China has not established its own "ancient documents" disciplines in the past。Although the ancient document science was mentioned in 1914 when Huang Renwang edited the Lecture of History Research Lecture (this inheritance of Mr. Hou Xudong)，But that is just an extra translation introduction to the content of Japanese ancient documents，The influence of the historic community later is very small。Until 2010, several young colleagues who studied ancient documents in the Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (now Institute of Ancient History) proposed to open the "Ancient Document Research Class"，Only the prelude to the establishment of "Chinese ancient documents" was unveiled。The first "Academic Symposium on Chinese Ancient Documents" in 2012 was held at the Institute of History，It marks the formal establishment of "Chinese Ancient Documents"。2014 National Social Science Foundation Major Project "Research on Chinese Ancient Documents"，It marks the support of the academic community and the state recognition of the academic community。This project was roughly completed at the end of 2020，March 1, 2021 held a meeting meeting，It marks "Chinese Ancient Document Research" and has achieved staged results。

About the progress and achievements of "Chinese Ancient Documents" after receiving the support of the State Social Science Fund，I have introduced it in detail。This article combines personal research，Talk about the research characteristics and future development of "Chinese ancient documents"。

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The so -called "Chinese Ancient Documents" theory，It mainly includes discussing and defining "documents", "ancient documents" and "ancient documents"，The nature of the study of "Ancient Documents"、Object、range、perspective、Method、Features，and archives、Ancient Literature、Differences in historical documents。

I have pointed out in "Several Thoughts on" Chinese Ancient Documents "，The "document" in the sense of ancient documents should have the nature or characteristics of: first，It is an original Bet365 app download information that has not been changed by future generations。Second，It does not include all kinds of books written or compiled。third，It is generally written in text。Fourth，It mainly expresses the intention to the recipient of the sender，At the same time, including account books and other economic documents。Fifth，It should have a complete format，For example,、Sympathetic documents should generally include issuers、Recipients、End term、Date and other elements ("China History Research Dynamics" 2018, No. 2)。Previously in "" Chinese Ancient Documents ": Beyond the Research on Drag Document，The definition of ancient documents.、Documents and materials before modern times，"Mainly handwriting，Basically does not include carved printing literature，But if there are documents integrated or document files，It seems that it can also include。As for the material，Regardless of oracle、Bronze、Jane、Paper and Bricks "(" China Social Sciences "July 25, 2012, 5th edition)。Definition of this，Some scholars, especially scholars who study ancient documents of Ming and Qing Dynasties, believe，Many ancient documents in the Ming and Qing Dynasties are engraved，Therefore, the definition of "ancient documents" cannot be limited to "handwriting"。This opinion makes sense。I want to define the key to "documents" to see if it retains a document format，Because "format" is the soul of "document"，If the format is removed，The document is no different from the literature。So，Those engraved documents If have a complete format，or remain consistent with the original document，It seems that it can be defined as "document"。

About the similarities and similarities between "Chinese Ancient Documents" and Japanese ancient documents，I think there are two main points: first，It is manifested on the source of ancient documents。Chinese ancient documents have two sources of unearthed and handed down，and Japan is mainly a handed down document。Second，It is manifested in the type of ancient documents。Due to different power structure，The type of ancient documents in Japan is more complicated。Recently, some scholars believe that the document is carved in the document，Bet365 lotto review It is also a feature of Chinese ancient documents。This statement makes sense。Li Xuemei "Lama of Ancient Chinese Stone Carvings Legal Literature" (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 2020) Including 8223 species from the Warring States Period to the late Qing Dynasty，Among them, the proportion of the official document accounts for a large proportion，As the Tang and Song Jinyuan period，The proportion of the number of lawstones in the same period accounts for two -thirds of the number of legal monuments，Only the imperial dimension of the Mongolian Yuan period、There are 193 copies of the document。These document monuments completely retain the format of the official document，Including Jingkong、Make a Travel、Seal、Painting, etc.，Obviously the original engraving of ancient documents。such a large -scale carved stone method、Multiple regions、Save ancient documents in multiple occasions，It is indeed a significant feature of "Chinese Ancient Documents"。

In short，Definition of "Chinese Ancient Documents"、Features and other theoretical problems，There will be necessary for further discussion in the future。

　　Study ancient documents from the perspective of "Ancient Documents"

The so -called "ancient documentation" perspective，It is an angle that conforms to the characteristics of ancient documents，Format and language from the document、Operating direction and law、Affiliated elements such as signature seal and painting，and even the material form of the document conducts research。

For example, study the format of litigation documents，It can be seen that the Tang Dynasty used "resignation" and "牒" due to different levels。The format of "resignation" is characterized by the name and "resignation" in the first bank，and the name of the acceptance of acceptance，Finally, there is "please tail，Quick -resignation "category row。"牒" format is characterized by the name of the year, month, and day，No lawsuit name，Start with "牒" under the "target"，At the end, there is "please crowd，Kimono ""，Finally, there is the word "牒" in the name。"Victory" and "牒" can be called "shape"，Later, there was a "style" document for litigation。This "shape" also contains the characteristics of "resignation" and "牒"。bet365 Play online games With the gradual popularization of "shape"，"Resignation" becomes rare，"牒" is gradually eliminated，The result is "shape" replaced "resignation" and "牒"，The main type of the descendants' litigation documents ("Dunhuang Turpan Research" Volume 14)。The academic world has a lot of research on the format of the document, especially the official document format，It is characterized by the format of recovery documents in the Song Dynasty，After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the complex composition of the analysis of the text format was the main composition ("Research on the Story of the Grand Documents in Chinese Ancient Documents"，"Sui, Tang, Liao, Song Jin Yuan History Cong", 9th)。

Another way to express its authenticity from Dunhuang Turpan Document Starting Research Contract Documents，It is found that in the nearly 500 time，There are three main types of methods according to the times: the characteristics of the first stage are "each signature letter"，It is mainly used for Gaochang State。Contract parties mainly adopt the signature method。The characteristics of the second stage are "Two and Establishment，Painting Finger as a letter "。Starting from the 20th year of Tang Zhenguan (646), it appeared，Always in the middle of the 9th century。The characteristics of the third stage are "fearless people without faith，So private deed，Used as a post -test "，From the end of the late Tang Dynasty to the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty，The specific method adopted is mainly painted ("The 8th Series" of "Sui, Tang, Liao, Song Jin Yuan History Cong)。Why does this change appear，Especially the emergence and popularity of "drawing fingers" (drawing the middle finger 3 knuckles) means，It is worth continuing to study in the future。

Ancient documents in the form of material form is like paper research。Japanese ancient literature scholars attach great importance to this。For example, there is a document in the Middle Ages that convey the emperor，Paper color is very heavy (often dark green) and rough，Known as "Paper Paper" (regeneration paper)。Why use such rough paper? It turned out to be in the process of the emperor's will，First of all, the Emperor's "Magic Xuan"，Record "Mouth Propaganda"，Do it into a "mouth propaganda bet365 best casino games case"，Informal conveyed to the subject。In other words，This kind of recycled paper document was originally a transcript of the emperor's will (2016 of the Ancient Documents of the Mid -World の の の の の の 小 小)。Understand this，As long as you see a document made of paper with this color and rough paper，You can understand its running program and the role played。Ancient China also clearly stipulated in paper use，For example, the Tang Dynasty 诏 敕 Generally uses yellow hemp paper and yellow rattan paper，Forgive books use silk yellow paper and the like。Outside of paper，The use of seal is also worth studying。Generally speaking，The seal of the document 钤 is on the date，It is necessary to ensure the accuracy of the time issuing the document，Check whether the document processing is delayed。There is also a seal，It is the "Indian Agency" in the document (the Northern Song Dynasty "The Saint Order · Miscellaneous Order")。What kind of Indians are this? worthy of study。Some scholars have proposed to incorporate the factors of "people" into the research scope of ancient documents，Of course it is a higher level of pursuit。

　　Publicity and popularization of ancient Chinese documents

Chinese ancient documents since the establishment，To promote and popularize this emerging discipline，We once a year，Holding the 8th Ancient Document Academic Symposium，Among them, there are three sessions of the University of Capital、Co -organized by Hebei Normal University and Handan College。We also co -sponsored two "Ancient Documents Study Camp" with China University of Political Science and Law。These activities publicize and popularize the concept and knowledge of "Chinese ancient documents"，Let more scholars join the research team of "Chinese Ancient Books"。

In order to popularize the knowledge of ancient documents，Let historical researchers and learners know what is ancient documents、How about the form of ancient documents、How to read and understand ancient documents，We wrote "Reading of Chinese Ancient Documents" (hereinafter referred to as "Reading")。"Reading" roughly divided the ancient documents from the pre -Qin to Ming and Qing Dynasties into 5 categories (officials' documents、Contract documents、Account Book Documents、litigation documents、Letter bet365 Play online games Documents)，Then select several in each type of document，Introduction to readers。To make readers a overall concept of ancient documents，"Reading" has "general theory" and "small preface"，Introduce the Overview of this class of this class。Give the picture version for each document，Records of the document，Then perform "annotation" and "explanation"，Explanation of difficult words，Commentary documents、Material、Size、Content、Value, etc.，Finally gives references about the document。There is this book，The basic style and characteristics of the reader's ancient Chinese documents can be known for the chest。"Reading" can be said to be an entry book for "Chinese Ancient Documents"。

In the future。The first is to continue to write an entry book of ancient documents，And as the Japanese scholars do，will go up、downward、Parallel documents are marked with the issuer of the document、Acceptor、End term、Signature level、Date seal, etc.，allow readers to read the documents intuitively。Actually，Researchers in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, have analyzed the structure of the document using icons (see the analysis of the "An Analysis of the Installation Structure of the Document of the Qing Dynasty Government"，"Archives Research" No. 3, 2019)。This icon diagram method，It has a good guiding role for readers who have been in contact with ancient documents。The second is to compile the ancient document term dictionary。Now the language dictionary of ancient documents，Domestic only "History Dictionary Dictionary" written by Liu Wenjie (Sichuan People's Publishing House 1988 edition)，But only "Ming, Qing · Republic of China"。In the future, we should organize power to write a dictionary of ancient documents from the Warring States Period to the Ming and Qing Dynasties，To facilitate scholars to read ancient documents of various dynasties。The third is to strive to make "Chinese ancient documents" enter the campus，Basic courses for students who learn ancient history in historical materials。Only this，can we popularize the knowledge of ancient documents at universities，​​Make students of the Department of History can have a perspective when facing ancient historical bet365 live casino games materials，Consciously use the method of ancient documents to study ancient documents and then study history。

There are as many as one million pieces of ancient documents in China (excluding the Qing Palace archives)，How to use the theory of ancient books、perspective、Method to handle these documents，and through these documents that have been actually used in ancient times to reveal the flow of "people", "things" and "things" at that time，All aspects of the historical process，Is an important subject we face。I hope scholars who are interested in this, especially young scholars to join the ranks of ancient document research，After joining, you will find that there are other holes，Is a great development future。

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(Author Unit: Institute of Ancient History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)