercise their hands and brains in labor，Created the material and physiological basis for the emergence of bet365 offer and art。

Lu Xun mentioned in "A Brief History of Chinese Novels"，There has been such an analysis of the origin of Chinese bet365 offer，Believe that some "strange works" and "street talk" are "born among the people"，Rather than "created" by a certain character，"Exploring the root cause，The same is true for the Utah nation，In myths and legends”。

The bet365 offer Egyptians lived in northeastern Africa，Working and producing in the Nile River Basin，Proliferate。As early as more than 3000 BC，The bet365 offer Egyptians created mythological stories and songs，Passed down from generation to generation。Hieroglyphics appeared in bet365 offer Egypt at that time，The bet365 offer Egyptians used this writing to convey oral myths、Ballad、Stories and proverbs were recorded on papyrus, a specialty of the Nile Valley, or carved on the walls of pyramid tombs。

The ancient Babylonians lived in Mesopotamia，Working and living in the Euphrates and Tigris river basins。About 3000 BC，The Sumerians created a country in the Mesopotamia basin。Ancient Babylonian bet365 offer began in Sumer，His first works were mythical stories passed down orally、Ode、Ballad、Fables and Proverbs。The Sumerians created writing，This kind of writing is carved on the clay tablet using reed tubes，Like a wedge，hence the name cuneiform。The oral bet365 offer of ancient Babylon was recorded in cuneiform script，Engraved on clay tablets and preserved。

bet365 offer Greece was located in the Greek Peninsula and Aegean Sea region，The evolution of Greek writing has gone through a long historical process。Originally the Greek Minoan culture used hieroglyphics，Obviously the emergence of this writing was influenced by bet365 offer Egypt。Over time，Hieroglyphics were gradually simplified into linear script B，To record the bet365 offer Cretan language，This was an important part of early Minoan culture on Crete。The 11th century BC to the 9th century BC is the Homeric era in Greek history，The Greeks borrowed the Phoenician alphabet to create new Greek writing，Thus enabling the recording of Homer and Greek mythology。

The earliest bet365 offer，Mostly music、A ballad that blends dance into one。Of course，The content of its language must be richer，In this way, these ballads can be classified as "bet365 offer"。Songs are constantly produced in people’s daily lives，Huge quantity，Uncountable，But songs are extremely fragile existence，If there is no record and inheritance，will disappear without a trace。There are some records in ancient Chinese books that are said to be from Yao、Ballads of the Shun Era，But these are mostly false names for future generations，Difficult to distinguish authenticity。The "Book of Changes" also contains some chapters similar to ballads，Some scholars speculate，They may have been created earlier than the Book of Songs。

There were many scattered small countries on the ancient Arabian Peninsula，Residents lead a nomadic life。The Arabic bet365 offer of this period was mainly oral bet365 offer，The ancient Arabic poetry genre "Qassedah" was produced from the 5th to 6th centuries AD，Later it was recorded in writing and passed down。5th century to 7th century AD，In the Arabian Peninsula there are many poets such as Umru' al-Qays，Each of them has his own works handed down from generation to generation。8th century AD，Hammad al-Rawiyah compiled ten long poems by these poets into a collection，commonly known as "Hanging Poetry"，It is a representative work of early ancient Arabic poetry。Early 7th century AD，Muhammad founded Islam。After the death of Muhammad，His followers compiled his preaching remarks into books，This is the Quran。In the Quran，Describes the basic beliefs of Islam and the system that believers should abide by、Laws and Ethics。At the same time，The book also contains many Judaism spread in the Arabian Peninsula、Christian and Arab mythology、Legend、Fable、Proverbs, etc.，Very rich in literary value。This classic is about Arab thought、Faith、Morality、Record of sentiment，Has a profound influence on the development of Arabic bet365 offer，Arabic bet365 offer developed under this historical background。During the 6th to 10th centuries AD，Chinese bet365 offer of the Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties was based in East Asia，Arabic bet365 offer grew up in the Arab world in West Asia，Become two dazzling flowers in the world at that time，Each shines with the brilliance of its own nation’s thoughts and art。

Iran is an bet365 offer country in the Persian Gulf。The oldest document of the Persian people is the Zoroastrian scripture "Persian Sutra"，Preserved many bet365 offer myths and legends from Iran and Central Asia。Iran from 4th century BC，Under the rule of Alexander and the Seleucids，Over 500 years。224 AD，The Sasanian family of Iran established the Sasanian Dynasty，The science is very advanced，The literary documents that have been handed down such as "The Book of Rulers" are very valuable works。

On the Korean Peninsula，668 AD，Silla unified Goguryeo and Baekje，The end of the Three Kingdoms era on the Korean Peninsula，Established a centralized feudal state。The 7th century to the 9th century AD was a relatively strong period for Silla，Close connection with the Tang Dynasty of China，And was influenced by the culture of the Tang Dynasty。At that time，The literati of Silla wrote official documents in Chinese characters，Writing a book，Engaged in literary creation。The "Silla Country Song" left over from the Silla period was written in Chinese，It reflects some aspects of North Korean society and people’s lives at that time。Under the influence of Chinese Tang Dynasty culture，Some influential writers and poets emerged from Silla，For example, Jin Dawen、Cui Zhiyuan and others，Their famous poems and articles are spread all over the world。There are also many songs and folk tales in ancient Korea，Mainly spread by word of mouth。918 AD，Destruction of Silla，The Goryeo Dynasty was established。In the early days of the Goryeo Dynasty in the 10th century AD，North Korea’s economy、Culture has developed greatly，North Korean bet365 offer has also entered a more prosperous period。

Under the rule of Christian theology，bet365 offer and art are regarded as tools for religious propaganda。European Medieval Period，There are about four types of bet365 offer: church bet365 offer、Knight bet365 offer、Heroic epics and urban bet365 offer。Early Middle Ages，i.e. 5th century to 10th century AD，Church bet365 offer occupies a major position。The works of church bet365 offer mainly include Bible stories、Saints、Legend of Penance、The words and deeds of the saint、Fantasy Story、Miracle Story、Religious drama、Hymns, etc.。This type of work has strong religious overtones，Serious superstition，Tend to be conceptual，Lack of authenticity，Weak vitality，Not many have been passed down for a long time。Therefore，Compare the bet365 offer of the early Middle Ages in Europe with the bet365 offer of the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties in China，Whether it is ideological or artistic，The former lags far behind the latter。The literary works of China’s prosperous Tang Dynasty are dazzling and colorful，At that time, European bet365 offer was still under the dominance of Christian theology，It’s just a tool for religious propaganda。The ignorance of thought reflects the ignorance of culture，Under ignorant ideology，bet365 offer cannot be developed。After this comparison，The so-called European literary center theory of some scholars in the past is self-defeating。

The bet365 offer of Eastern countries during this period was in the stage of enlightenment，Some countries accept the influence of Chinese bet365 offer，Creating conditions for its future development，Therefore their literary achievements are difficult to compare with Chinese bet365 offer。However，The bet365 offer of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties is only a link in the development chain of Chinese bet365 offer，The Song Dynasty that followed、yuan、Ming、The bet365 offer of various dynasties in the Qing Dynasty continues to appear on the stage of world literary history with its brand-new posture。

　　The exchange and influence of Chinese and Western bet365 offer

Exchange and mutual learning between Chinese classical bet365 offer and foreign bet365 offer，It can be said to be a period of mutual learning、The history of blending。For example, when Lu Xun talked about his creation，Thoughts are works by foreign writers，In particular, "the works of authors from oppressed nations" had a profound impact on him，Especially Russia、Poland and the small Balkan countries。He said，Some short stories written by myself，"I probably rely on all the hundreds of foreign works I have read before and a little medical knowledge"。Lu Xun said，My first vernacular novel "Diary of a Madman" was influenced by the Russian writer Gogol's novel of the same name，But the two are quite different。He believes that the works of some Moro poets are just "sorrows for the misfortune" of the oppressed people，I’m so angry that I won’t fight”，And in his works，People of oppressed nations always resist、We must fight，In order to find a way out for the nation to save itself，Must get rid of mental shackles。Although his literary creation was influenced by foreign bet365 offer，But there are significant differences from the works of foreign writers，Have its own distinctive characteristics。

Chinese classical bet365 offer and Western bet365 offer are two unique and rich literary traditions。Although they are far apart geographically，But in different historical periods and cultural backgrounds，A unique dialogue and exchange has been established between them。The dialogue between Chinese classical bet365 offer and Western bet365 offer can be traced back to the Han Dynasty and the ancient Greek and Roman cultural periods。At that time，The opening of the Silk Road provided convenience for cultural exchanges between the East and the West。Wang Mang of the Han Dynasty once regarded the Roman Empire as an equally powerful country，Expressed interest and respect for Western culture。Through trade and diplomacy，The literary works and ideas of ancient Greece and Rome are gradually introduced into China，Influenced the development of ancient Chinese bet365 offer。The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of Chinese classical bet365 offer，It is also an important stage of cultural exchange between China and the West。In the Tang Dynasty，There are frequent exchanges and trade between China and the Byzantine Empire。Through the Silk Road and Maritime Silk Road，A large number of ancient Greek and Roman literary works have been translated into Chinese。In addition，Painting、Poetry has also become a form of dialogue between Chinese classical bet365 offer and Western bet365 offer。The ancient Chinese landscape painting concept has a profound influence on Western artists，Same，There are also similarities between Chinese poetry forms and rhythmic poetry in Western bet365 offer，These have built a bridge for the dialogue between Chinese and Western art。In addition，Extensive exchanges between Chinese and Western academic fields have also promoted the integration and mutual learning of culture and ideas，further promotes the enrichment and development of the literary traditions of both parties。

It should be pointed out that there are many forms of dialogue in the field of bet365 offer，Like prose、Novel and Drama，Is an important form of literary exchange between China and the West。Chinese classical prose works such as "Zhuangzi"，Influenced Western bet365 offer in form and thought。Same，Prose in Western bet365 offer also inspired Chinese bet365 offer。Novel is also another window for extensive exchanges between Chinese and Western bet365 offer，For example, Chinese classic novels "Water Margin" and "Journey to the West" also influence the development of Western bet365 offer。

The dialogue and exchange between Chinese classical bet365 offer and Western bet365 offer is a complex and rich historical process。Since the Han Dynasty，Chinese and Western bet365 offer have established a special bond through various forms。Confucianism in China、Prose、Novel, drama and other works，Leaved a deep impression on Western scholars。Dialogue and exchanges between Chinese and Western bet365 offer promote the development of world bet365 offer，Making important contributions to the diversity of bet365 offer and the prosperity of culture。It is the dialogue and exchange between Chinese and Western bet365 offer across time and space，It makes human literary heritage richer and more diverse、Integration with each other，Show unique charm。

(The author is the director of the bet365 offer Department of Al-Azhar University in Egypt；This article is a speech given by the author at the sub-forum of the First World Congress of Classics)