The Hittites were a branch of the ancient Indo-Europeans，The Hittite civilization they created in Anatolia is an important part of the history of human civilization。In the course of more than 350 years of civilization development，The Hittites attached great importance to and were good at writing and recording their social activities，Compiled and created rich content and genre，bet365 offer with many own characteristics，Record their history and cultural achievements，Making it possible to reappear the Hittite civilization or another cultural heritage of mankind。

　Rich number and classification of Hittite bet365 offer unearthed

From the writing form of the text，The Hittite bet365 offer include cuneiform and hieroglyphics。Cuneiform bet365 offer were unearthed from the Hittite capital city of Hattusa (now Boazkalei, Turkey) and other sites，Rutapika (now Mashat-Xiuyuke)、Shapinua (now Otkoy) and Shalisha (now Kushakoli) and now Inandik、Kayaripinar and Oymak Pond and other places。so far，30,000 cuneiform tablet fragments have been discovered。In addition，There are also a small number of bronze plate inscriptions。Hieroglyphic bet365 offer were unearthed in a wider area，Not only a small number of hieroglyphic inscriptions were found in Hatusa，And there are about 5,000 seals and seals；In Yazlikaya、Shlkri、Filactin and Tashichi、Efratoum-Pinar、Karakuyu、Amir Qazi and Deri Hassanli，Hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions of varying lengths were also found。

Based on the contents of Hittite bet365 offer、Nature and characteristics，Hittite scholars classify extant Hittite cuneiform bet365 offer。In the book "General Catalog of Hittite bet365 offer" published in 1971，French scholar Larouche divides Hittite bet365 offer into history、Administrative and Technical Literature，Law、Textbook、Myth、Hymns and Prayers、Ritual、Religious administrative bet365 offer，divination literature，Festivals and sacrifices、Foreign language bet365 offer，Sumerian and Akkadian bet365 offer，13 categories of bet365 offer with uncertain attributes。Dutch scholar Daros thinks，The Hittite bet365 offer can be divided into 7 categories，i.e. historical bet365 offer，Administrative technical literature，Legal bet365 offer，Literature、Religious literature，bet365 offer related to Akkadian and Sumerian，With Hattic、Literatures related to languages ​​​​such as Luwian and Huri。Among them，Historical bet365 offer include chronicles and memorabilia、Treaties and letters (official letters)；Administrative and technical literature covers economic bet365 offer、Regulations on Discipline、Property Accounts and Horse Taming bet365 offer；Legal bet365 offer are divided into two parts: codes and court reports；Literary bet365 offer including mythology、Epic and proverbial literature；Religious literature including prayers、Ritual、Religious Administration、Omen、Oracle、Festival、Vow bet365 offer and sacrifice catalogue, etc.。

　There are many ways of writing Hittite bet365 offer in different periods

Based on the content of the bet365 offer, the different characteristics of the Hittite cuneiform symbol form and the development and change of the Hittite language features，The Hittite scholarly community divides the cuneiform Hittite bet365 offer into the Hittite Old Kingdom period (1600 BC-1500 BC), the Middle Kingdom period (1500 BC-1345 BC) and the New Kingdom period (1345 BC-1200 BC). / bet365 offer before 1198)。

The Hittite cuneiform bet365 offer were mainly written on clay tablets，And most of them are written on both sides of a clay tablet，Some bet365 offer are written on multiple clay tablets。Extant clay tablets also exist in the form of the so-called "Sammeltafel"，This refers to two or more bet365 offer with different contents written on one clay tablet。In addition，The Hittites also wrote some of their bet365 offer on wooden boards such as wooden boards、Bronze plate、Iron plate、Gold and silver plates。The vassal treaty between the Hittite King Tutalia IV and the Tarhun Tasha king Kurunda，It is the only fully preserved bronze plate inscription circulating in the world。Based on Supiruliuma I and Shari-Kusukh、The inscription records of the two clay tablets of the feudal treaties of Hatushri III and Urmi-Taisup，They were written on gold plates and iron plates respectively，bet365 offer of the Treaty of Equality between King Hatushri III and Pharaoh Ramses II of Ancient Egypt，It is also confirmed that the treaty was written on silver tablets。

The Hittites usually finished writing a document，Copy multiple copies。Not only that，Since the Hittite Middle Kingdom，Scribes also copied early bet365 offer。This way，Some early bet365 offer still exist in versions from different periods。But，Not all bet365 offer were copied。Generally speaking，bet365 offer with multiple manuscripts including chronicles、Treaty、Edict、Admonishing bet365 offer、Code Literature、Glossary、Mythological literature、Ritual bet365 offer、Festival Literature、Hymns and Prayers、Omens and Sumerian literature related to celestial phenomena、Akkadian、Hatti language、Luwei、Palayk and Hurrian literature。However，It is possible that there are no transcripts for some other categories of bet365 offer，Like a letter、Land Donation Document、Lists and Rosters、Economic Literature、Court Testimony、List of sacrificial offerings、Omen literature not related to celestial phenomena、divination literature、Vow document、Favorites list, etc.。The copy phenomenon in the writing of Hittite bet365 offer，Provides the possibility for research on the repair of Hittite clay tablet bet365 offer and other related issues，Highlights the value of chronology research and other aspects。

The Hittite hieroglyphic bet365 offer are limited in number。Since the Old Kingdom，The use of hieroglyphs is gradually gaining attention，Hieroglyphic bet365 offer mainly include seals and hieroglyphic inscriptions，The former mainly records the name of the king、Titles and their genealogies；The latter is mainly engraved on rock walls and stone tablets，Used to record the king’s military achievements。The inscription mainly uses relief carving technique，Has strong image and artistic value。The appearance of Hittite hieroglyphic inscriptions began during the reign of King Muwatalli II，The longest ones are the Nisantaipo inscription and the Nanbao inscription of Supiruliuma II。

bet365 offer written in eight different languages ​​were unearthed from the ruins of the Hittite capital，includes Hittite、Hatti language、Akkadian、Sumerian、Cuneiform Luwian and Hieroglyphic Luwian、Hurli and Palak。Among them，Indo-European Hittite bet365 offer account for the largest proportion in terms of quantity，Throughout the entire history of Hittite civilization。But，The same is true for the use of Akkadian in the Hittite countries。During the Hittite Ancient Kingdom，The Hittites also used Akkadian to record major events in the internal affairs of the Hittite country，The political edict of Hatushili I and the famous Tilieping Edict，Existing Akkadian text，Also has Hittite text。The most outstanding point is，Early 1990s，A land grant document unearthed from the Hattusa site belonging to the Hittite Ancient Kingdom，Almost always written in Akkadian，The Hittite kings used this language to record the various properties they gave to ministers and officials，Leaved authoritative property certificate for the recipient。Since the Hittite Middle Kingdom，The Hittites mainly used Akkadian as a diplomatic language，Used in foreign relations，Used to write diplomatic treaties and letters。

In addition，At different stages of Hittite history，The Hittites also introduced or accepted the language bet365 offer of other ethnic groups or tribes，and translated into Hittite text，Or compiled into a multilingual document，Hattic-Hittite、Akkadian-Hittite、Hurrian-Hittite、Cuneiform Luwian-Hittite bilingual bet365 offer and Sumerian-Akkadian-Hittite trilingual bet365 offer，The content involves philosophical words、Hymn、Mythic epic、Various oracles and divination、Festival、Birth、Treatment of insomnia and oral cleaning rituals，In terms of the number of language pairs in multilingual bet365 offer，The Hittites probably translated the most foreign bet365 offer in the second millennium BC，This is undoubtedly a unique cultural phenomenon in the contemporary Near Eastern world。

　The compilation of Hittite bet365 offer is unique

Throughout the compilation and development of Hittite bet365 offer，During the Old Kingdom there were already books such as Chronicles of the Kings、Important historical bet365 offer such as edicts and treaties，There are also laws、Land Donation Document、Regulations on Discipline、Prayer、Various rituals、divination、Festivals and mythology bet365 offer。Discovery of new materials and confirmed by dating studies，The compilation of hieroglyphic bet365 offer with seals as the main form also began during this period。

During the Hittite Middle Kingdom，New document forms such as sacrifice lists and accusations were introduced one after another，New developments are also reflected in the substantial increase in the number of bet365 offer compiled in certain categories，More content，More widely used。The objects targeted by the Responsibility Discipline Regulations have been expanded，Existing pair of nobles、Regulations on the Discipline of Administrative Officials and Employees，Also for military commanders、Regulations on the duties of soldiers and priests and other clergy；Treaties are no longer just diplomatic agreements between equal powers，A set of indications from the advent of the Treaty of Kashka，The Hittite king introduced treaties into relations with some weak countries，The vassal state treaty also came into being；The compilation of chronicles continued to be followed by the Hittite kings，The compilation of prayers has a new development，The Hittite prayers have since been deeply imprinted with the Mesopotamian god-praising culture。

On the basis of inheriting the existing literature compilation culture，The number of various bet365 offer compiled during the Hittite New Kingdom greatly increased，New types such as Vow bet365 offer appear。What is particularly important is，Compilation of bet365 offer such as the Chronicle of King Murshri II and the Festival of Antakhsu in both detailed and abbreviated versions，The detailed version of the same document reflects another new change in the writing of Hittite bet365 offer，This is probably an innovation in Hittite documentation，Different texts have different emphasis，Different intentions，Reflects the focus of document compilation。Another outstanding feature is，The Hittite literature writing has a distinctive narrative color，Pay attention to the historical background of writing events、Process and changes，Emphasis on causality，Rich content，Attention to detail in description，Plot ups and downs，The characterization of characters focuses on the inner revelation，Strong thinking，Such a prominent narrative feature，Greatly enhances the historical value of the bet365 offer。

Although the number of Hittite historical bet365 offer seems to be much smaller than that of ritual and festival bet365 offer，But，Generally recognized by the academic community，Records of historical events are also contained in treaties、Regulations on Discipline、Court trial records、In religious prayers and some oracles and other bet365 offer。In fact，We think，Some festivals of the Hittites、Ritual、Vows and Mythical bet365 offer，Also records relevant historical events directly or indirectly，The so-called Hittite religious and mythological bet365 offer also have outstanding historical value。Therefore，Except historical bet365 offer，Other types of Hittite bet365 offer are not only an important basis for research in related fields，It is also a historical material that cannot be ignored in the study of Hittite history。

Put all kinds of Hittite bet365 offer into the large historical and geographical scope of the entire ancient Near East and examine them，such as Chronicle、Treaty、Outstanding features of Akuwal prayers and vow bet365 offer，Or because of the large number and variety，Perhaps it is because the Hittites were original and unique and had a certain influence on the compilation of bet365 offer in surrounding areas，In the entire field of ancient Near Eastern paleophilology research，Hittite bet365 offer always have a place。

Since the 21st century，Archaeological excavations at Hittite sites continue to deepen，New bet365 offer are constantly being discovered and published，Make us see，The study of Hittite literature will definitely bring more new understandings in the future。

(The author is a professor at the School of Foreign Languages, Peking University)