"Four lines of translation method" is an effective interpretation method for handling all strange texts。In the field of Xixia，Simple replacement of Xixia characters and Chinese characters is an interpretation method that people have to adopt a century ago。Now the interpretation of Xixia literature has gradually become standard，Researchers generally adopt the "four -line translation" mode。The specific method is: the original text of the Xixia literature; the second behavior of the Xixia word; the third behavior Chinese translation; the fourth behavior Chinese translation。After the Chinese translation, there are often comments，Notes are focused on Xixia words that are not literally corresponding to Hanwin、Transliteration words and grammar words，It mainly explain the reason for such translation。Taking a sentence in инв.no.6738 Xixia "Mencius" as an example:

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　　Ancient gentlemen who have eaten every day and moon are like

Gunns, who are spending, like sun and moon.

[1]That is "Luo Yan",There is a "cover" meaning.，Literal meaning "Luo Yan"，The word "food" translated "Sun and Moon"。Tibetan eclipse and moon eclipse are written as nyi vdzin and ZLA VDZIN，The literal meaning is "Daily Capture" and "Monthly Capture"，Ben in India Legend。Xixiawen(Sun Moon Luo Cover)，In the same way of terms of terms, the same is the same as it，This indicates that Xixia is deeply influenced by India, the birthplace of Buddhism in the birthplace of astronomical calendar，This impact is achieved by Tubo as a springboard。

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What needs to be pointed out is，The basic unit of the translation is word rather than words。As the summer translation sentence plus the line """ ""，Literal meaning "Luo Yan"，"Food" of the original "Sun and Moon" translated Chinese。This is a Xixia word that cannot form a literally corresponding to Chinese，When a note instructions。

Many secrets hidden in Xixiawen，All discovered by the "Four Elements"。Who was invented by this method at first，Unable to test。We think，It should be related to the ancient "translation field"，Is the crystallization of collective wisdom in the practice of translation activities。

Translation Scriptures，From the end of the Han Dynasty to the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty，It lasts nearly 900 years before and after，It is the main form of translation of ancient Buddhist scriptures in my country，Play a very important role in the translation of the Buddhist scriptures。During the development process of nearly a thousand years，The translation of the Buddhist scriptures is probably in the boundary of Sui，Can be divided into two phases in the front and back。The early stage is the simultaneous translation and lecture，bet365 Play online games Show a hundred people，as many as thousands of people，And anyone present can debate with the translator of the translation of the scriptures，Similar to today's speech and discussion，Is a loose intangible organization。Late period，Due to Buddhism's discourse system, it has been formally formed，No need to explain too much，So the translation of the scriptures and the lecture separation，Tongshi from the translation、The evolution of the large translation field of thousands of people is a collection of talents，Leader of the main translation，Closed household discussion of the Sanskrit scriptures，Assistant has their own job departments，Translation of the scriptures in a division of labor，Similar to today's expert research rally，is a tight tangible organization。(Cao Shibang: "Translation Field -The Rigid Method of Ancient Chinese Translation Buddhism"，"Journal of Chinese Buddhism" 1994, No. 7)

In fact，Tang、Song's translation organization is also different。"Song Gao Seng Biography" divides the Tang Dynasty translations into ten: Translator、Pens、Du language、S & A、Runwen、Certificate、Brahma、collation、Monitoring Ambassador、Zheng Zi, etc. (The serial number in the citation is added by the author)。

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　　or: The translation field Jing Pavilion，Set official division，Can't smell it? Said: This office，Xianzong (1) Translator。That is, the three -in -law of the 赍 赍。Times (2) Writing，Must -say, Tonghua Brahma，Learning to be free，Question Qi Zhi Zhi，then pens。Puppet Qin in the Western Jin Dynasty is here，Standing members，That is the Shamen Road with、Xuanzhang、Yao Song、Nie Chengyuan's father and son。As for the emperor，That is Yao Xing、Liang Wu、Hou Queen、Zhongzong。or Chou Jihan，Also known as a Wenye。Times (3) Lord，Zhengyun translation also。Passing the order of the transfer order，Also known as a word，If it reverses the theory of consciousness、Salmon Zhan Tuo translation is also。Times (4) Sades in Sanben，Find its amount of fruit，Secret can be witnessed，It is not bad to interpret，There is no fallacy。Ru Shi Yishero's translation of Vibra San is also。To a member of the Fan Yiyi，Nai Ming West Righteousness，Guilling Chinese is not losing Brahma。Fu Li Zen Yiyi，Shamen Datong charging。Times (5) Runwen，Number of members is not constant，Finding scholars inside and outside。Liang Yi Yizi suffers from its oil，Classical Chinese?意 傥，How to publish and positive。Old Yi Jing Translation Field，then Li Yan、Wei Yili、Lu Zangdang and other more than 20 people Wen Runcai also。Times (6) Certificate，The meaning of the translation of the translated text of the certificate also。Such as a translated Posha Luna，Huisong、Dao Lang and other three hundred people test the sense of conclusion，Tang Fuli full of charges。Times (7) Brahma，Dharma Zhaoqi，bet365 live casino games Vatican Former Xing。Used as an introduction，Make creatures good，Tang Yongtai China heard this also。Times (8) collation，雠 For the text of the translated。Sui Zeyan covered the scriptures，Gai Zhong is cautious。Times (9) Monitoring Ambassador，After Zhou Ping Gao Gonghou Shou, the director's inspection school，Tang Zifang Fang Liang Gong is guarded by the master。Observation at all times、Yang Shenjiao、Du Xingyu and other charges。or a monk，then Sui Yi Mingmu、Ten people and other people，Supervisor translation，Ding Ding Temple。Qin Xiaoyao Garden，Liang Shouguang Hall、Zhanyun Pavilion，Wei Runan King House。And the Emperor Sui Emperor's Reading Museum，Among them, the monk has a bachelor's name。Tang Yu Guangfu and other temples，or Palace Garden。Set (10)，Word Xue Ying should be a job，Later or not or not。(Dazheng All Classics Meeting: "Dazheng New Tibetan Scriptures" No. 50，"The Biography of Song Gao Monk" Volume 3 "Tang Jingshi Man Yue Biography"，Daizang Publishing Co., Ltd. 1925 edition)

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The translation field in the Song Dynasty was divided into nine parts，and marked with seats，and ask for sitting，No disorder。This is clearly recorded in the "Song of the Song Conference"，It's just that this text is messy，Not a good understanding，Fortunately, "Buddha's Ji" also contains the heavenly disaster translation ceremony，Talking about the translation organization of the Song Dynasty，It can be booked for positive。"Buddha's Ji Ji" not only records the division of work divisions of the translation field，Also made one by one for example:

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　　The first translator，Sitting outside，By test error。Sitting on the left，Sanskrit with the translator's evaluation。Sitting on the right，Listen to the translator's high reading Sanskrit，By test error。Fourth Book Fan Xue Monk，Listen to Sanskrit documents into Chinese characters，Jansan (，First turning into "纥"。sūtra is "Su Shi Lan")。Fifth Stroke，Turn the Brahma sound of Hua Yan ("纥" again "heart"。"Surval Lay" is turned into "Jing")。sixth embellishment，Back to the text to make the sentence: "If you see the cloud" see the five aggregates and see this "，Jinyun "Seeing the Five Empeiches to the Five Empty"。Greatly Sanskrit，If "Reading the Buddha" is "Buddha Nian"，"Block" is "Bell"。Therefore, the word sentence must be returned，The text of this soil)。Seventh Sin Translation，Refer to the two soil text to make the text correct。Eighth issue，Journal is long，Fixed sentence meaning (such as "ignorance"，As "Shangzheng knows"。As "Shangzheng knows"，The word "No" in the upper)。Ninth Runwen Officer，Set in the south of the monk，See the detailed and linked color (such as the "Heart Sutra" "Sudden All suffering"，Yuan Wu Sanskrit。"That's the empty" sentence，"Is the reason" two characters bet365 live casino games without Sanskrit)。(Dazheng All Classics Meeting: "Dazheng New Cultivation of the Da Tibetan Scriptures"，"Buddha's Ji Ji" Volume 43，Daizang Publishing Co., Ltd. 1925 edition)

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Based on this，We can classify the relevant records in the Song of the Song Dynasty:

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　　Translation Day,The first translator is sitting in person，Former Brahma。The left of the left second certificate of Van Yifan Monk，Evaluate with the translator Van Yiyi。The third Sanskrit Sanskrit Monk，Listening to the translator high reading Sanskrit，By test error。Right [1] Fourth Brahma Monk View Sanskrit，When the translator Xuanzan reads the word。Fifth Brahma Monk Pen。Sixth Brahma Monk Monk for Adults [2]。Seventh certificate of monks in detail [3]，Eighth Character [4] Fan Xue Monk Journal Fixed Word，Ninth Runwen Officer，Set in the south of the monk，See detailed littering color。Translated monk daily bath，Yan Jie Sanyi sitting，Weiyi Removal，Sitting in the throne of the law，No disorder。(Xu Song: "Song Hui Wanting" Dao 2 of Dao 2，Zhonghua Book Company 1957 edition)

[1] Right，These two words are mistakenly poured。According to "The Third Certificate of the Buddha", "Sitting on the Right"，Before the sentence of "Third Certificate of Sanskrit and Sanskrit"。

[2] Adults are mistaken for "text".

[3] Xiangyi, it is the error of "sentence meaning".

[4] word, the word is derived.

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Read these two paragraphs of text，helps our understanding of the division of labor in the Song Dynasty。Please see the following:

Compared to the Tang Dynasty translation field，Song Dai Di Guan has no job of "Du Yu"。This is because the translator and Tongtonghan are two texts in the later period，and familiar with Buddhist doctrine，So he no longer like the previous foreign translator，You must rely on Chinese assistants to translate Wentong characters，Du language is really unnecessary。Brahma，The Buddhist ritual before the translation of the scriptures，This is used to rectify the instrument and inner heart of translation staff，and inspire the charity of their protection of the law。Because of the fact that the translation of the actual Buddhist scriptures is not very related，So it was also streamlined in the Song Dynasty。The post of "translation" in the Song Dynasty translation field，"Refer to the two soil characters to make no errors", "see the detailed sentence meaning"，This is probably comparable to the "Sanskrit" in the Tang Dynasty translation field。That is, the translators are required to translate the Chinese scriptures in turn into Sanskrit，See if it is consistent with the original text。If you can't restore it into the original text，Then there is a problem with the translation。

About the translation of ancient Chinese Buddhist scriptures，Most of the past are text records，Its graphics information is unexpectedly stored in the "Xixia Translation Field Picture"。The National Library of China Library Map of Xixia Translation "The Famous Scriptures of the Famous Buddha now" Volume，There is a exquisite print of prints，In the Bet365 lotto review past, the academic community named it "Xixia Translation Scriptures"。Case: The content of the picture is actually a description of the translation of the Buddhist scriptures，It does not refer to the translation of scriptures，Therefore, make a little change，named it "Xixia Translation Field Picture"，Seeking Fame and Reality Vice，Non -new difference。(Duan Yan、Peng Xiangqian: "" Xixia Translation Field Picture "Division of Personal Test"，"Ningxia Social Sciences" 2015 No. 4)

Monk and customs on the screen 25、12 pieces of Xixiawen Question。The largest monk image in the middle of the upper part，Wearing，跏趺 跏趺，The top -engraving list on top of the head can be translated as "Metropolitan Pipe Translation Make the Safety Master Bai Zhiguang"，The translator of the translation field。Another question is engraved on it，Connected to translate it as "Auxiliary Translators Sixteen"。The 16 people are divided into left and right，Sitting on the shoulders，Two rows of left and right，4 people per row，Monk before and after。Every monk has a list of topics，Write on the surname and method of Xixiawen。"Bai Zhiguang" left，From top to bottom, "Bei Dan Huiyue", "Zhao Fuguang", "Famous Wish", "Hao Faming"。"Bai Zhiguang" right，From top to bottom, "Cao Guangzhi", "Tian Shanzun", "Xiyu Zhiyuan", "Lubu Zhiyun"。Draw 4 people in the left and right corners below the figure，A woman sitting in the lower left corner is large，Title of Xixiawen "Mother Liang's Empress Dowager"。Laureate 3 servants。A man sitting like a man in the lower right corner is larger，Title of Xixia Wen "Zi Shengming Emperor"，The remaining 3 people are smaller，Also a category of Huangmen waiters。(Shi Jinbo: "The" Xixia Translation Scripture "solution"，"Literature" 1979, No. 1) "Xixia Translation Field Map" clearly absorbs the actual experience of the Northern Song Dynasty translation field，It is simply a reproduction of the Song Dynasty translation，The translator is sitting outside，The assistant is listed on both sides，The division of work of the translation field is nine。According to the records of translations in the "Song of the Song Conference" and "Buddha's Ji"，We can determine the specific position of the characters in the painting: the first translator Bai Zhiguang，The second certificate of the left is the north but Huiyue，The third certificate of the right text Cao Guangzhi，The fourth book of the left fourth calligraphy, the monk Zhao Fa Guang，The fifth right of its right is Tian Shanzun，The sixth dotted on the left is famous，The right seventh ginseng translation of Xi Yuzhi Garden，The left of the left is the eighth magazine Dinghao Faming，Its ninth Running Civilian Lubu Zhiyun。This can be visible，The deep influence of Buddhism in the Song Dynasty on Xixia。Just for the symmetrical beauty of composition，The artist puts the "Run Guan of the Monknown"，Bet365 app download Listed on the last position of the translator right。The biggest difference is the figure of the emperor and the queen queen in the "Xixia Translation Field Map"，This image shows that the Xixia translation field is performed directly under the court's support and management，Reflects the worship of Buddhism and the emphasis on the translation of the Buddhist scriptures。

Look at the "Four Elements Translation Method"，In fact, it is a simplification of the division of labor of the Buddhist scriptures.。

Early translation of the Buddhist scriptures，Sanskrit who doesn't understand Chinese，Sanskrit who speaks Chinese，Translation methods that must be cooperated in the division of labor。Later, a monk who combined the Vatican Han Han，He wants to translate a certain Buddhist scripture，One with one and the number，Naturally, there will be a "four lines of translation"。"Four lines of translations" in ancient China has become a practice in the translation activities of ancient China for thousands of years，The impact is very large，Gradually expand from Sanskrit to all non -Chinese text。After a large number of Xixia literature was unearthed in the early 20th century，"Four lines of translation" was naturally introduced into Xixia academic circles，The basic interpretation mode of becoming the current Xixia literature。Analysis of the translation of the Buddhist scriptures，helps to deepen our understanding of the "Four Elements"。If the "IFI" in the fourth line，It can be seen from the form that it is not so simple，Originally containing the four links:。

Of course，The process of studying Xixia Literature，Is an endless exploration process，The current interpretation rules "Four Elements Translation Methods" also have a place that needs further improvement。If you add prefixes before the verb，This is a very important in Xixia language、Very distinctive grammar phenomenon，It is also an important basis for Xixia as an important basis for the Tibetan Burmese family.。Most of the Qiang people live in the valley、River groove zone，Stacking of the Worde，Road twists and turns，So the opponent is particularly sensitive，It is manifested in the language that adds a lot of prefixes in front of the verb。The currently collected verbs tend to prefix a total of 13，Can be divided into two categories，One category indicates complete body，One category indicates the unfinished body，Correspondence between the two categories，Have the same voice mother。List is as follows:

Although in most cases，Verbs tending to prefix can be saved without translation，But sometimes the prefix except for the direction information of a certain action，In a specific context，It can also give a special meaning of a verb，It must be reflected in the translation。For example, the seventh "Military" "Military" "Bait" sentence of "November Grandson" sentences "Qin people poisoned upper"，Translation in Xixiawen's "Three Note of Sun Tzu's Military Law":

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　　Qin Renjing Shui poisoning △ investment

Qin people in the water in the water to poison downstream.

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Poisoning in upstream，bet365 best casino games Make the army stationed in the downstream suffer。Poisoning downstream，It is through the verb "(vote) "before adding" to indicate the directional prefix ""reflected. If you save" at this time"" "

During the interpretation of Xixia Literature in the past，Because there is no corresponding word in Chinese，Abstract symbols such as "△" when translating are represented by "△"，Can't see the difference between these trend prefixes in grammatical functions。This labeling symbol，With the deepening and refinement of research，Destined to be improved。The practice of "grammar marking" in the field of national language research has been popular in recent years，Using the Lepzig labeling rules，Based on the framework of the basic grammar structure to mark the phrases and syntax phenomena of various languages，For example "sex、Number、grid、time、body、State "category，At the same time, the proclast language is marked with the symbol of the translation words and grammar，The corpus that has been processed so is easy to classify、Storage and analysis。Traditional "Four Elements Translation Law"，Or can draw useful experience from it。"Workers want to be good，Being in the first favors。"I believe the continuous improvement of the interpretation mode of Xixia Literature，It will definitely improve the interpretation quality of Xixia literature。

(This article is the National Social Science Fund's unprecedented learning team project "'Summer Translation Chinese' Construction and Database Construction" (20VJXT009) phased results)

(The author is a researcher at Ningxia University Xixia Research Institute)