Tianchang 5 (1925-2001)，People in Henan Tancheng，Born in a poor farmer's family，I have read private schools in my childhood，After entering the county, the county Zhao Ling Middle School and Anyang High School study。1944，Participate in the Anti -Japanese Expeditionary Army，Go to India、Burmese Anti -Japanese Army。After the victory of the Anti -Japanese War，Re -entered Kaifeng High School in 1946。In 1947, he was admitted to the Department of History of Peking University，Joining the Communist Party of China in October of the same year，Former Secretary of the Fourth Branch of the Chinese Communist Party of Peking University。After graduating from 1951, stay in school to teach，Former Deputy Secretary of the Youth League Committee of Peking University。In the Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1956，From then on his historical career。Researcher in 1978，1986 reviewed as a doctoral supervisor。In 1987, I was transferred to Shandong University，Professor of the Department of History、Doctoral supervisor、Director of the Institute of History of Shandong University，Participate in the doctoral supervisor of the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Academic Consultant of the Ancient Civilization Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Chinese Cultural Academy instructor。Once the president of the Chinese Yin Shang Cultural Society、President of the History Research Association of the Chinese Farmers' War、Counselor of the China Qin and Han History Research Association。Dist on October 6, 2001。

Tianchang Wuyi Life writes Hongfu、Achievements，Published "Wang Chong and its" On Heng "" "History of the Revolutionary Revolution of Ancient Chinese Farmers" (Volume 1，Qin Han roll)、"Research on Ancient Social Forms", "Analysis of Ancient Social Forms", "New Theory of Ancient Society", "Anti -Heng" Introduction "," The theory of the History of Ancient Chinese Social Development "," Origin of Chinese Culture "," Chinese History System New Theory "Research on the Structure of the Zhou Qin Social Structure" (with Zang Zhifei) and other academic monographs of more than 10 academic monographs。He is the first "Chinese History Manuscript" edited by Guo Moruo、​​The main writer and organizer of the second volume。The editor -in -chief "Qin and Han History" (compiled with An Zuo)、"Chinese Freckage Social Economic History" (four volumes，​​Editor -in -chief of the Paint Heroes)、"China Civilization" series of collections and "Chinese Primitive Cultural Theory" (compiled with Shixingbang) and other large -scale academic works，Edit and publishing the editor and publishing of "Marx and Engels Theory of the Capitalist Society"。

Tian Changwu is one of the most historians of the 20th century with a sense of historical mission and the responsibility of the times，Under the guidance of historical materialist positions and methods，Public outlet，Different levels such as theoretical summary and historical facts，I have put forward a lot of valuable insights on the development of Chinese history，Published a lot of academic theory，It is recognized by the historian community。He is good at putting forward his family's words，I can constantly break through myself。Although it is said that for decades, regardless of the academic community and his own views on these issues, they have changed，But look back at the path of his academic thought development，It is positive for fully understanding the path of comprehensive understanding of the historius of Marxism in New China。

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Research and discussion on the problem of ancient historical staging，The number of people involved in the historic community of New China、The longest duration、One of the biggest differences in perspective。This discussion greatly promoted the study of ancient Chinese historical issues，Deepen the understanding of ancient Chinese historical characteristics，And how to correctly understand the theory of Marxist classic writers correctly。

Tian Changwu's views on the problems of ancient history are mostly raised in the discussion before the Cultural Revolution，The main research of his research on the staging of ancient history is bet365 Play online games to improve the feudal theory of the Warring States Period。

The controversy of the issue of ancient history has been revealed from the theory of social history in the 1930s，After the establishment of the New China。On the question of when Chinese history enters the feudal society，Marxist historian has appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty feudal theory、Warring States Fure theory、Qin and Hanfang Construction Theory、Wei Jinfeng's theory and other views，Even after the "Cultural Revolution", there is no consistent opinion。The earliest proposed feudal theory of the Warring States Period was Guo Moruo，His point of view has a greater impact，After the founding of New China, it was widely used by Chinese historical textbooks at all levels。Due to the relationship between the times，Guo Moruo's discussion on this issue also has insufficientness，Discussion of different opinions within the academic world。

The views of Tian Changwu are inconsistent with Guo Moruo's views，But he is basically the main representative of the feudal theory of the Warring States Period。In a series of discussions，He is improving this theory from theoretical and historical practice，This has strengthened the persuasiveness of the feudal theory of the Warring States Period。He systematically studied Marx、Engels' discussions on feudal production methods and related facts that are based on their basis，Broys the content of the feudal production method into four points: "One、Individual small farmers economy; two、feudal land ownership; three、Super Economy forced; Four、Feudal Land Rental Exploitation。Four combination forms a feudal production method。"(Tian Changwu:" New Theory of the Ancient Society "，pp. 175) He thinks，This is the most basic thing in feudal society，Only seize these basic things，can solve the problem of ancient history in installments。

The study of Tianchang Wu's ancient Chinese society starts with the research method of the Asian production method。His method of traditional research，The system inspected Marx、Engels' discussions on ancient oriental social history。He thinks，Marx、The historical basis of Engels's discourse on the Asian production method is mainly the shrinking relic of primitive society in the feudal society; instead of an Oriental -oriented slavery，It is better to say that it is more appropriate for primitive society，And there is also the content of the feudal society，Not enough to explain the essential characteristics of ancient Chinese society and even ancient Asian society。He systematically discussed the formation and development process of ancient Chinese society，It believes that the ancient slavery in my country is the same as all other ancient civilization countries in the world，All start with the slavery of the parent family，From family slave system to clan slavery，That is the consortium of family slavery，is China's developed slavery。The transformation of Chinese slavery to the feudal system，It is the premise of the disintegration of clan slavery。Ancient Chinese society is in the absence of interference with foreign factors，Gradually formed and mature from low to high，Although there are summer、Business、Zhou's dynasty replace，But it did not affect the development process from family to clan slavery from low to high，Therefore, it is more typical。

When will the feudal society start? Tian Changwu proposed to use the Seven Kingdoms Reform Movement as a sign，It is determined by Shang Yang's second change (350 BC) to determine the comparative science。Because "this reform movement is the centralized performance and comprehensive completion of the social revolution led by the feudal landlord class。It shows that in Chinese history, not only has the feudal economic foundation, but also the corresponding feudal upper -level building。The economic system of feudal society in my country、The political system and cultural system are all established and developed from this time "。(Tianchang 5: "New Theory of the Ancient Society"，pp. 227)

This series of viewpoints of Tian Changwu，Under the situation at that time, it is undoubtedly a positive effect on improving the theory of feudal theory of the Warring States Period。

　　Examine the historical role of the farmers' war

History research of farmers' war is an important part of Tianchang Wu's academic research，Occupying an important position in his academic thought。His research in this area is not only the attention of important academic issues in ancient Chinese history，and reflect his continuous attention to bet365 Play online games the historical fate of ancient Chinese farmers、Deep understanding and sympathy。This is also a fulcrum that he explores the laws of Chinese historical development。

Tian Changwu starting from the early 1960s，Continue thinking about the relationship between the relationship between the farmers' war and the development of Chinese history，Publishing monograph "The History of the Revolutionary Revolutionary Revolutionary Revolution of ancient Chinese" (Qin and Han Volume，1979)，and published "How to Analyze the Farmers in History" (1964)、"On the historical root and social consequences of the peasant uprising at the end of the Qin Dynasty" (1965)、"On some of the issues of" Royalism "(1979)、"Adhere to the Division of Social Development Dynamics" (1981)、"Farmers in the Qin and Han Society" (1982)、"On the historical role of the peasant uprising at the end of the Qin Dynasty -the theory of Concern Policies" (1979)、"On the Private and Revolutionary of Farmers" (1989)、"The Stage of the Chinese Farmers' War and related issues" (1994)、"The Dynamics of the Great Cycle of History in China -Reunioned the Issues of the Farmers" (1997) and other papers more than 10 papers。can be seen，His research on the war of farmers' war lasted from the 1960s to the end of the 1990s，Among them, there are existing problems of the test，There are also in -depth analysis of theoretical problems。

From 1958，The focus of the problem of studying farmers 'war in academia mainly includes: whether the farmers' war is anti -feudal、Does the Peasant Uprising have their own regime、What is the role of farmers' war on the development of feudal society、Is the farmers a royalist、Whether farmers have advancedism are advanced。At that time，Disputes on any of them，Tian Changwu expressed their opinions on these issues。After the 1980s，Farmers' War Research quickly silent，Almost no one asked，Even if there are occasional scholars involved，Most of them are comprehensive negation of the farmers' war。and Tian Changwu stands at the height of the new era，As always think about the farmers' war、Farmers uprising、The relationship between the fate of farmers and the development of Chinese history，Putting it in the historical investigation of the overall department of the Chinese feudal socio -economic structure。The "Chinese feudal socio -economic history · general theory" edited by the lacquerman set out a special discussion of the relationship between bet365 Play online games the historical fate of farmers and the development of Chinese society，Posted their unique insights。

Tian Changwu puts forward his own views on the nature of the ancient Chinese farmers 'war and the historical role of the farmers' war。At that time，There is a point of view.，Farmers are small private owners，It is a representative of backward productivity and backward production relationship，The purpose of the rebellion is to get a small piece of land，Live a self -sufficient life; farmers have no class consciousness，The suffering of my own fate is not aware of my own fate comes from the feudal system，So peasant uprising and farmers' war only oppose a single bureaucracy、Landlord、Government Government，instead of opposing the landlord class and the feudal system。On the contrary，​​Farmers' War continued to die in the feudal system，The reason why the long -term stagnation of feudal society in China is that there are too many farmers' war。Another point of view，Farmers' War During the feudal society's upward phase -the period when production relations are basically adapted to productivity, not anti -feudal，In the downlink stage -production relationship can no longer adapt to the historical stage of productivity development, there is an anti -feudal nature。Tian Changwu thinks，Someone quotes the discussion of classic writers to deny that the Chinese farmers' war is anti -feudal。But Marx、Engels and other classic writers said that farmers are not advanced productive forces、Representative of advanced production relations，Farmers are just small private owners，The purpose of the uprising is to ensure and realize its small private，Have backwardness，Although this is in line with historical facts，But it cannot be used to deny the nature of the Chinese farmers' war.。Because the classic writer said this backwardness of the peasant class，It is a public system that is compared to the large -scale production of capitalist socialization and in order to solve the basic contradictions of capitalist society，Can't make farmers back bet365 best casino games behind、Reactionary class，So doing that violates the basic principles of historicism。Farmers in feudal society do have not done scientific analysis on the feudal system，There is no consciousness to divide the class，This is the problem of understanding determined by farmers' historical limitations。but，Can't think of it accordingly，Although farmers oppose feudal exploitation and feudal oppression, it is impossible to oppose the feudal system、Oppose the landlord without being able to oppose the landlord class。Can't deny the nature of the anti -feudal feudal anti -feudalism because the peasant war does not oppose the feudal system and the consciousness of the landlord class，Do not deny the "revolutionaryness" of anti -exploitation and oppression because farmers have their privacy。

Tian Changwu also published his own point of view of the peasant's "alternative" thought，Think of that kind of view of accusing farmers of being alternatively backward reactionary thinking，Measure the ancients from a modern point of view，Logic analysis of non -historicalism。He pointed out，Farmers are essentially "peasant democracy"。Do not deny that the peasant class has its own thoughts because the peasant class has no class，Because in class society，Each class has its own "doctrine"，How many classes are there in how many classes are there，"Of course, farmers will have their own doctrine。Their doctrine is relative to the feudal level thinking、Farmer Democraticism with average political equality and property "。

Royalism Thought in the peasant uprising，Tian Changwu also expressed his own opinions。He thinks，"Our task is to analyze class analysis of imperialism，Display its deception and poison of the peasant class，Instead of planting this kind of thing on the farmer's head，Become their inherently inherent ideological soul "。

Tian Changwu thinks，China is a traditional agricultural country，Farmers are the main force of social production，It is the main creator of social wealth。Studying the farmers' war can neither according to the established theory nor can it vary from time to time because of political needs，Scientific practice is based on the principle of historicalism，Putting farmers in the process of social structure changes to examine the historical reasons of the so -called farmers' backwardness，Analysis of the nature of these backwardness is the nature of the peasant or the social structure and social contradiction at that time。This is to use class analysis method，Examine what kind of problems were facing social development at that time、What kind of historical possibilities are there、Why do farmers take risks、What kind of historical ways did the farmer's war open for social changes。It is based on this position and understanding，Tian Changwu is a deep sympathy to study the peasant problems and the farmers' war，Under the premise of comprehensively grasping the fate of farmers' historical fate。

　Discuss the origin of Chinese civilization

After reform and opening up，Tian Changwu participated in the discussion on the origin of civilization with great enthusiasm。He has successively wrote "Ancient Chinese clan and tribes", "Some Issues formed by Chinese Slave States", "How my country transitions from primitive society to class society", "Study on the Origin of Marxism and Chinese Civilization", "The Origin of Chinese Civilization", "The Origin of Chinese Civilization" " Several theoretical issues of Yangshao Cultural Social Nature and the Origin of Chinese Civilizations "" Speaking of the Origin of Chinese Civilization "," Legend of Yao Shun Yu and the Origin of Chinese Civilization "," Exploration of the Origin of Chinese Civilization "and" Exploration of Xianxia Culture "，Integrated in the two works of "Research on Ancient Social Forms" and "Analysis of Ancient Social morphology", respectively。It also published works such as "The Origin of Chinese Culture" and "The Origin of Chinese Civilization"。

Tian Changwu's discussion on the origin of Chinese civilization mainly involves: first，Decision of Civilized Social Standards。He thinks，Can't use city、Text、There is a standard for the origin of the copper ware as a standard for the origin of civilization。Of course，Not that these factors are not important，Instead, it is necessary to objectively according to the characteristics of the origin of various civilizations，Production of social material at that time、Analysis of economic structure and social form，City、Text、Bet365 app download Copper can only be a sign of the arrival of a civilized society，Standards for civilized society。Second，Discussion on the disintegration of clan tiles and the class of class。Families in ancient Chinese society cannot form an independent production unit，Become the economic foundation of the society。So，After the clan is disintegrated，Family -family -family -clan -family and other multi -level social structures，and thus entered a civilized society。third，The origin of the origin of Chinese civilization。He confirmed with rich archeological materials and legendary materials，The point of view of the diversity of the origin of Chinese civilization，It is pointed out that Chinese civilization is the conflict and union of various regional culture、Results of aggregation and decentralization。In the era of civilization 5,000 years ago: As far as legendary information is concerned，It was in the era of the Huangdi; according to archeological data，is the Central Plains Longshan Cultural Period。His mainly from material production technology、Social Organization Structure、Ancient History Legend three aspects，The historical path of exploring the origin of Chinese civilization。

　Discussion on the development of feudal economic circulation

Among the large number of historic heritage left by Tianchangwu for us，The big cycle theory of his feudal society's development is a content that has attracted much attention in the historical community。

Tian Changwu thinks，Start from the Warring States Period，Chinese history has entered the feudal society，down to the Opium War，After a total of about 2300 years, it has been around。Just as ancient Chinese society has its own characteristics and operation rules，Chinese feudal society also has its own characteristics and operation rules。He thinks，Middle -aged feudal society is neither long -term stagnation or long -term continuation，It is not slowly developing or doing a new operation，Its development is a circular jump forward，It can be called the big loop theory of the development of feudal society in China。He thinks，Study primitive society，Start with the evolution of blood relationship; study ancient society，Start with the patriarchal family (China is the clan); study capitalist society，Should start with the product; study the feudal society，Should start from the land。It is in the evolution of land relations，It can be seen that there are three large cycles in China's feudal socioeconomic socio -economic。

The first time was the field system of the Warring States Period。This is the continuation of the previous well field system，Dan Tian's object is an individual farmer，So the land is calculated based on the 100 acres of Liangtian，Each farmer awarded 100 acres of fields。The national service of the country is also collected by individual farmers.，Responsibility and obligations is corresponding to。Those who have meritorious to the country can add land，or give the corresponding national discharge。This is separated from the land ownership of the clan state and the well field system，Therefore, it is a sign established by the feudal society。This field system is a one -time，The result is to turn national land into private land。So after Qin Shihuang completed the unification，This kind of field system is basically ended。Catch to Wei Jin，After many folds，A System of Large Land of Scholar Race appeared，From then on, the dominance of the land ownership of the landlord of the feudal privilege。

The second time started from the implementation of the average field system in the Northern Wei Dynasty during the Northern and Southern Dynasties。Junfield system is also a kind of field system。It premise，First, a large number of non -main wasteland has appeared in the north since the Eastern Han Dynasty，Second, a large number of Hu people populated in the north after the Western Jin Dynasty，Third, the original Han population in the north moves in a batch of migrations after another，Many of them moved to the south。In this case，There is a question of re -settings。Jun Tian system and stand -up households are implemented at the same time。The former can be described as earth，The latter is settled。The all -field system is the transition form of state -owned land to private land，But when will this transition be completed，The boundary is not so obvious。

The third time is Liao、Gold、State -owned land in the yuan to the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, it was transformed into private land through Tuantian bet365 Play online games system。This state -owned land is inherited the Khitan、Women's True、Mongolian land public ownership，Therefore, during this period, the pattern of coexistence of land state -owned system and land private ownership since the Tang and Song dynasties。Liao、Gold、yuan of the state -owned system of yuan does not have successively inherited the relationship，but disappeared one after another。In this sense，It can be said that it is a traditional land private ownership defeated Liao、Gold、yuan of land state -owned system。So，After the Tuitian system was disintegrated in the early Ming Dynasty，The state -owned system of land must be implemented when the Manchu enters the customs，It won't work。

Tian Changwu thinks，The phenomenon of three large cycles of the feudal socio -economic economy in China is similar to that of China's splitting and unity also experienced three rounds: from the split of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States to the unity of Qin and Han dynasties，is the first round; from the division of Wei, Jin, Northern and Northern Dynasties to the unity of Sui and Tang dynasties，is the second round; from Song、Liao、Gold、Xixia、Dali、The split of Tubo to the unity of Yuanming and Qing dynasties，Is the third round。In national relations，There are also three rounds。Form Huaxia tribe from ancient surnames，The Huaxia people are around the barbaric、Yi、Rong、Di and form the Han nationality，is the first round。From the Northern and Southern Dynasties to Sui and Tang dynasties，The original Han and other ethnic groups，Including Hu Ren from Central Asia，Fusion of each other to form a Tang or New Han nationality，Is the second round。From Song、Liao、Gold、The opposite of Xixia to the update of the Han nationality in the northern Yuan and Qing dynasties and the ethnic integration of the south，can be described as the third round。Our current Han nationality，The brothers around the surrounding areas and the Han miscellaneous areas，It is formed in this history。

Tian Changwu's theory of three large cycles of China's feudal socio -economic and economic cycle，Not only deeply clarifies the historical characteristics of the feudal socio -economic and economic，At the same time, it also clarifies the characteristics of Chinese history，It is a very visible point of view。His opinion，Deeply refuting the so -called wrong viewpoint of the so -called Chinese feudal society for a long time，and clarify the historical laws of the development of feudal society in China，This also explains the development law of Chinese history，It is a specific certificate that uses Marxism theory to clarify the characteristics of Chinese historical development。

　New system for exploring Chinese history

System issues on Chinese history，In fact, it is the problem of exploring the laws of Chinese historical development。Tian Changwu thinks，Most of the Chinese history we talked about before was compiled according to some formula，instead of the development process from Chinese history itself，Therefore, it is necessary to re -explore this important subject。After more than ten years of repeated exploration，After more than ten years of repeated exploration，Framework formed a Chinese historical development system。Shandong University Press in 1995 published his book "The New Theory of Chinese History System"，Subsequently published "Introduction"，Overview the main content of his new system。He thinks，Arrange Chinese history in accordance with the methods of five production methods，You need to find another thing。His new system is the reasonable thing to absorb the reasonable things of Western history on the basis of Marxist history，A new system proposed in combination with China's historical reality。This new historical Marxist history not only studies the production method，and a comprehensive inspection of society，Perform comprehensive analysis。

His new system of history advocates dividing Chinese history into three large paragraphs。

The first major section is the era of flood。The emergence of humans from this land in China，until the clan society stopped 10,000 years ago，It is about millions of years among it，This includes the origin of human beings。In the past, we used to call this history as primitive society，But the original society actually refers only to clan society，It cannot cover the whole process of this history，Summarize this period of history with the "flood era" mentioned in Chinese history literature。

The second largest section is the era of the clan，bet365 live casino games is the clan city country。From 5000 years ago to 2400 years ago，After a total of about 2700 years。Before that，There is a clan society gradually disintegrated and the civilized society gradually forms a stage，About 5000 years。This history，It can be used as the end of the primitive society，It can also be described as the former history of a civilized society。Jingtian system originated from the family co -cultivation，The country is the national system。The national state system disintegrates between the Spring and Autumn and Warring States，Through war，Most clan countries are destroyed。Here，No developed slavery、The concept of non -developed slavery。There are slavery in ancient society，But you cannot name the ancient society with slavery，Tian Changwu positions it as the ethnic era，If you say society，is the clan society，Is the clan structure。The social structure is the royal family、Room、Certificate、The family is unit，This "room" is a slavery unit。Ancient Chinese Emperor is recognized as the main owner。

The third largest section is the era of feudal imperial system。Shangcheng State Age，down to the 1911 Revolution to overthrow the emperor's system，It is about 2,300 years in a total of more than 2,300 years。The social foundation of this era is farmers，and the ruler is the royal family、Noble、bureaucratic landlord。Therefore, it can be called a farmer society，It can also be called feudal bureaucratic landlord society。

Tian Changwu thinks，There are three major cycles at this social stage，According to unification、The cycle of division is alternately，In the middle is unified，Both ends are split。From the beginning of the Warring States Period, it was divided，Qin Han is unified，To the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties of the Three Kingdoms，is a big division again。Start from the large division of the north and south dynasties，Unified by Sui and Tang dynasties，Five Dynasties、After the Northern Song Dynasty，Liaoning、Song、Summer、Gold、The division of the Mongolian confrontation。Then，Mongolian Unification，Follow -up yuan、Ming、Qing reunification，After the 1911 Revolution in the modern times, it is a large division，Forming warlord melee，Unified in 1949。

Tian Changwu's concept of establishing a new historical system in China has very important theoretical value。His idea is to start from the actual departure of Chinese history.，Summarizing the development achievements of Chinese Marxist history over the past decades、The disadvantages of overcoming the framework of the traditional historical system。Although the specific process of ancient Chinese history is re -explained according to his ideas、Writing a new history of China also needs to pay a lot of effort，But how to explore the laws of Chinese historical development、Build a new academic system，Tian Changwu's idea is undoubtedly possible to give some important revelations for the academic community。

Historically workers in the new era shoulder summarizing historical experience、Reveal historical laws、Mission to grasp the historical trend。Tian Changwu is such a historian with a high sense of historical responsibility and mission，He advocates the establishment of Marxist history with Chinese characteristics，and continuously carry out hard exploration。The precious historical heritage and positive academic exploration spirit he left for us，It is worthy of our good learning and carrying forward。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of History of the Capital Normal University)