Wooden sailing ship (also known as civilian ship)，Before the mid-19th century in my country，It is the only basic means of transportation in the vast rivers, lakes and seas，Boat people who sail ships to all directions are responsible for freight logistics in commercial trade，has always been the main force in ensuring and promoting the development bet365 live casino games national market economy，The scale of wooden sailing boats and boat people intuitively reflects the prosperity bet365 live casino games market economy。The past academic understanding bet365 live casino games history of my country’s modern shipping industry，Focus on research from the perspective bet365 live casino games ship shipping industry，Long-term constrained by the interpretive framework of "ships rapidly replaced wooden sailing ships"。From the perspective bet365 live casino games wooden sailing industry and the boat people who work in it，Re-discuss the shipping industry in the middle reaches bet365 live casino games Yangtze River and its modern structural transformation，And then reveal the little-known aspects of social and economic changes in modern China、Rhythm and Trend，Can bring new understanding to the history of modern shipping industry and economic history。

Changes in quantity and distribution。The middle reaches bet365 live casino games Yangtze River generally refers to the section from Yichang, Hubei to Hukou, Jiangxi，The total length is about 1,000 kilometers。Yangtze River water transport and regional commercial and economic development complement each other。Early Ming Dynasty，Commodity circulation along the Yangtze River is concentrated in the lower reaches。Chenghua period of Ming Dynasty，The channel where the Han River flows into the Yangtze River has stabilized，Hankou was formed and developed and prospered。There is a Qing Dynasty，Hanshui、Xiangjiang、Yuanjiang、Qingshui River and other large and small tributaries have also been further dredged。Especially in the early Qing Dynasty，Immigration population surges in the middle reaches bet365 live casino games Yangtze River，Land development is advancing rapidly，Agricultural reclamation and product extraction have entered a new era，Start to provide large amounts of food for the domestic market、Wood、Minerals and other materials，Also provides tea and other products for border and international trade，Hankou、Jiujiang、Xiangtan and other ports have grown into central cities for commodity transshipment and business gathering in the middle reaches bet365 live casino games Yangtze River。Since Qing Dynasty，The scale of commodity circulation in the entire Yangtze River Basin has increased significantly，The midstream region takes Hankou as the regional market center，Through cheap and convenient water transportation，Connecting towns along the main and branch rivers，Outline the national business network and domestic market expansion situation。

The main stream bet365 live casino games middle reaches bet365 live casino games Yangtze River and Hubei、Hunan、There are hundreds of types of civilian ships on the tributaries bet365 live casino games three provinces of Jiangxi，It is difficult to accurately estimate the quantity and carrying capacity。According to preliminary conservative estimate，Yangtze River from the 18th century to the mid-19th century，The total number of mainstream civilian ships in the midstream is not less than 50,000，The average load capacity is 40 tons；Hunan、Hubei、The number of civilian transport ships on the tributary rivers bet365 live casino games three provinces of Jiangxi is no less than 2.50,000，The average deadweight tonnage can be conservatively estimated to be 6 tons。At the peak of population、Business continued to flourish from the 18th century to the mid-19th century，The number of civilian ships in the middle reaches bet365 live casino games Yangtze River is about 12.50,000，The total load capacity is approximately 2.45 million tons。If calculated based on an average of 5-8 people per boat，A ship owner engaged in shipping on the main tributary waters bet365 live casino games middle reaches bet365 live casino games Yangtze River at that time、Boatman、Sailor、Helmsman、Piao Master、The number of trackers and others is about 62.Between 50,000 and 1 million。

During the Republic of China，The ship shipping industry in the Yangtze River Basin has achieved widespread development，The number of civilian ships engaged in transportation on the main stream bet365 live casino games middle reaches bet365 live casino games Yangtze River has been greatly reduced，But the total number of civilian ships has not decreased，Mainly active in tributary transportation and urban and rural material exchange network。There are several reasons for maintaining the number of civilian ships。First，Due to the increase in foreign trade volume and the emergence of new businesses in the middle reaches bet365 live casino games Yangtze River，The transportation market still has a huge demand for traditional civilian ships，New business has formed a new cooperative relationship with the civilian shipping industry。Besides traditional commerce，Grain Transportation and Marketing Bureau、Ministry of Transportation and other government departments，And Hunan-Guangxi Railway、Small steamer company、China Travel Agency and other public and private enterprises，Started to sign transportation contracts directly with civilian ship gangs。Second，A new cooperation mechanism has been established between ship transportation and civilian ship transportation。Because civilian ships have better adaptability to rivers，Low freight and complete related terminal supporting systems，It is the market differentiation bet365 live casino games shipping industry brought about by the development of ship shipping，Not only did it not bring a fatal blow to the civilian shipping industry，Instead, with civilian ships in specific waterways、Form complementary cooperative relationships under seasonal or policy backgrounds。Third，The civilian shipping industry continues to become more professional，Some new business organizations have been formed，Including water surface、Transshipment、Customs declaration and warehouse, etc.，Improved shipping guarantee mechanism and supporting facilities，It helps civilian ship transportation attract business resources。

Since the 20th century，In the early days of rapid modernization bet365 live casino games entire transportation system，The traditional civilian shipping industry is flexible and adaptable，Looking for new ways of cooperation and business sources，Still maintaining its important position in the transportation industry。To the mid-20th century，Wooden sailing boats are still an indispensable part of our country’s basic transportation sector。

Transformation bet365 live casino games shipping industry’s organizational structure。The early Qing Dynasty was a new high point and stage in the development bet365 live casino games wooden sailing shipping industry in the middle reaches bet365 live casino games Yangtze River。Facing the highly mobile millions of boat people and the increasingly prosperous business development in the Yangtze River Basin，Governments at all levels in the Qing Dynasty paid more and more attention to the safety of river transportation，The grassroots system is designed by the county magistrate、Tangxun、Inspection、Dian Shi and the temporary river patrol service bet365 live casino games Qian sect、Zaza、Licensers and others directly manage the boat people，But the control effect is not very significant，Difficult to implement effectively in the long term。Early Qing Dynasty，In order to focus on monitoring the boat people in the prosperous commercial river section，Local governments along the middle reaches bet365 live casino games Yangtze River introduce boating、Tuanzong、Ship Captain、Piantou、Yaxing and other systems manage ship owners。This indirect management method bet365 live casino games Qing Dynasty government lasted until the end bet365 live casino games Qing Dynasty，Give boat owners greater autonomy in social and economic activities。This period，A large number of boat gangs have been formed in various places in the middle reaches bet365 live casino games Yangtze River，Become a major social and economic organization in the civil shipping industry。Ship Gang was founded spontaneously by boat owners，A variety of industry codes of conduct have been formed within the ship gang，Work together to resolve disputes and conflicts in transportation operations。On a small tributary，Regional boat households even developed clan organizations with closer social relations in the early Qing Dynasty。Early Qing Dynasty，Boat people and civilian boats are not only increasing in number as never before，There are also new changes in the organizational model as mentioned above。

mid-first 30 years bet365 live casino games 20th century，The civilian shipping industry in the middle reaches bet365 live casino games Yangtze River generally has a tendency to retreat to the tributary ports and branch rivers，Become the main force specializing in short-distance water transportation and urban and rural transportation，The organizational method is showing signs of change。At this time，The boat gangs in the three provinces in the middle reaches bet365 live casino games Yangtze River are initially affected by the establishment of government administrative agencies and laws and regulations，Began to reorganize itself in terms of organizational form，Become a registered legal trade organization。A few ship dealers、Boat owners and boat people realize that there are legal issues with their profession，However, the organizational form of most civilian shipping industry groups still remains as shipping gangs。This traditional industry is combined with modern emerging competitive counterparts、A transitional era of symbiosis and mutual prosperity，Saved a lot of energy of traditional civilian ships for the coming war period。After the outbreak bet365 live casino games Anti-Japanese War，Inland shipping throughout the entire rear area is becoming more and more complex，Civilian ships rise at the right time，Become the main force in transportation again，The civilian shipping industry shows the appearance of a prosperous industry during the war。At the same time，Civilian shipping industry groups from various places in the middle reaches bet365 live casino games Yangtze River，Also faced with the rapid changes caused by the spread of war。

Compared with before the Anti-Japanese War，Civilian shipping bet365 live casino games groups and crew identities underwent key changes during the Anti-Japanese War and post-war demobilization period。On the war front，Variable control policies of relevant military and political agencies，Efforts to register and understand civilian shipping bet365 live casino games groups and individual crew members，Implement the policy of recruiting ships，Even more so after the war。During the Anti-Japanese War，On the docks of counties and cities in northern Hunan on the war front，Various shipping gangs set up civilian ship crew unions、Shipping trade association or hometown association，At the railway、When transportation routes and means of transportation such as roads and ships are completely destroyed，Take the initiative to bear or be forced to deal with a large number of ship crews requisitioned by military and political forces during wartime，Complete the transportation turnover of frontline troops and materials。

Research on the modern transformation of traditional industries。The modern transformation process bet365 live casino games wooden sailing industry in the middle reaches bet365 live casino games Yangtze River，Symbolically showing the changing pattern of a long-term mixture of old and new。Facing the complex historical scene，The simple explanation model bet365 live casino games replacement of old and new between civilian ships and ships is obviously out of date，The internal structure bet365 live casino games industry and the external environment bet365 live casino games industry，Should be included in the analytical framework as a whole。Although some data reflect the time when ships first appeared in central China，Resisted by local officials and people，And friction or conflict between ships and wooden sailing ships，But if we look at the modern shipping industry from a macro and long-term perspective，You will find that cooperation and development are the mainstream。Looking at it as a whole，Boat people are foreigners、Alternative、The advanced and emerging shipping industry is not a blind resistance，But continue to expand its business scope，Improve your business capabilities and professionalism，Refresh your own social organization and professional outlook，Strive to survive and develop in the ever-changing social and economic changes of modern China。Evaluating the modern experience bet365 live casino games wooden sailing industry in the middle reaches bet365 live casino games Yangtze River，It seems more appropriate to use the word "metabolism"。

The modern transformation of traditional industries is the general trend，The delay in tossing and turning is also reasonable；The rhythm of modern transformation of traditional industries，Deep regional disparities，Inland and coastal、Between the middle and lower reaches bet365 live casino games Yangtze River，Both show different paces。Until 1949，The modern transformation of many traditional industries in China such as the wooden sailing ship industry has not yet been completed。In China where the political system is unified and the domestic market is becoming more compact，The same industry in different regions will inevitably experience modernization transformation process with varying progress，In new technologies、New market structure、Under the influence bet365 live casino games uneven and continuous changes in the new organizational style，The gap in regional socio-economic development is becoming increasingly significant。

　　(The author is the person in charge bet365 live casino games National Social Science Fund project "Research on the wooden sailing industry bet365 live casino games middle reaches bet365 live casino games Yangtze River from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China"、Associate Professor of History Department of Xiamen University)