China did not establish its own "paleophilology" discipline in the past。Although paleophilology had already been mentioned as early as 1914 when Huang Renwang compiled "Lecture Notes on Historical Research Methods" (with the courtesy of Mr. Hou Xudong)，But that is just an excerpt to introduce the content of Japanese ancient literature，It had little influence on the subsequent history circles。Until 2010, several young colleagues who studied bet365 coupon code at the Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (Institute of Modern and Ancient History) initiated the establishment of an "bet365 coupon code Research Class"，The beginning of the establishment of "Chinese ancient calligraphy" has just begun。The first “Academic Symposium on Chinese bet365 coupon code” in 2012 was held at the Institute of History，marks the official establishment of "Chinese ancient literature"。2014 National Social Science Fund major project "Research on Chinese Ancient Letters" was established，marks that “Chinese bet365 coupon code” has received academic support and national recognition。This project will be roughly completed by the end of 2020，The project closing meeting was held on March 1, 2021，marks that the “Research on Chinese bet365 coupon code” has achieved phased results。

About the progress and achievements of "Chinese Paleobiography" after receiving support from the National Social Science Fund，There are already articles introducing it in detail。This article is based on personal research，Talk about the research characteristics and future development of "Chinese bet365 coupon code literature"。

　　Strengthening the theoretical discussion of "Chinese bet365 coupon code literature"

The so-called "Chinese ancient calligraphy" theory，Mainly includes discussing and defining "documents", "bet365 coupon code" and "paleophilology"，The nature of “palaeography” research、Object、range、Perspective、Method、Features，And Archives Science、Paleophilology、Differences in historical philology, etc.。

I once pointed out in "Some Thoughts on "Chinese Ancient Philology""，The properties or characteristics that a “document” in the sense of paleontology should have are: first，It is the original data that has not been modified by future generations。Second，It does not include various written or compiled classics。Third，It is usually written in words。Fourth，It is mainly based on the sender expressing the intention to the recipient，Also includes accounting books and other economic documents。Fifth，It should be in full format，For example ultimatum、Pleading documents should generally include the sender、recipient、Ending words、Date and other elements ("Chinese History Research Trends" 2018 Issue 2)。Previously in ""Chinese Ancient Philology": Research on Documents Beyond Dating"，I have also written about the definition of bet365 coupon code: the study of ancient Chinese documents is mainly unearthed or handed down from ancient times、Documentary materials before modern times，“Mainly handwriting，Basically does not include woodblock printing documents，But if there are document collections or documents and archives journals，It seems it can also be included。As for materials，Ignore the oracle bones、Bronze、Jianbo、Paper and bricks” ("China Social Sciences Journal", Page 5, July 25, 2012)。Definition of this，Some scholars, especially those who study bet365 coupon code of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, believe that，Many bet365 coupon code of the Ming and Qing Dynasties are inscribed，Therefore, the definition of "bet365 coupon code" cannot be limited to "handwriting"。This opinion is reasonable。I think the key to defining "document" is whether it retains the document format，Because "format" is the soul of "document"，If you remove the format，There is no difference between documents and documents。So，Those engraved documents if they have complete format，Or consistent with the original document，It seems that it can be defined as "document"。

About the similarities and differences between "Chinese Paleontology" and Japanese Paleontology，I think there are two main points: first，Exhibited in the origin of bet365 coupon code。Chinese bet365 coupon code have two major sources: unearthed and handed down from ancient times，Japan mainly has documents handed down from ancient times。Second，Exhibited in the type of bet365 coupon code。Due to different power structures，The types of ancient Japanese documents are more complicated。Recently, some scholars believe that documents carved on stone were preserved，It is also a characteristic of Chinese ancient literature。This statement makes sense。Li Xuemei's "Narrative of Ancient Chinese Stone Carving Legal Documents" (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 2020 Edition) includes 8223 types of stone carving documents from the Warring States Period to the late Qing Dynasty，Of which official monuments account for a large proportion，Such as the Tang, Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties，Official monuments accounted for up to two-thirds of the number of legal monuments in the same period，Only the imperial edict tablet from the Mongolian and Yuan Dynasties、There are 193 copies of the official monument。These official document monuments completely retain the official document format，Including Jing Kong、Pick up、Seal、Paintings, etc.，Obviously it is the original engraving of the ancient document。Such a large scale by carving stone、Multiple regions、Preserving bet365 coupon code on multiple occasions，It is indeed a distinctive feature of "Chinese ancient literature"。

In short，About the definition of "Chinese bet365 coupon code literature"、Theoretical issues such as characteristics，There is a need for further discussion in the future。

　　Studying bet365 coupon code from the perspective of "palaeography"

The so-called "paleophilology" perspective，It is to adopt an angle that conforms to the characteristics of bet365 coupon code，From the format and language of the instrument、Operation direction and rules、Accessory elements such as signature, seal, and inscription，Research on all aspects including the physical form of documents。

For example, studying the format of litigation documents，It can be seen that in the Tang Dynasty, "ci" and "ultimate orders" were used respectively due to different levels。The format of "Ci" is that the year, month, day, name and "Ci" are placed on the first line，And the name of the lawsuit being accepted，At the end there is "Please cut off"，Clichés like “I would like to express my sincere words”。The format of "牒" is that the name is placed at the end of the line，No lawsuit name accepted，Begin with "ultimate" under "target"，There is "Please cut" at the end，The words "I sincerely give you an ultimatum"，Finally, there is the word "牒" under the name。The contents of "ci" and "ultimatum" can both be called "statements"，Later, "pleading" documents for litigation appeared。This "state" contains the characteristics of both "ci" and "ultimatum"。With the gradual popularity of "Zhuang"，“Ci” becomes rare，“ultimate orders” are also gradually being eliminated，The result is that "Zhuang" replaced "Ci" and "牒"，Becomes the main type of litigation documents for future generations ("Dunhuang Turpan Research" Volume 14)。Academia has done a lot of research on document formats, especially official document formats in the past，The characteristic is that before the Song Dynasty, the document format was mainly restored，After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the focus was on analyzing the complex composition of document formats ("A Review of Research on Official Document Styles in bet365 coupon code Chinese Documents"，"Sui, Tang, Liao, Song, Jin and Yuan Historical Studies Series" No. 9)。

Another example is to study the ways of expressing the authenticity of contract bet365 coupon code based on the Dunhuang and Turpan bet365 coupon code，Discovered in nearly 500 years，There are three main methods depending on the era: the first stage's terminology feature is "each signed as a letter"，Mainly used in the Gaochang Kingdom period。The parties to the contract mainly use signature method。The terminology characteristic of the second stage is "two harmonies establish a contract，Drawing fingers is a letter”。Started to appear around the 20th year of Tang Zhenguan (646)，Used until the middle of the 9th century。The terminology characteristic of the third stage is "fearing people and being untrustworthy"，So make a private contract，Use as posterior”，From the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties to the early Northern Song Dynasty，The specific method used is mainly painting ("Sui, Tang, Liao, Song, Jin and Yuan History Series" No. 8)。Why does this change occur，In particular, what does the emergence and popularization of "drawing fingers" (drawing three knuckles on the middle finger) mean，Worth further research in the future。

The physical form of bet365 coupon code is also studied like paper。Japanese ancient document scholars attach great importance to this。For example, Japan in the Middle Ages had a document that conveyed the emperor’s will，The paper color is very heavy (often dark green) and very rough，Known as "Suzhi" (recycled paper)。Why use such rough paper？It turned out to be in the process of issuing the emperor’s decree，First, the "Zangren" (the emperor's secretary) must accept the emperor's "verbal declaration"，Record the "oral announcement"，Make an “oral declaration case”，Informally conveyed to the recipient。In other words，This kind of recycled paper document was originally just a transcript of the emperor's decree (Michihiro Kojima, "Introduction to bet365 coupon code of the Middle Ages" 2016)。Understand this，As long as you see documents made of this heavy and rough paper，You will be able to understand its operating procedures and functions。Ancient China also had clear regulations on the paper used for documents，For example, edicts in the Tang Dynasty generally used jute paper and yellow rattan paper，The pardon letter is made of silk paper or the like。Other than paper，The use of seals is also worth studying。Generally speaking，The seal of the document is on the date，To ensure the accuracy of the document issuance time，To check for delays in paperwork。There is another kind of seal，It is "printed everywhere" on documents ("Tian Sheng Ling·Miscellaneous Order" of the Northern Song Dynasty)。What kind of seal is this？Worth studying。Some scholars have proposed that “human” factors should be included in the research scope of paleontology，That is of course a higher level pursuit。

　　Promote and popularize Chinese bet365 coupon code literature

Since the establishment of Chinese bet365 coupon code literature，To promote and popularize this emerging discipline，We do it once a year，Convened 8 academic seminars on bet365 coupon code literature，Three of them were with Capital Normal University、Co-organized by Hebei Normal University and Handan University。We also co-sponsored 2 "bet365 coupon code Documentary Study Camps" with China University of Political Science and Law。These activities popularized the concepts and knowledge of "Chinese bet365 coupon code literature"，Enable more scholars to join the research team of "Chinese bet365 coupon code Philology"。

In order to popularize the knowledge of ancient literature，Let historical researchers and learners know what bet365 coupon code are、What is the shape of the bet365 coupon code、How to read and understand bet365 coupon code，We have compiled the "Reading Book of Ancient Chinese Documents" (hereinafter referred to as the "Reading Book")。"Reading Book" roughly divides bet365 coupon code from the Pre-Qin Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties into 5 categories (official documents、Contract document、Account book documents、Litigation Documents、Correspondence documents)，Then select a few from each type of document，Introduced to readers。In order to give readers an overall concept of bet365 coupon code，The "Reading Book" has a "General Introduction" and a "Small Preface" before each type of document in each era，Introduction to the overview of this type of document。Give a picture of each document first，And the transcript of the document，Then proceed with “annotation” and “explanation”，Explain difficult words，Source of explanatory documents、Material、size、Content、Value etc.，Finally give references about the instrument。There is such a book，Readers will have a clear understanding of the basic styles and characteristics of ancient Chinese documents。"Reading Book" can be said to be the introductory book of "Chinese Ancient Philology"。

In the future, the following work can be done to popularize Chinese ancient literature。The first is to continue writing an introductory book on bet365 coupon code，And like Japanese scholars did，will go up、Downlink、Parallel documents use icons to indicate the issuer of the document、Receiver、Ending words、Signature Level、Date stamp, etc.，Enable readers to understand the document intuitively。Actually，Domestic researchers, especially researchers of Ming and Qing documents, have been using diagrams to analyze the structure of documents (see Shen Lei's "Analysis of the Narrative Structure of Official Documents in the Qing Dynasty"，"Archival Science Research" 2019 Issue 3)。Such a graphic illustration，It has a very good guiding role for readers who are initially exposed to bet365 coupon code。The second is to compile a dictionary of terms used in bet365 coupon code。Current language dictionary about bet365 coupon code，The only "Dictionary of Historical Documents" written by Liu Wenjie in China (Sichuan People's Publishing House, 1988 edition)，But only the "Ming, Qing, and Republic of China parts"。In the future, efforts should be organized to compile a dictionary of terms used in bet365 coupon code from the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties，To facilitate scholars to study bet365 coupon code of various dynasties。The third is to strive to bring "Chinese ancient literature" into campus，Become a basic course in historical data processing for students studying ancient history。Only this way，Only in this way can the knowledge of ancient literature be popularized in universities，To enable history students to have an additional perspective when facing ancient historical materials，Consciously use the method of paleography to study bet365 coupon code and then study history。

There are millions of bet365 coupon code in existence in China (not including Qing Palace archives)，How to use the theory of paleography、Perspective、Methods to deal with these documents，And through these documents that were actually used in ancient times, we can reveal the flow of "people", "things" and "things" at that time，Even all aspects of the historical process，Is an important issue we face。We hope that scholars who are interested in this, especially young scholars, will join the ranks of ancient document research，If you join, you will find that there is something special about it，It has great development prospects。

■bet365 coupon code Character Museum file picture

(Author’s unit: Institute of bet365 coupon code History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)