text and after the emergence of the country，Guan Document happened to be born，It is important to become the country's administrative operation.。Naming of early official documents、The shape has no very strict definition。To Qin Shihuang，Set many special names to show the authority of the emperor，The emperor is the emperor，Self -claiming，Its life said、Ling Yue。Han Chengqin system，and further strengthen this trend，Then the official document from the official document into Jianfan，Enter the period of major development。The practical documents of these court public public appeared in the face of "political affairs"，Strict style writing specifications，It provides a solid foundation for the national organization and management，Can be described as "with a document to the world"。Since the immersion of Confucian culture, it has become increasingly elegant and tame，From this to enter the "article" sequence。

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To regulate national governance，Qin Lu clearly stipulates: "Please (also)，Must use book，No mouth, please，Please。"" "Intelligent in writing must be taken by the lower level，Can't speak or ask for instructions。Actually Qin Zheng's order is issued，Still love up，A written form，Can be described as "Nothing Nothing"。Han Chengqin system，The classification of official documents is increasingly fine，Format of related official documents、wording, etc., all have clear requirements，and increasingly perfect。Look at the Qin and Han Jane from the handed down literature and the Qin and Han Jane unearthed in the past century，"Document Administration" was unprecedentedly developed at that time，Official documents are making、receiving and receiving、Application、Sales and other links have strict systems，Its types and quantities are considerable，This becomes an important administrative tool，The management functions of the affairs of the bet365 best casino games huge empire。As Wang Chongyun: "So Han can make Kyushu，The power of the document also。”

Generally speaking，Qin and Han, especially the Han Dynasty official documents, can be divided into three categories: one is 诏、Strategy、敕、Xi and other emperors downward documents; second, chapter、Table、Play、Discussion and other officials in the document; the third is that the general government exchanges documents。There are many details: such as the secretary、Zou Ji、Notes and other officials with documents; 檄、谕 晓 晓 晓 晓 晓;、(strip) teaching、Mansion Book、Ke Ling、Tizu and other local regulations and educational articles;、Ben Mingshu and other essays related to rapid changes;、Newspaper、Consultation and other inquiries、Questions and reply essays;、Lakes such as sending books and other promotion and mobilization documents;、Vision Book、Yu Ningshu and other leave reports; to、Chuan、Clearance certification documents。other，At that time, there were still huge number of bookmark files，More than half of the currently unearthed Qin and Han Jianzhang belong to this category。Among them, there are comprehensive collections that cover various local matters (similar to comprehensive statistical reports)，Involved in geographical administration、Official compilation、Honor staff、Population composition、Land use、Entry and exit Qiangu。There are also classified records，It is used to log in to the official name of the officials、廪、Change of adjustment、Rescue、Sitting、Property and other situations，or recorded the daily use of grain and grass such as car and horses and horses and horses and horses.、Damage situation，Clean content。

other，Qin Han also has various judicial laws and laws，To ensure various relationships in society、The handling of various transactions can follow the standards that can be followed。Law -category documents and the above official documents are closely related，Some rules are even switched from the book and other transformations。Therefore，Laws can also be attributed to official documents。

The rich sample of the development of the Qin and Han official documents shows that the legalization bet365 Play online games of its administrative and the standardization of written documents has reached quite high，So that information communication can be maintained at a higher level of efficiency。Qin and Han Empires vast territory，Mature operation of official documents，strongly supporting various national affairs to run in an orderly manner，Under the level of technology and communication at that time，This cannot be said to be a huge historical achievement。

　Civil officials and Confucian students

Qin Zhihan Chu，Writing of documents、Management is mainly undertaken by a batch of well -trained officials。The cultivation of these "civil servants" basically adopts the model of "with officials as teachers"，The study of government laws and regulations is mainly，More related to punishment and prison，Can be described as a knife and pen officials who are engaged in the law。But，Although they can be proficient in handling national affairs，Familiar with the criminal name Qiangu、official copywriting，But blindly listening to it，Purely relying on formalized provisions and the rule of law to rule society，Never talk about courtesy and filial piety，Do not talk about love for love，Lack of necessary governance tenderness，There is no governing elasticity。Plus is more contempt，Few Ya Cai，Therefore, the limitations are also obvious。When the law and the rules are increasingly rigorous，The efficiency of officials will cause stronger oppression to the entire society，It is bound to cause irreconcilable contradictions。Therefore, this administrative management method that relies on the document by civil officials is ultimately also helped，One of the reasons for the collapse of the huge Qin Empire。So，The Confucian scholars in the Han Dynasty used the reflection on Qin Zheng after participating in the political.，criticize the officials with great criticism，I think they have only "inspector Xiaohui" but do not know the general、There is no "vulgar official"; it is fierce and deep、Violence and virtue、"The official of the Thief" regardless of the country's sufferings。Confucian students can bear morality at the same time、Educational and regular gentleman and sage，and I want to Bet365 lotto review have critical and ideal spirit，Governance of the country is higher than the civilian officials。

Actually，Confucian students in politics，Its advantages and disadvantages are also very obvious。From the perspective of its knowledge structure，The "six arts" that Confucian students have learned for Confucianism have always been respected and inherited，It is the basic classic of ancient times。With these classic communication，Confucianism has cultivated a deep social foundation for himself。At the same time，"Six Arts" learning is also a "learning"，This can cultivate the literacy and spiritual purpose of individuals or groups，Ruchu ancient and modern、Ming etiquette、Speech、Shangdexing、Chong Wang Road、Consciousness and so on。Confucianism's expectations for good human nature，In -depth thinking about historical evolution and even the evolution of civilization，and the far -reaching ideal of Jishi Zhengshi、Consciousness of maintaining social and cultural order，Also passing through the "six arts"。So，Confucian culture represented by Confucian students has a unique cultural appeal，This is what the clerk is difficult to reach。But，Because the pre -Qin Confucianism is mostly engaged in cultural activities in the folk as a bachelor，less participation in politics，Therefore, the Qin and Han dynasties，A considerable part of Confucian students are actually so -called "Confucianism", "Rotten Confucianism", "Confucian Confucianism", "Fool Confucianism"。They are detained at reciter，Wide Thinking，No World Affairs，It should be appropriate，"Portum can speak chaos，It is also ridiculed by the clerk，It is also ridiculed by the clerk。Shi Family Sima Tan once used "Bo and Widowed，Lares and Lares "summarizes the deficiency of Confucianism，It is precisely the Confucian scholars' restraint、Lack of political practical ability。

Therefore，Once the Confucian scholars in the Han Dynasty entered the bureaucratic system to participate in the empire management，Facing Soldiers Qiangu、A series of specific practical problems such as the selection of examinations，It must be adjusted: Suburban sacrifice must be holes bet365 live casino games in rituals，Discussion of Gugu Xianxiao in Nongwen，Discussion of Gugu Xianxiao in Nongwen，Litigation prison is good at the law。Thinking objects should be specific，The proposed discussion must be feasible。Therefore, the Han Dynasty gradually began to admire the law of study，or other expertise outside the Ming Dynasty and other expertise。As the Western Han Dynasty Confucianism Dong Zhongshu "Spring and Autumn" Sutra，Its so -called "Spring and Autumn" decisive prison，In fact, it is in the case of related laws，At the same time, he balances its weight。Eastern Han Dynasty Great Confucian Ma Rong、Zheng Xuan and others also have the work of laws and sentences，Zheng Xuan's "Zhou Li" and "Book of Rites" even quoted the Han Dynasty with the Ming Dynasty。Watch the educational background of high -level officials in the history books of the two Han Dynasty，Many of the laws and orders are used as officials and then learned，or Jing、During the law。Because it is only a local official，Clear administrative regulations technology，You can also use it for the rules。And if you want to go to the next level，and even enter and exit the central government、To Yang Wang Ting，then requires a certain degree of scriptures and the overall view of the overall situation，At the same time, you need to have clear rational thoughts。So，The selection talents of the Han Dynasty will have the scriptures、Law and the inspection project。Han Dynasty literacy textbooks "Urgent Plus" cloud: "Ethics" Poetry "Poems", "Filial Sutra", "On"，"Spring and Autumn", "Shangshu" rules。"This is the ability to summarize the need to master politics with rhyme。Under this time wind，The knowledge structure and cultural literacy of the bureaucratic class gradually improved，until Emperor Hanwu，Doctors of Gongqing is "Binbin Multi -Literature"。After that, the Confucian scholars of the clerk further moved to integration，Gradually established a new standard of officials: "Link in the world，Ming Xi Grammar，。"" Those who are knowledgeable in the Han Dynasty，Officials and tame，Confucian grammar，Can be generous，Rigidity and Softness，reach an ideal state。

　　from "Political Affairs" to "Article"

bet365 live casino games The integration of civil officials and Confucian students makes the official document of Han endorsement "political affairs".，Especially for the most typical discussion with the strategy。These documents often solve major reality problems，Determine the country’s political policy，Represents national political concepts and will，Therefore, whether in content、The way of reasoning is still particularly particular about words and rhetoric。

Emperor's words Jiuding，Published in the form of words，Nine heavys out of it，Twilight Wanli，Wind Moving Grass，Yinggu Ying，There is a very special influence。Therefore, the Han people believe that the high -house building of the high house in the world should first show: "Tomorrow people are divided by people，The meaning of ancient and modern。"Followed on the rhetoric, we must pursue" Article Elia，Deep training，Enshi is beautiful "。Although the books I have seen at present, although the books of the Han Dynasty, chose different expression methods，But most of them are elegant and Wenrun，Canton sincerity，It contains the moisture of wind and rain，There is the power of the king。At the same time，​​Han Yan also "fear words"，The overall shows the caution and restraint that is afraid of virtue，Gang Junlang with Qin Shihuang's order、A sharp contrast for formation。

The document is Chen Zheng's affairs Yu Wang Ting，In order to increase the efficiency of rhetoric，The Han Dynasty played more about it、Speaking (writing) principle of a single theme。Require Chen Shidaqing，Bright semantics;，Interest words，Rarely galloping my own belief，Or rising on the literary talent。The theory often quotes the scriptures、Aid "Story"，But most of the emphasis on the connection of ancient and modern and the communication of logic。While the ancients are based，Adjust the change in accordance with the specific situation of the reality，Pay attention to establishing national goals，and intentionally build a new political tradition。So，Many of the texts of the discussion are about to get right、Huali Wins，presents a cautious, pragmatic and soothing style。At the same time，Because the emperor of the "family Bet365 lotto review world" is facing，The Han Dynasty play also pays attention to the method of enlightenment，Pay attention to persuasion skills in rhetoric，Emphasis on words while emphasizing words and sincerity，Moving forces to play emotion，These emotional features that have undoubtedly increased the document。

In short，The "official document" of handling politics gradually improved the cultural taste in the Han Dynasty，With unique style and charm，Finally get out of the simple practical significance，Become a "article" that will imitate later generations。Liu Shipei once said: "The article of the article，Prepare to the Eastern Han Dynasty。"and most of these are practical texts。So，In a sense,，The development of the Qin and Han official documents not only represents the change from "Qin Zheng" to "Hanzheng"，It also shows the unique path of ancient practical literature beyond the utilitarian and move towards "articles" and "literature"。

　(The author is the person in charge of the history of the National Social Science Foundation Project "Qin and Han Culture and Sports"、Professor of Hangzhou Normal University)