November 24，The 29th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on bet365 Play online games Change (hereinafter referred to as COP29) concluded in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan。As the urgency of global bet365 Play online games change becomes increasingly apparent，COP29 becomes a key international stage，Representatives from all countries gather together，Let’s discuss strategies and actions to address bet365 Play online games change。In this context，COP29 is not only an opportunity，It’s even more of a reminder，Suggests that people must act more decisively、Coordinated action to combat bet365 Play online games change。From reducing greenhouse gas emissions to adapting to the impacts of bet365 Play online games change，Every step is the key for mankind to jointly respond to global challenges。COP29 adopted more than 20 decisions on the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on bet365 Play online games Change, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement，A balanced package called the “Baku bet365 Play online games Solidarity Pact” was reached。Recently，Our reporter interviewed relevant scholars on COP29-related achievements and issues。

A “bet365 Play online games Finance Conference”

The central task of COP29 is to raise funds，Helping developing countries enhance their ability to cope with bet365 Play online games change，and transition to more sustainable economic growth。Sociology, University of Bristol, UK、Katharina Richter, a lecturer at the School of Politics and International Studies, said in an interview with this reporter，COP29 is considered by many to be a “bet365 Play online games finance conference”，The primary focus of the COP29 Bureau is to develop new collective quantified targets (NCQGs) for bet365 Play online games finance to assist developing countries in taking bet365 Play online games action，The goal must be fair and ambitious。

Geography, University of Melbourne, Australia、Said Kate Dooley, senior researcher in the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences，Negotiators reach consensus on standards for creating global carbon credits at COP29，This is a key step to help countries promote bet365 Play online games goals through carbon trading。Carbon credits refer to the allowance for emitting a certain amount of greenhouse gases，Under this concept，Each country or company purchases carbon credits，Used to eliminate or reduce greenhouse gas emissions elsewhere in the world，And count emission reduction results as part of the country’s efforts to combat bet365 Play online games change。

At the same time，Global carbon emissions are still rising，Extreme weather events caused by bet365 Play online games change are increasing。Richter thinks，Developing countries will require trillions of dollars each year to adapt to and mitigate these extremes。Based on what people have observed so far，The financing targets set by COP29 to support bet365 Play online games action in developing countries appear to be far from enough。Developed countries will find out，It will be difficult for them to justify their fiscal arrangements for bet365 Play online games change。Global annual military expenditure has risen to 2. trillion，And this is exactly the amount of funding that developing countries will need annually to meet their bet365 Play online games and development needs by 2030。

In Richter’s opinion，One of the main challenges facing developing countries in bet365 Play online games finance is the lack of preferential bet365 Play online games finance policies，i.e. bet365 Play online games finance in the form of loans or grants at below market rates。For example，In order to adapt to bet365 Play online games change，The low-lying Pacific island nation of Tuvalu needs to build more land and ports，This requires significant capital investment。Therefore，Access to low-cost financing can help significantly reduce the financial burden of developing countries，Advancing bet365 Play online games goals。Another challenge is obtaining funds in a timely manner，Enabling developing countries to effectively respond to extreme weather events such as hurricanes or droughts。From the current perspective，Financial aid will take considerable time to reach the most vulnerable。

In addition，bet365 Play online games finance flow decisions often involve risk assessment，Because investors are worried about the low return on investment in developing countries，Towards water sanitation with bet365 Play online games finance instruments、Education、It is more difficult to fund areas considered “unprofitable” such as coastal flood control。Richter said，This makes it more difficult for developing countries to adapt to bet365 Play online games change，This is especially true as these countries already face heavy debt burdens。Therefore，There is a need for a comprehensive review of the international financial architecture，To ensure that countries can obtain preferential bet365 Play online games financing conditions as soon as possible。UN Secretary-General Guterres said at COP29，bet365 Play online games finance is not charity，It’s an investment。

Common but differentiated responsibilities

Bonny Ibhawoh, professor of history at McMaster University in Canada，Those who are least responsible for bet365 Play online games change tend to be most affected by bet365 Play online games change，At the same time，They also have few resources to combat bet365 Play online games change，This is an injustice in bet365 Play online games governance。The richest 10% of the population produces about half of the world’s carbon emissions，Through the Centuries，Developed countries exploit the earth’s resources at the expense of developing countries，Accumulated huge wealth，Most of the latter belong to Asia、Oceania、Countries of the “Global South” in Latin America and the Caribbean。Drought、Flood、Rising sea levels and wildfires plague these countries，Drawing renewed attention to bet365 Play online games justice and just transition。

Who should bear more responsibility for bet365 Play online games change？Imraan Valodia, Director of the Center for Southern Inequality Research at the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa，From a historical perspective，North America and Europe have the highest carbon emissions，In comparison，Africa and South America account for only a small portion of total global emissions。This unbalanced emission situation，It gave rise to the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” in international environmental law in the 1990s。This principle was first formally proposed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992，This is reflected in the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and the 2015 Paris Agreement。

In Ibawa’s view，Although the Conference of the Parties has made some progress on international bet365 Play online games policy，But the General Assembly’s efforts to address bet365 Play online games justice remain insufficient。The concept of “bet365 Play online games justice” is rooted in the recognition that the impacts of bet365 Play online games change are widespread across the globe。It emphasizes the identity of beneficiaries of carbon-intensive industries，believes it has a moral responsibility to reduce carbon emissions and help the people and countries most affected by bet365 Play online games change。Developed countries can provide help in the form of bet365 Play online games finance and technology transfer。At the 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on bet365 Play online games Change in 2009，Developed countries pledge to provide annual bet365 Play online games finance support of US0 billion to developing countries by 2020，But this promise was not fulfilled for the first time until 2022。

Although all countries have the responsibility to participate in solving global bet365 Play online games problems，But not all countries have equal responsibilities。Ibawa thinks，To reach consensus on bet365 Play online games action，The problem of inequality must be fundamentally solved。Achieving bet365 Play online games justice requires an equitable distribution of resources，Ensuring the costs and benefits of bet365 Play online games action are equitably shared。In other words，bet365 Play online games justice must be integrated into all aspects of the global political economy，Includes development finance、Technology transfer and international trade policy, etc.。Existing Green bet365 Play online games Fund、Mechanisms such as the Loss and Damage Fund provide an important framework for the realization of bet365 Play online games justice。However，These are not enough。Overall，Global investments in bet365 Play online games justice must go beyond existing frameworks，Ensure greater fairness and broader representation for all peoples。

　　Global bet365 Play online games governance process needs to be accelerated

Lucia Green-Weiskel, visiting assistant professor of political science at Trinity College, United States, said，In more than 30 years of global bet365 Play online games negotiations，Countries around the world agree to reduce emissions，Phase out fossil fuels，And reached many landmark agreements，But the global bet365 Play online games governance process still needs to be accelerated。Research predicts that global carbon emissions will hit a record high in 2024，And some governments are still subsidizing、Encourage the use of fossil fuels。

Richter also said，A series of COPs hosted by countries dependent on fossil fuel production，To a certain extent, it has contributed to the decline in the credibility of the United Nations Framework Convention on bet365 Play online games Change。The "UAE Consensus" reached at the 28th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on bet365 Play online games Change in 2023 is clearly stated，All countries must act with justice、Transforming the energy system in an orderly and equitable manner，Gradually transition away from fossil fuels。However，In phasing out fossil fuels and ensuring a bet365 Play online games-secure future for all humanity，Many countries appear to be sabotaging this process。

Green-Viskel said，At COP29，Developed countries have pledged to increase bet365 Play online games finance to developing countries to at least US0 billion per year by 2035，But it is still far lower than economists’ estimates of the funds needed to develop clean energy in these countries。In addition，Developing countries want to receive direct grants rather than loans，But the funds provided by developed countries come in many forms，For example，Private investment、Loans from the World Bank and other banks and funds from public funds, etc.。Someone also suggested it，To be partly funded by additional taxes on the international shipping and aviation industry。Other proposals include targeting fossil fuels、Cryptocurrency and plastic industry taxation，As well as taxing financial transactions and carbon trading, etc.。

In Green-Viskel’s view，China is not only the world’s second largest economy，Also becoming a solar panel、Wind turbine、An important supplier to the green technology market such as electric vehicles，Playing an increasingly prominent role in global bet365 Play online games governance。Mark Maslin, professor at the Department of Geography, University College London, UK said，In achieving carbon neutrality and investing in green technologies，China’s attitude is serious，From Chinese Government Department、This can be seen in the active participation of private enterprises, experts and scholars at COP29。