General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in the congratulatory letter of Zhiyang Shao culture and the 100th anniversary of the birth of Chinese modern archeology，For 100 years，Several generations of archaeological people 筚 Lan Wait、Unremitting efforts，Get a series of major archeological discoveries，Show the origin of Chinese civilization、Development pulse、Brilliant achievements and major contributions to world civilization，To better understand the long flow of the source、The profound Chinese civilization played an important role。

With the excavation of Swedish archeologist Anteson on the site of Yangshao Village, Henan, Henan Province，Opening the prelude to modern Chinese archeology。

The importance and representativeness of the site of Yangshao Village，Archaeologists will be named by Yangshao Culture in the middle of the Yellow River in the middle of the Yellow River in the middle of the Yellow River in the middle of the Yellow River。For 100 years，The major archeological discovery of Yangshao Culture is constantly coming out，Xi'an Banpo、Lintong Jiangzhai、Gansu Dadi Bay、Shaanxi County Miao Dougou、Zhengzhou Dahe Village、Lingbao Beiyang flat settlement group and newly discovered Gongyi Shuanghuai Tree，Expansion of people's cognition and imagination of the ancient pottery civilization。It can be said，The longest research time in prehistoric culture in China、The most abundant academic achievement is Yangshao Culture。

and the most fascinating in Yangshao cultural relics，It is mysterious in the pattern、Line -free color pottery。Early Chinese civilization，The simple luster of the first emitted by the pottery shine。They are ancient human wisdom、Crystal of art and thought，It is a key to open Yangshao culture，is a mirror of the early society。In many Yangshao cultural sites，Color pottery unearthed from Hongshan Temple in Ruzhou, Henan is the most brighter and eye -catching，Is a major discovery of Yangshao Culture and Archeology。Hongshan Temple found the biggest colorful coffin in Yangshao culture to date，About 5500 years to this。There are many types of patterns painted on the coffin、Broad content，It is the unique relic of the Yangshao cultural site of my country。

From the cultural phenomenon of various archeological discovery，The area where the Hongshan Temple is located was the period of the Temple Type of Miao Digou 5500 years ago，Society has entered the cultural development of culture、Big Prosperity Phase。and our observation of Hongshan Temple Yangshao Pottery，Not only the continuation of the traditional research of Yangshao culture，It is even more thoughtful and looking back in the century -old journey of Chinese archeology，It is the review and calibration of the source of the Chinese civilization。

　　Bet365 app download

The Site of Hongshan Temple is located in the southeast of Hongshan Temple Village, Riding Ling Township, about 2.5 kilometers northeast of Ruzhou City, Henan Province。Autumn 1989，Archaeologists discovered the site，and discover the tomb of Yangshao Culture Coffee。Actually，The discovery of the big tomb of the coffin of Hongshan Temple is accidental。Archaeological excavation was initially carried out in the construction area of ​​the Eastern Railway Reproduction of the East Railway according to the drilling situation。When cleaning up the founding of the Fang Fang，A large number of villagers who come to see and see around the construction site; only a few days of seeing some "dwarm" -like red crushed pottery，Some enthusiastic people immediately provided an important clue for "complete crocks"。Under the guidance，Archaeological team discovered a number of complete "Ichuan cylinders" (therefore, such adult coffins were first discovered in the Ichuan Titume site in Henan and were named "Itugawa Tank"，Therefore, this area should be a bury distribution area for Yangshao coffin，Re -excavation with this area as the center，The Hongshan Temple ruins of the Hongshan Temple in the academic world are born in the burial tomb of Yangshao.。Its discovery，Get high attention from the domestic academic community，In view of its significance，Fastly included in "Chinese Archeology · Neolithic Age Volume"。

This tomb (number M1) tomb mouth is 6.30 meters long、3.50 meters wide，The earliest found in my country at present、The largest coffin combined tomb。136 coffins unearthed in the tomb，13 rows，about 16 seats per row; 3-5 group concentrations can be observed inside each row。where，The tomb has been destroyed by the modern canal，If the scale of the complete burial is stored, it can reach 200 people。The coffin as a funeral utensil is a mud red pottery large mouth cylinder，Each cylinder is about 50 to 60 centimeters high，There is a lid，3-5 鋬 under the mouth of the lid and the cylinder，so as to buckle up and down binding，Putting the human bone stable。Place a person in each cylinder，The skull is placed in the central，pelvic bone、Ending around the skull of the limbs，Ribs、Spine bones, etc. are placed in the lower part (Figure 1)。

Hongshan Temple M1 is not only the largest coffin in Yangshao culture,，It is a colleague of Yangshao Pottery Art。Organization and cleaning of Coffee Coffee Cultural Relics，We found that these coffins that were attached to calcified thick soil when they were unearthed，Almost every one is painted with huge colorful pottery patterns。This batch of coffins are black on the processed pottery、White、Red and other natural minerals into decorative patterns，Then polished，Finally fired in the kiln。painted patterns after baking，Tightly combined with Tao Yi，Not suitable for peeling。Painted outside，There are also three -dimensional animals on the coffin、Character, etc. or images related to totems，If the device is covered with a bird with a bird、Bear，and a small number of pottery tanks upper abdomen plastic or depict lizard。Bet365 lotto review Ruka W46: 1 The upper abdomen sculpts a lizard towards the head to the upper abdomen，body length 14 cm，flat round head，The body of the body，fine tail，Symmetrical curvature of the limbs in the wall，Form of prey as desire (Figure 2 W46: 1  1、2）。In addition, there are characters、text symbols, etc. (Figure 3 W97: 1  1、2）。

These painted patterns and sculpture animals、Discovery of the character image，shows the cultural value of the Hongshan Temple site。From the perspective of painting，Hongshan Temple Painted Painted Painted and Yangshao Cultural Balno -type fish pattern、Geometric patterns of the type of temple bottom gap、There is a significant difference between bird pattern，Expressing cultural uniqueness，Qi outlines the unique Zhongyuan colorful pottery cultural map。

　　Wide -area Vientiane: Rich painting pattern

Many coffins of Hongshan Temple M1 are decorated with painted patterns，The content of the painted is very rich，It can be roughly divided into human categories、Animals、Mythical Stories、Tool category and celestial (sun and moon) category。

　　First, human pattern. (1) The overall portrait。Scores: One is the image of nude characters combined with painting and plastic plastic，One is the image of a clay sculpture character。Tao cylinder Figure 4 W39: 1 Plastic drawing pattern in the middle of the abdomen，Painted as a positive humanoid，Both legs flexed squat，Belly Drum，The head and upper limbs are disabled;，Paste it with a mud strip，It should be male genitals。(Figure 4 W39: 1) The plastic painting humanoid on the pottery tank of the Hongshan Temple also shows similar composition of the composition in the naked gods on the Shang Dynasty bronze wares。Favorite Bronze Drums, which is collected in the Spring House Museum in Japan，The God of the Drum Center also squats on the front，Nude，Holding hands on both hands; similar gods and people also see at the Sanxingdui site in Sichuan。On the other side of the pottery cylinder, there is a painted image，Below is close -up，Disables above，It may also be a naked humanoid，It's just more abstract。Tao cylinder W82: 1 also has a clay sculpture human shape，No painting，Only legs and feet。Actually，Naked portraits are mostly recorded in ancient Chinese literature，If "Han Feizi", the ancient hair is distributed、Those who are naked are called gods or elves。

(2) Local image of the human body。Multi -performance limbs and eyes。Pottery Tank W104: 1 The painted pattern on the upper abdomen is presentedshape，The left side is a round -angle square，Four broadband parallel lines extended on the right，It should be the "hand" shape that should be expanded。Some vacant gaps from the palm and the fingers can be seen，This pattern should be after the formation of the ancestors in the pottery，Apply brown paint with palms and presses it on the outer wall of the pot tank (Figure 5 W104: 1)。Tao cylinder W23: 1 Abdominal painting pattern has been disabled，Only the lower part。Image bottom flat，arc top，In the middle is a flat circle，Should be human eyes。Eye images are found in early Chinese archeological relics。Dance Yang Jiahu Ruins Pei Ligang Cultural Turtle abdominal nails on the right side of the lower abdomenformal symbol，It is the earliest eye pattern seen in the current archeological excavation。Sichuan Sanxingdui Site No. 2 sacrifice pit also unearthed in a number of diamond -shaped ophthalmosifiers and hook cloud -shaped eye decorations，It is wonderful; the same bronze man mask focuses on highlighting the eyes; the sacrifice text on the jade artifact also has the word "mesh"。Push it for this，The painted eye pattern on the pottery tank of Hongshan Temple should also have a certain religious meaning。

　　Second, animal patterns.Hongshan Temple culture shows the characteristics of the civilization of Yangshao Culture Great River，Painted animal patterns are mostly related to water。(1) Crocodile pattern (dragon pattern)。Tao cylinder W128: 1 The abdomen is polished，Painted Broadband -like Baicai Week，Dark brown color as white color hook edge，Draw two groups of patterns in the middle，Symmetric distribution on both sides of the pottery。Each group is composed of a crocodile and a sloping line dot pattern。Crocodile head as a flat circle，The body is oval，Combined by four short arcs，Simply tails longer，Limbuts on the wall，Four claws separate; there is a long oblique line in front of the left，There is a dot at the top。On some bronze wares in the Shang Dynasty，Dragon patterns and crocodile patterns often perform at the same time，It has an interchangeable effect; or the crocodile pattern on W128: 1 is also related to the dragon，is the earliest painting dragon pattern in China (Figure 6 w128: 1  1、2）。Uniqueness，The lower abdomen of the Tao cylinder W54: 1 is drawn with a dragon pattern with Baicai，Only remains one foot，Three claws。This shows that the ancestors of Hongshan Temple have begun to divide crocodiles into a kind of godlife animal。

(2) Bow fish pattern (baby fish pattern)。catfish，Scientific name Daji，In the breeding season，Frequent tweets，Sound like a baby cry，Therefore, it is called "baby fish"。The three -piece coffin of the Hongshan Temple site found that there are painted catfish patterns。Tao cylinder W10: 1 The abdomen has three sets of patterns，Two groups in each group，shape、Basically the same size，All madeshape。Each front end is nearly oval，The head of the baby fish，It seems to be loud; the back end is curled，Tail slightly pointed，It should be the body of the baby fish; the protruding part below the front end should be the front paw of the baby fish。The whole group of patterns should be compared with two heads、Body -curved baby fish (Figure 7 W10: 1)。Potal Twita w116: 1 The pattern on the outer wall，ExceptImage，There is also a week with a line with pattern，The container that seems to be a baby fish (Figure 8 W116: 1  1、2）。Tao cylinder W53: 1 The pattern on the outer wall is only the head of the baby fish。on the coffin of Hongshan TempleImage，Formed Pisces head relative、The expression format of the rotation composition，or the shape of the yin and yang fish for Taiji map。

(3) Fish pattern。Research indicates，Temple Digou bet365 live casino games Cultural Pottery Classification System，Fish pattern occupies a very important position。Fish pattern only has a small amount of realistic patterns，Most of them are abstract or completely geometric decorations。Miao Dougou culture Wide and popular leaves、Petal pattern、arc triangle pattern、Diamond -shaped pattern、discscase patterns and laps, etc.，Most of them are reorganized after disassembling fish pattern。Tao cylinder W31: 1 The abdomen is decorated with red color as the bottom，Black Hook Bian。Three groups of main patterns in the red color belt，Each group has a large arc，Draw a hook leaf pattern，The upper end is connected to the black hook line at the top，The lower end is connected to the middle arc triangular pattern，Arc triangle pattern upper and lower sloping two dots，There is also a dot in front of the leaf pattern，The dots under the arc triangle line are opposite，Later, a near -closed circle，Drot of a dot in the middle (Figure 9 W31: 1)。Tao cylinder W33: 1 The abdomen is also painted with three sets of patterns，All have been disabled。Patterns flattened the line pattern first，Baicai as a bottom，The black line hooks on it，Draw a symmetrical arc pattern in the middle、Dot pattern、Xiaofang Frame, etc.。This kind of arc triangle pattern、Dot pattern or strip pattern composed of dotted circles，It is the structure of the fish pattern head、Full abstract pattern。

　　Third, mythical story category.(1) Jinwu Unexpected Day。Tao cylinder W84: 1 Drawing dark brown color in the middle of the abdomenshape pattern。There are three animals in this pattern，Birds on both sides，Long -necked，Honching on your head，Leg tilt，Double claws，Short -tailed upturning; the animal back in the middle of the animal back，Short -tail downward，Standard legs，The god bird that should be carried by the sun，That is "Jinwu Unexpected Day" (Figure 10 W84: 1 1、2）。Double birds on both sides of Jinwu，The state of Jinwu, which is in the middle of the arched protection。This type of pattern is also discovered on a colorful pottery in H165, Quanhu Village, Huaxian County。This can be seen，The legend and image performance of "Kim Wu's Undaranth" can be traced back to the Yangshao Cultural period。There are also many related records in ancient literature，"Shan Hai Jing · Dahuang East Classic" cloud: "There is Fuku on the Tanggu，One day to，One day out，All in Wu "; Qu Yuan in" Tianwen "records:" From Tanggu，Times to Mengye; self -permeable and obscure，How many miles do you do? ... 羿?，Human beings can’t have a glimpse of the day、month、Stars and other celestial movement rules and truth，Reasons for the sunset cannot be scientifically explained，So you can understand and interpret the natural phenomenon around you according to imagination and intuition，Draw the universe and world in the concept of thencestors。

(2) "Hunting" Figure。The painted pattern of the Tao cylinder W42: 1 is from the circle、Deer pattern、Turtle pattern and character pattern composition。where，Character images are running，Arms Broken back and forth，Open two fingers in both hands。Turtle's four -legged and head extended to the head of the chips，Escape from running away。High deer head，Standing on the neck，limbs song bombs，Run forward。The second and fifth patternsshape，Similar symbols are more common in Oracle，Just a circle or oval shape is mostly a short horizontal，Scholar interpretation of the word "day"。and Tao cylinder painted circle point image center is a dot，May indicate to be hit、The meaning of capture。Observe these painted elements as a whole，This pattern is more likely to express the hunting picture，In the picture，The ancestors are hunters，Chasing turtles and deer，until capture (Figure 11: 1、2、3、4、5）。

　　Fourth, tool pattern.Humans have made a variety of forms in production and life、Full -functional utensils，With these utensils，Human production or living standards can be increased，and some utensils still pray for heaven and earth、An important magic weapon for communication god，Is a human spiritual life、The materialized manifestation of religious thoughts。Therefore，In the minds of the ancient ancestors，The utensil is a god，Many colorful patterns on the coffin of the Hongshan Temple site reflect this concept。(1)。Pottery Tank W104: 1 The painted pattern on the upper abdomen is presentedshape，The front end is shuttle，After a handle，In the middle is a short -term。This pattern is very similar to 耒耜 used in ancient agricultural production，It's just the front end of loose soil、The part of the soil is just an exaggeration (Figure 12 W104: 1)。On the other side of the pot tank，Echo the painting pattern with this painting is a hand，Representsshape。耒耜 The discovery of the pattern shows the form of life of the ancestors of Hongshan Temple from the side，It shows that the economic production method at that time had entered the plowing stage，Agricultural production status has made great progress。

(2) Mask。Tao cylinder W71: 1 There are four groups of painted patterns in the middle of the abdomen，All presenceshape。In terms of the overall shape of the pattern，Like an external contour of a person's head，Two oval shapes drawn in the middle are in the eyes of human eyes;，It should be an exaggerated technique; and the ray is drawn at the top，It seems to be a light that shows irradiation，or the meaning of all objects，Impained the extraordinary ability of the owner。These characteristics are very similar to the masks used in ancient wizards，The mask worn by the pattern may be worn by the wizard。On the pattern，Two oval in the middle is specifically left with gaps，Witcher can see everything outside from it，Then we secretly see people's expressions when the practice。Prehistoric period，Low productivity level，Primitive religion is extremely prevalent。As an important messenger to communicate the world and the gods，Witcher occupies an extremely important position in the original religion。To reflect this special、Procive identity，Witches often wear masks when casting，to warn the bet365 live casino games gods that cannot be met and show their magical power (Figure 13 W71: 1)。Yangshao Cultural Temple Ditch Type Types，It is an important period for the prevalence of primitive religion; and the mask pattern on the pottery tank，Just record the clip of early civilization witch culture。

(3) Jade。my country's jade system is long and long，In the Xinglongwa culture more than 8000 years ago, the existence of jade wares was found。There are many jade articles in the painted patterns on the coffin of the Hongshan Temple site，They mostly use monochrome color，such as W60: 1、W85: 1 is white，W59: 1、W104: 1 is dark brown; it is also useful for colorful，and colorful with white or light red (such as W31: 1、W83: 1) as the background color，Dark brown outlines outlines and draw patterns，It also uses red color drawing patterns，Generally painted on the outer wall of the pottery。

Double Union (瑗)。Tao cylinder W60: 1 There are two double -ring or "8" patterns between the two crickets in the middle of the abdomen，Among them, the complete person is 19.2 cm high、6-8 cm wide，The lower ring is round and big、The upper ring is slightly flat; the other size is the same as it，Just the lower part is disabled (Figure 14 W60: 1)。This pair of rings patterns are very similar to that of the special jade in Hongshan Culture and Dawenkou culture，Just a large number of aperture，closer to the jade of "Good Meat"。Research in recent years indicates，When the ancients were making jade，There is no strict regulations for the proportion of the aperture to the jade to the body，Then this dual -ring pattern is interpreted as a double link and can be established。Jade in special shapes should be developed from ordinary jade，Double connection of Dawenkou culture appears late，It should be developed under the influence of Hongshan culture。From the perspective of shape，Hongshan Cultural Double Union upper and lower parts are mostly unconventional，There are obvious differences in size，Double connection of Dawenkou culture symmetry，more regular。Therefore，The double -connected pattern on the colorful pottery of the Hongshan Temple site is closer to Hongshan cultural style，The result of the cultural factors of Hongshan Temple site in Hongshan Temple。

Gouyun -shaped jade。Painted patterns on the pot cylinder w117: 1 are "workers" glyphs，The end of the two "horizontal" is skimming up and down respectively，There are three dot decorations in the middle，This is very similar to the hook -like jade in Hongshan culture。Although it is not as complicated as actual jade lines、Drawing fine，But the overall shape is rectangular，Four corners are symmetrical, and the characteristics of perforation are very clear，It should be a simplified depiction of Hongshan Cultural Gougun Jade Ware (Figure 15 W117: 1)。Gouyun -shaped jade is a type of utensils with unique and distinctive characteristics of Hongshan cultural jade，Special shape，It is only seen in the tomb; and the painting of cloud -shaped jade on the coffin of the Hongshan Temple is like a double connection，It should be the introduction and absorption of the cultural factors of Hongshan。

Jade Coming。Pottery cylinder W32: 1、W69: 1 The outer wall is painted with jade comb patterns。where，Tao cylinder W69: 1 The jade comb on the pottery cylinder is rectangular，Comb with short and thick teeth，Own densely arranged (Figure 16 W69: 1  1、2); The jade comb on w32: 1 is square，Complete tooth thickness and fine shape，Arrangement。The discovery of Hongshan Temple Jade Comb is not a solitary example in the early Chinese cultural relics，Hongshan Culture and Liangzhu Culture Tomb have a large number of jade comb.，Dawenkou culture also prevails bone comb、ivory comb: These are all sidelines for the Jade Comb Restaurant of the Yangshao Cultural Period of the Hongshan Temple site。

　　Fifth, Sun and Moon pattern.Tao cylinder W91: 1 Symptoms of the middle and abdomen of the outer wall of the outer wall are symmetrically drawn by the sides of the abdomen.。The moon is a new moon，The upper part is slightly residual，Surrounding black border，Fill in the middle，Rough lines，Inner side lines are fine，It seems to want to show changes in the yin and clear circle of the moon (Figure 17 W91: 1 1、2）。The solar pattern is also based on white color，Draw the sun with red color dots in the middle，Draw a large circle with black color outside the sun，It should be its halo ring。This group of "Sun and Moon Tonghui" composition is vivid，Show the ancestor of the Hongshan Temple to Japan、10356_10363。W14: 1 Form pottery pattern，Apply the outer wall of the pottery tank。Draw it with brown paint on top of the white background，Among them, the lines stretched from the middle hole to the circle are slim and neat，Explain that the techniques they draw are superb，or it is to draw a fine line arranged in four groups with a model，There are 7-8 roots in each group of thin lines。This symbol also means the sun in Dongbawen (Figure 18 W14: 1)。

　　Image deconstruction: Various painting skills

Prehistoric period，People in order to satisfy production、Demand for spiritual life such as religion，Created a colorful primitive art，Ru Dance、Music、Sculpture、Painting, etc.; Color Pottery Art is the Grand I am one of them，The preliminary development of the Pei Ligang era，The peak of the Yangshao culture period。This period of the colorful pottery is beautiful and changing，Rich image content，Drawing skills are skillful，colorful color。They are the symbolic performance of the art scores of the times，Not only reflects the simple art form of human childhood，You can also observe the ancestors' aesthetic concepts and the characteristics of the era of primitive art。Hongshan Temple Pottery is a pearl in the early color pottery art，Although not a typical painting，But it has basically possessed the characteristics of the object of the object on the plane，It contains many superb painting technology。

　　The presentation and application of color.The colorful pottery of the Hongshan Temple is painted before the pottery fired。Mineral pigments used for coloring occur after high temperature firing.，Finally showing a more gorgeous color on the pottery。At that time, people were able to master the color characteristics of various minerals，and according to the needs of the drawing content and theme，Accurately control the proportion of various minerals，Different colors。Another，During the painting process，Ceramics workers can also be skilled in comparison、The method of matching is flexibly used for color、Show the screen。Color use above，Bai Cai is more common to use on the Hongshan Temple color pottery，and mostly used as a bottom，Other colors hook the outline and draw the main pattern on the white bottom，Black and white clear，Comparison strong，The main pattern protruding。

　　Double hook flat coating.Ping painting method is when people draw color pottery patterns，Black first、Brown、Red and other colors draws the overall outline of the showdown，Red and other colors draws the overall outline of the showdown。Yangshao Cultural Period，Many large -scale painted patterns on many pottery in the Central Plains use this painting technique，Fishes in the "Matsus Stone Ax Map" unearthed from Yancun ruins、鹳、Stone Ax, etc.。Some large -scale painted patterns on the coffin unearthed at the site of Hongshan Temple also use this painting technology，The curved moon pattern in the "Sun and Moon Tonghui Picture" is to use the black hook outline，Fill in Baicai evenly。

　　Rotation.The start of Yangshao culture，The ancestors have adopted slow wheel repair technology to make pottery。Slow wheel technology is not only used for pottery form，It can also be used for the drawing of color pottery patterns。The geometric patterns on the Yangshao Cultural Pottery are mostly parallel broadband patterns with white color bottom，The upper and lower edges of the continuous patterns of this type of dilaterally are very regular、Nature，It should be the method of using a rotation of the ceramic worker，Press the pen on the one end of the wall of the device。Hongshan Temple site The red color band of the coffin、Black outline also has the same features，And the traces of the rotation along the edge of the coffin are the same round heart。These features indicate that the above -mentioned painting lines should be drawn by rotation method。

　　Multi -dimensional perspective.Multi -dimensional Dipping composition method expands the scope of time and space，Give full play to the imagination of the drawer。Many compositions on the pottery tank of Hongshan Temple are complex、The pattern that means profoundly，Most of them adopted this drawing technique。For example，Five individuals in the hunting map，What we see is only a fast -running person、A crawling turtle、One running deer and twoshape pattern。But the painter organizes them together，A person with a side view、The deer of the side views a complete picture to represent the hunting process。

　　Plastic painting combination.Painting and Paste Plastic is two different decorative techniques，Each advantage。Two binds，will produce stronger artistic effects。Hongshan Temple W39: 1 Naked men on the pottery cylinder adopted this technique。This technique processing method was not because the painting technology at that time was not enough to display the details，but the three -dimensional sticker plastic compared to graphic painting，Can show its religious thoughts。

In short，The characters of Hongshan Temple Pottery、Animals、Plants、The image of the utensil，Lines dynamic、Drawing techniques and Shen Yun's performance are all breakthrough in colorful pottery images in the period of Yangshao Culture Banpo，It is an important part of the history of Chinese painting art，Leave a strong stroke for prehistoric art。Another，Hongshan Temple Coffin Painting is equally significant in the formation of ancient Chinese text，Deeds of the early world text generation and evolutionary approach，Many writers believe that the early text system of our country was formed.，There should be an era of "literature and painting"; and Hongshan Temple Tao Tao pictures，It should be a solid evidence of China's "literature and painting"，Draw the key part of Chinese characters from the origin to mature。

　　Everything is spiritual: the religious world of objects

Prehistoric period，Low social productivity，Primitive religion prevails，The concept of immortal soul and the thoughts of all things are deeply rooted in people's hearts，This is very obvious in the tomb of the coffin of Hongshan Temple。

Hongshan Temple M1 large -scale coffin tomb，Both the coffin used by adults and children is a funeral sheet that is specially fired，There are special lids on the pottery cylinder，A circular perforation is left at the bottom of the cylinder，It is convenient for people to enter and exit the soul after death。The belief of spiritual faith after death still has cases in today's national research research。Yongning Pumen uses pottery pot to give up ashes，Seal with cloth，Paying holes at the bottom of the jar，Finally put it on the Clan Public Cemetery -cans on the cans of the can;，Together underground，and can lead to the Yin room。Under the control of the concept of immortality of the soul，People in the original period generally believe that everything has the concept of spiritual things。Sheep、Rain、Lei、Electric、Day、month、Stars and other natural phenomena can bring well -being or disaster，The ancestors are very aware of them and think that there is spiritual。Animals can bring convenient life or crisis，Human dependence fish、Pig、Dog、Sheep、Cow and other animals predatory、domestication and survival，Fear snake、Crocodile、Tiger、Bear、Danger brought by Leopard, etc.，Also through birds、Turtle and other communication world、God，These animals are given spirituality。Diverse forms、The full -featured utensils are to improve production、Key tools for living standards，Also pray for heaven and earth、An important magic weapon for communication god，You can also have spirit。In addition，Some mysteries of human beings for themselves，If you are old and sick、Night Dream Duo Si、Reproductive and reproduction cannot be explained，In this case，The human body itself has also been given spiritual theory。Primitive humans to natural phenomena、Dynamics and Plants、Witchcraft、The worship of reproduction is a concrete manifestation Bet365 app download of all things with spiritual concepts，It is an important part of primitive religion，They rely on various rituals of primitive religion，Ru sacrifice、Witchcraft、Faith, etc. to express the primitive ancestors, all things are spiritual、The thought of the soul immortal。

Drawing and plastic daily on the coffin of Hongshan Temple、month、Crocodile、Bird、Dragon、Lizard、耒耜、Jade Coming、Male genitals and other patterns were the objects of people worshiped at the time。Daily，They are closely related to production and life，Promote the continuous development of human society; after death，These things that have the most close relationship with the deceased's life are painted on the coffin funeral，The soul of the deceased can continue to communicate through the round hole at the bottom of the coffin and various objects on the coffin，Continue to engage in activities during the yin。These rich painted patterns，It is showing the concept of "all things with spirit" in the original society period to dominate people for various natural phenomena、Natural everything and the human body's own inquiry、Awe and worship。

　　Social Transformation: Awakening Parenting Features

The 1960s，Banpo、Bei Shousing、horizontal array、The discovery of the second burial of the Yuanjun Temple Cemetery caused a big discussion on the social nature of the academic community，The impact of the development of Chinese archeology is far -reaching。Zhang Zhongpei's research on the burial system of the Yuanjun Temple Cemetery，It is believed that the clan tribe is in the developed parent system，Family、clan、tribal three -level structure。Shao Wangping believes that the transition from the maternal society to the parent society from the maternal society。Wang Renxiang proposed that the second burial tomb is a smaller collective internalization of the ancient clan -reflection of family and families，It marks the emergence of the parent family commune。The social type and cultural nature of Yangshao culture，At present, the academic circles are still different from all the opinions。Hongshan Temple Yangshao Culture Coffee Tomb is the largest coffin cemetery in the period of Yangshao at present，The category of the second burial，Shape structure、Buried method and painting content，or can further outline the social nature of the type of Yangshao Cultural Temple Temple Ditch。

　　The differentiation of the rich and the poor is not obvious.M1 found in 136 coffins，Except for a few burial 1 piece of small pottery，Most of them have no funeral items; most of the coffins are painted、Sculpture or symbol。These signs indicate，At that time, the society had not yet formed a serious division of rich and poor，The difference between the gender status between men and women is not different。Different content of the painting pattern of the coffin is not a manifestation of the differentiation of the rich and the poor，More contact with the identity and social division of labor with the deceased。It can be said，The status of social members in the m1 combination tomb of Hongshan Temple is equal，Show the distinctive characteristics of clan social organizations。

　　Multi -layer social organizations coexist.M1 tomb pits are rectangular，6.30 meters long、3.50 meters wide，Grand scale，Specific shape，No signs of early disturbances。Although the human bones in each coffin in M1 are all secondary burial，But M1 itself should be the result of a burial behavior，This fully indicates that the tomb of M1 should represent a higher level of social organization。Considering that the original burial person in M1 is more than 200 people，Number of people，And male、Female、Old、You have a second burial，We think this cemetery should be the same clan。M1 in several blank areas will be divided into coffins，Each group of coffins is about 30 seats，The distribution is relatively concentrated; these coffin groups should represent a lower -level social organization under the clan -family。Internal coffin，Every 3-5 coffins will be densely distributed，constitute a group，The coffin in the group has a relatively obvious difference in shape and decoration; each group of coffins should represent a lower -level social organization under the family -family，Difference between coffins or age、Division of labor。This seems to look like，M1 tomb pits、Tomb Group、The tomb group corresponds to clan、Family、Family Three -level Social Organization。If you carefully observe the boundaries and regions of these three，You can know that the boundary of the tomb and the tomb group is very clear，The tomb group is more vague。This phenomenon indicates，Miao Dougou period where Hongshan Temple is located，Family has an independent trend，The function of the family in social organizations is becoming increasingly declining，The about to be replaced by the independent family。In the process of the development of human civilization，Home of the family，It is precisely a sign that occurs from the transition from the parent system to the patriarchal system，and Hongshan Temple Culture，In the torrent of this historical change。

　　Children and adult burial.Hongshan Temple M1 is a large man、Female、Old、Young burial tomb，The deceased in the coffin has both adults，There are also children; this is obviously different from the early funeral customs of Yangshao culture。From Xi'an Banpo、The excavation information of Lintong Jiangzhai is based on，Yangshao Culture Early，Children are not the official members of the clan，Therefore, the adult and children on the burial system are separated by burial，Children cannot enter the clan cemetery where adults are located，can only be buried near the site。This phenomenon is the basic feature of the matriarchal clan system，It is also the principle that the maternal clan society must follow。but，Hongshan Temple M1 buried children and adults together，Breaking this principle，It means that the society at that time had changed，Just as Mr. Su Bingqi pointed out，"On the one hand, people buried the people of the same clan in the same cemetery，This is in line with traditional customs; on the other hand, people also take different generations of near -parent blood、Different gender、Adult and young children buried together，This also indicates that the old traditional custom has been broken，New social changes brewing "。Of course，Although children have been recognized by clan，But due to minors，It is still necessary to separate it from an adult when buried，Concentrated in a area。Small coffins burying children in Hongshan Temple are stacked in the lower left corner (such as W119-120-127-128) to fully reflect this。

　　Male reproductive worship appears.Many scholars think，The fish patterns found in the early half -slopes of Yangshao Culture are similar to that of female yin，was a symbol of female reproductive worship at that time。To the Tingling Type of Miao Digou，People start to gradually realize that reproduction is closely related to men，Start worshiping male genitals，This issue of many sites found in many ruins and sculptures have the manifestation of male genitals。

　　has entered the parent society.In recent years，The combination of science and technology archeology and prehistoric archeology is becoming more closely，I got some major academic breakthroughs。For example，The Baligang site of Dengzhou, Henan is equivalent to the age of the Hongshan Temple in Ruzhou，The site was found to be a second -time burial tomb。Peking University uses ancient DNA technology，On the basis of gender identification，The sequence of the mitochondrial DNA inherited by the maternity and the inherited Y chromosome DNA is compared to determine whether the two bodies are father and son、father and daughter、mother and child、Mother and daughter relationship。Sequential sequencing of 5 individual mitochondria DNA in the second burial tomb M13，This tomb is buried in about 126 individuals，The death time difference between the deceased is more than 200 years，These 5 individuals come from three maternal bloodlines，But each has each pair from the same mother department。Therefore，M13 The group of the deceased is not from a mother system，But there are many maternal blood relationships in each other，The step system of the group should be the parent department。Hongshan Temple and Bali Gang belong to the archeological culture of the same period，The two are adjacent to each other，Cultural appearance and development level of civilization are also generally synchronized，Cultural nature should be consistent; in other words，Miao Digou period represented by the Hongshan Temple site and the Baligan site has entered the patriarchal society。

From the second funeral of the large -scale coffin of M1 M1 in Hongshan Temple, you can see，Although the differentiation of the rich and poor at that time was not very obvious，The status between members of the clan is also relatively equal，There are still more maternal relics in the society。But in the structure of the entire social organization，The independence trend of the family is becoming increasingly obvious，Children have become the official members of the clan，Male reproductive worship begins to replace women's reproductive worship: these all indicate that the society at that time had a major transformation，has transformed from the parent system to the patriarchal system，The detection of ancient DNA technology in recent years also confirms this inference。

　　Conclusion

The Temple of the Temple Dougrance is the most prosperous stage of Yangshao culture，The entire middle reaches of the Yellow River has become the distribution range of the type of temple undercut，Impact or even broadcast to Northeast、The lower reaches of the Yellow River and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River。In the vast area of ​​radiation in the type of temple gutter，The Songshan area where Hongshan Temple site is located shows unique cultural development context，Both have the type of temple bottom gap、Open commonality，Many unique cultural connotations have also emerged。and gorgeous colorful pottery，It is the brightest landscape of the cultural relic of Hongshan Temple site，Zhao showing technical changes、Thought changes and social transformation，At the same time, it also evokes people's memory of early legends。

Hongshan Temple color pottery is decorated on the funeral tank，Painting technology is superb，Rich content，represents the level of colorful pottery culture at that time，Reflection of important achievements of prehistoric art creation in Chinese。Behind the jar of the altar，represents the level of colorful pottery culture at that time，Showing the society at that time was experiencing huge changes。

The century of the discovery and research of Yangshao Culture，Always accompanying Chinese archeology; with the discovery and research of the color pottery of Yangshao Village in 1921，Chinese archeology has also embarked on the road of archeological exploration of Huaxia prehistoric culture。Academic Research In -depth Development，New views and understanding endless，As Wang Renxiang believes that Miao Digou culture has formed the first art orgasm of prehistoric Chinese history，refreshing the academic world's cognition of colorful pottery。Han Jianye proposed that China was the earliest formed in Temple Digou era，With a diverse structure with the center and the main body，As Wang Renxiang believes that Miao Digou culture has formed the first art orgasm of prehistoric Chinese history，Provided new ideas for the exploration of the early national origin。In short，It can be said that the ancestors of Yangshao were in the process of making Tao into a pottery，Open the Era of the Neolithic Age。Zhenyi Shangxiang，The rustic gloss of these Yangshao Pottery，It is the light of early Chinese civilization。

　　(Author is the chief expert of the National Social Science Foundation's major project "Henan Jiaozuo City Site Archaeological Excavation Data Collection and Comprehensive Research"、Professor of History of Capital Normal University)