Assyriology recovery the civilization of the dead ancient river basin，It mainly uses archeological excavation to excavate the wedge -shaped text unearthed (mainly Sumerian and Akkardi) mud version ("mud version"，mainly refers to writing content and shape)。These literatures record the politics of the two river basins thousands of years ago、Economy、Culture、Social Life and other aspects。where，King List is an important document，Wang Biao records the reign sequence of the ruler in various places in the order of time，Sui laid the material foundation for the political history of the ancient two river basins and the study of age academic studies。In the ancient two river basins, there have been traditions of compiling kings，There are more than a dozen types of existing king watch，For example, "Sumer King" (Superian King list), "King Lagsh" (Lagash King list), "Babylon King Table A -C" (Babylonian King List A-C), "King Uruk" (URUK King list), etc., "Assyrian King Watch" (Assyrian King list) is an important part of it.

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"Assyrian King" is a collective name for several Akkardian king watches，They recorded in the form of forms that almost all Assyrian King's relevant information from the end of the 8th century BC at the end of the 8th century BC，is the first -hand historical material of Assyrian history research，It also built the most basic age framework for the historical research of the ancient two river basins after 2,000 BC。From the perspective of literature，"Assyrian King" is engraved on the positive and negative sides of the mud version，Each mud version is divided into two left and right columns with vertical lines，From left to right、Record the name of almost every king from top to bottom、World Department and Destlement，This has formed a "form" style that people are familiar with today。

The "Assyrian King Watch" usually includes three versions，All preserved a more complete mud version，"King Nasie" (Nassouhi King list), "King of Her Sabard" (Khorsabad King list) and "SDAS King Table" (The Seventh Day Adventist Seminary King List）。The first hidden in the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul，The collection number is A 116; the latter two originally hidden at the Oriental College of Chicago University，Then transfer to the Iraqi Museum，The collection number is IM 60017 and IM 60484。These three versions of the text subject format is roughly as shown in the "Affiliated Table:" Assyrian King Table "example，The content of the record is basically the same，There are only differences in individual places (see J. A. Brinkman, Orientalia 42, 311-312）。

，"Assyrian King Watch" and two more versions are mud versions，It is now hidden in the Berlin near East Museum and the British Museum，The collection number is VAT 11554 and BM 128059。The former has 5 lines left on the front，Leave 7 lines in the opposite side，Three kings each on each side; the latter only leaves 7 lines on the front，The beginning of the king watch。The content of these two pieces of residual films is consistent with the corresponding parts of the three main versions，The shape of its original mud version should also be the same as the three main versions。

Last，There are two other pieces of mud versions now hidden in the near -East Museum of Berlin，The collection number is VAT 9812 and VAT 12058。These two pieces of residual films also record a certain number of Assyrian King，But the content and text format of the texts are different from the above bet365 best casino games five versions，If some kings are not recorded in the above five versions，Therefore, these two pieces can be regarded as the "variant" literature of "Assyrian King"。

　　"Assyrian King Watch" all editions

First，The "Assyrian King Watch" to be interrupted in this article includes only the first five versions，The last two mud versions of the mud version should be excluded，One is that the whole picture of the original mud version cannot be seen by the residual film itself; the second is significantly different because the text content and format of the text and format，The nature and use of their literature are still controversial in the academic community，Therefore, it is difficult to use text comparisons to disconnect。

Second，The age of the so -called "Assyrian Watch" in this article refers to the original creative age，instead of copying the age of all editions，Because the version we see now may be just a copy of the earlier version。For example，"Colophon) of" The King of Herzbad "records:" Ashur (ASHUR)，Arbela Temple Temple official Kandalanu's copy，Lulu () Month 20th，Governor Add-Bel-Ukin of Adad-Bel-Ukin，is his second time to serve as a famous annual official。"(see I.J.GELB, Journal Bet365 app download of Near Eastern Studies 13, 229-230) According to the Assyrian "Eponym List"，We can accurately presume，Adida Bell-Uken's second time as a famous official was 738 BC。In that year，Cantrauu copied according to a version, which became the current "King of Holsbad"，Therefore, the "original" of the king's watch will inevitably be created before 738 BC，This time is the creation age of "The King of Herzbad"。Similarly，At the end of the article of "SDAS King" also stated that "according to the original school pair、Copy，Ashouer Exorcist Bell Schum-Idin Hidden Mud Edition "(see I. J. Gelb, Journal Bet365 app download of Near Eastern Studies 13, 230），Therefore, the age of "SDAS King Watch" also refers to its "original" creative age。

Determine the above two points，Our version of our version bet365 Play online games of the "Assyrian King" can be based on a relatively stable basis。

　　(1) "King of Nasis", "King of Herzbad" and "SDAS King"

Because the "Assyrian King" records the king's reignal life，Therefore, only the king who has already been reigned will be loaded into the king table，Then the original creation age of the king's version must be the last king's ruling period of the last king in this version。"King Nasie", "King of Herzabard" and "SDAS King Table" are relatively complete mud versions，The records at the end of the text are clearly visible，The last king contained in the Tiglath-Pileserii，About 966 BC and 935th is reigned)、Arish-Nirari V，Pedestrian 754 —— Call for 745) and Shalmana Sel V (ShalManeSer V，Call for 726 before 722)。Therefore，"King of Nastei" will be acting in the direct successor of Tigrate Palashar II Ashur-Dan II，During the reign of 934 BC); "The Watch of the Holsbad" must be in TigLath-Pileser III，Past 744 — Call for 727) period，or accurately speaking，It was made between 744 BC and 738 BC，Because the existing version of the king table is copied in 738 BC; "SDAS King Table" will be in Sargon II (SARGON II，Call for 721 — Past 705) Period。In other words，"King Nasie Watch" is earlier than "King of Herzbad"，and the latter earlier than "SDAS King Watch" (see J. A. Brinkman, Orientalia 42, 314）。

　　(2) VAT 11554、BM 128059 and "King of Holsbad"

VAT 11554 and BM 128059 are mud versions，The end of its article is missing and cannot be recovered，Just perspective of the remaining content，The age of these two pieces of remnants cannot be pressed，Comparison of the age of the two cannot be performed。But，The shape of the original mud version reflected by the remaining content is basically the Bet365 lotto review same as the above three main versions，These two pieces of residual films are feasible with these three main versions。Actually，Through comparison, we can infer，VAT 11554 and BM 128059 should be earlier than the "King of Holsbad" (see J. A. Brinkman, Orientalia 42, 315）。

First，VAT11554 The last king contained in Ninulta Apul (ninurta-apil-ekur，About 1191 BC，This record is located on the left side of the back。Because the front and bottom rotating mud versions are the opposite side，and the front from left to right、Two columns，and the opposite side from the right to the left to the third、Four columns，Therefore，Ninuerta-Apier-Erick's entry must be in the fourth column of the original mud version of VAT 11554。But，On the "King of Herzbad"，This king is located in the third column 27-30 line。Based on this judgment，The number of kings contained in "King of Hawl Sabard" should be more than VAT 11554 original mud version，That is, VAT 11554 should be earlier than the "King of Herzbad" (see A. POEBEL, Journal Bet365 app download of Near Eastern Studies 1, 251）。

Second，VAT 11554 The first column No. 3 Puzur-Ashur II，About 1880-1873 reigned) The number of numerals of the rule of rule was replaced by two wedge symbols "", which means" damage ", its Akkardi verb prototype""The meaning of" breaking (mud) "。These two symbols are not seen in "King of Holsbad" and "SDAS King Table"，But it is vaguely seen in the first column of "King of Nasiei" line 33-36 about Naram-SIN，About 1872 —— Call for reign of 1829/1819) In the records of the rule of rule。Maybe this may be，VAT 11554 and the creators of "King Nasie" copied the relevant information on other materials (or the text itself was a earlier version of the copy) when editing text，But the figures on the materials on the materials of Puzer Ashour II or Naram Schina have been damaged and unknown，So the creators of VAT 11554 and "King Nasie" truthfully label this (see e. Nassouhi, Archiv Für OrientForschung 4, 2; J. Volk, Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 6/1, 4）。If this specific record mode is the common "King of Nazy" in the early days of VAT 11554，But I did not see the later "King of Herzbad" and "SDAS King Table"，The age of the VAT 11554 should be closer to the "King of Nassy" and earlier than the "King of Herzabard" and "SDAS King"。

Last，BM 128059 only retains the original mud version of the starting part of the number line，These remaining content and their formats are almost the same as the beginning part of "Herzbad Watch" and "SDAS King Watch"。But，The font of the first symbol "su" in line 6 has the characteristics of the Central Assyrian period (see A. R. Millard, IRAQ 32, 176）。I am unique，The third column of "King Nasie", 17、37 lines and the symbol "su" in the fourth column and the 12th line of line 12 (see J. A. Brinkman, Orientalia 42, 315, n.52）。Except "SU"，"King of the King of Nasis" Walk No. 25 and the 4th column 25、The symbol "SAG" and the symbol "DA" of the 29th line of the third column and 29th line is also the font of Central Asia。Because the fonts of the Akkardian wedge symbol have gradually evolved in different historical periods, the characteristics of the times，The difference in fonts can be used as an important reference for the inter -text interrogation。"King Nassy" is made in the early new Assyria，The writing of certain symbols is normal with the leftover of the Central Asian fonts。Therefore，BM 128059's age should be similar to "King Nasie Table" and earlier than strictly strictly written in the new Assyrian font。

　　(3) VAT 11554、BM 128059 and "King Nasie"

Assyrian academic community generally believes，VAT11554 Earlier than the "King of Nasiei"，It is currently known as the earliest version of "Assyrian King" (see A. POEBEL, Journal Bet365 app download of Near Eastern Studies 1, 251; B. Landsberger, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 8, 39; A. K. Grayson, Reallexikon der Assyriology UND VordEraSiatischen Archäology 6, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1980-1983, 109; R. Pruzsinszky, Mesopotamian Chronology of the 2nd Millennium B.C., An intropuction to the textual evidence and related chronology issues, wien: öSterreichische Akademie Der Wissenschaften, 2009, 45-46），According to: VAT 11554, the last king Ninulta Apier-Erick is located in the fourth column of its original mud version，and on the "King Nasie"，This king is located in the third column, line 36-40，That is, "King Nasie" may record more Assyrian King than the original mud version of VAT 11554，Therefore, VAT 11554 should be earlier than the "King of Nastei"。

Assyrian scholar Brillman raised doubts about this (see J. A. Brinkman, Orientalia 42, 314-315）。First，VAT 11554 The existing part of the reverse side should be located in the upper part of the 4th column of the original mud version，Therefore, compared with "Herzabard" and "SDAS King Table"，VAT 11554 Original Mud Edition should have sufficient space below the entry of Ninulta-Apier Erkul until Tograte Parashar II and even their successor Amos Tan II All kings of the world。Next，The same as "Herzbad Watch" and "SDAS King"，VAT 11554 (and BM 128059) is divided into two semi -semi -columns with vertical lines in the column，But "King Nasie Watch" does not have such a division in the column。But，It is impossible to confirm whether the VAT 11554 Original Mud Edition is all engraved or whether there is a text department of the text (these two factors will affect the size of the engraving space，Then affect the number of kings contained)，and the differences in the format of the column format have not attached great importance to，Blinkeman thinks，VAT 11554 should be roughly comparable to the "King Nasie Table"，But it is unlikely to be later than the "King of Nasiei"。other，Although I have realized that BM 128059 has a separate vertical line with the column，But considering that it cannot provide more comparison information as a residual film，Blinsman only classified it with the "King Nasie Watch" and VAT 11554 together in the early version of the "King of Holsbad"，without further comparison。

But，From the author's view，VAT 11554 and BM 128059 are most likely to be later than the "King of Nasiei"。

First，VAT 11554 The last king is Naram-Xin，This king is located in line 35-36 in the first column of "King of Herzbad"、The first column of "SDAS King" is about 34-35 and the first column of "King Nasie" is about 35-36。Therefore，Jonaram-Xin is also located near this position on the VAT 11554 original mud version，The text format of the text format of "King of Herzabard" and "SDAS King" and "King Nasie" (more than 40 lines of each column)，VAT 11554 Original Mud Edition 1 Nalam-Xin should be about 10 lines below。Correspondingly，VAT 11554 negative residual part should start around the 10th line of the 4th column of the original mud version，and finally around the 17th line，That is, VAT 11554 Original Mud Edition Fourth column Ninuerta-Apier-Erick, there should be about 30 lines (see J. A. Brinkman, Orientalia 42, 314）。"King Nasie" finally column 4 and 28 (the king's watch is not in the last part of the question department)，Because the king's leakage of Shalmanaser II (ShalManeSer II，About 1030 BC, 1019th)，Therefore, it should be finally the fourth column, line 30。"The Watch of Hawl Sabard" finally column 4 and line 39 (including the end of the seven lines)，"SDAS King Table" finally column 4 30 (including the end of the three lines of the article)。Visible，In the version of different periods，The end column of the king is finally without strict rules to Bet365 app download follow，that is, VAT 11554 Original Mud Edition Fourth column Ninuerta-Apier-Ecker, about 30 lines below, may be partially written，It may also be written。At the same time，The next king of the Ninulta-Apier-Erick until the last king of "Nasiey Watch" Tigrate Parahar II，A total of 15 kings。Therefore，Whether the fourth column of the original mud version of VAT 11554 is all engraved or is the last question department of the text，The remaining 30 lines can accommodate 15 kings，Because such as "King of Herzbad" and "SDAS King"，A king record (including King Ming、World Department and Different Year of the Mind) can be compressed into a line to save space。But，From the next king of Ninulta-Apier Erick until the last king of "Herzbad Watch"，There are 25 kings in total。Therefore，Even if there is no at the end of the text，VAT 11554 Original Mud Edition No. 4 Ninurta-Apier-Erick below about 30 lines is also difficult to accommodate 25 kings，Because the format of a king is recorded alone in the "King of Holsbad" (the second column, 38th、47 line，Third column 15-16、19-20、31、45 line，Fourth column, 5、8-9、18 lines) and "SDAS King Watch" (the second column 7-8、13、16-23、28-32 line，Third column 3-10、13-14、18-19 line，Fourth column, 7、12-13、16、19-20、23 line) never appear so continuous and densely。Therefore，VAT 11554 The number of kings contained in the original mud version may be more than the "King Nasie Table"，But it is difficult to be more than "King of Herzbad"，VAT 11554, which was earlier than the "King of Herzbad", is not necessarily earlier than the "King of Nasis"。

Second，The front and back of the mud version of "King Nasie" are only divided into left and right columns with vertical lines，Each column is no longer divided into two left and right half columns。But，VAT 11554 and BM 128059 columns are the same as "King of Holsbad" and "SDAS King"，That is, each column is divided into two left and right semi -columns。other，More importantly，On the "King Nasie"，The two kings before and after did not separate by horizontal lines，But on VAT 11554 and "King of Herzbad" and "SDAS King"，The king is basically separated by horizontal lines。Visible，VAT 11554 and BM 128059's original mud version of the text format should be consistent with the "King of Holsbad" and "SDAS King"，But the text format of "King Nasie" is very different from these four versions，That is, due to the lack of split vertical lines within each column, and the king is not separated by horizontal lines，The form of its table is far from these four versions。"Assyrian King Watch" in different ages of the coexistence description bet365 Play online games of the "Assyrian King" is a process of continuous revision in a long history (see S.YAMADA, Zeitschrift Für Assyriology 84, 11-35），Therefore, the text format of "King of Holsbad" and "SDAS King Watch", which is relatively late, seems to be a more mature and fixed format in the compilation，and the relatively earlier "King Nassy Watch" may not have developed this format。Therefore，VAT 11554 and BM 128059, which are closer to "King of the Herzabard" and "SDAS King Watch" in the format, are likely to be later than "King of Nasis"。

To sum up，"Assyrian King Watch" can be interrupted as follows: "King of Nastei" should be made in the reign of Ashouer Dan，that is, from about 934 BC to 912 BC; "King of Holsbad" should be made during the reign of Tigrate Palashar III，Say more accurately，between 744 BC and 738 BC; "SDAS King Watch" should be made during the reign of Salgen II，that is, between 721 BC and 705 BC; the age of VAT 11554 and BM 128059 cannot be presented，But both should be earlier than the "King of Herzbad"，Late "King Nasie Watch"; "King Nasie" is most likely the earliest version bet365 Play online games of the "Assyrian King Watch"。

(Author Unit: School of Foreign Languages ​​at Peking University)

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　  The Assyrian is called the Xiong Liang River Basin

　　The two river basins (the ancient Greeks called Mesopotamia) are divided into two parts of North and South，Northern name Assyria，It is called Babylonia in the south。where，Babylonia is divided into two parts，The north is Akkad，Sumer in the south。The two river basins are one of the birthplaces of human civilization，The history of civilization in ancient West Asia started in Sumerier。Compared with Babylonia，The disintegration of the Assyrian clan system is slightly late。The history of the Assyrian country is usually divided into three stages: early Assyria (the end of the 3000 years -the 16th century)、mid -term Assyria (15th century -9th century) and New Association (8th century -7th century)。

Assyrian City is the north -south traffic road of the two river basins、One of the West Asia Business Center and strategic place。About 3000 BC to the end of the 193000 to early 2000 BC，The city -based city -state is gradually formed with the Asian City as the center，Establishing the Win -Obstacle City State Republic。From the end of the 19th century BC to the beginning of the 18th century BC，Shamh Yada I (about 1813-1781) won the power，Become the King of Assyria with the real king。He extended the influence of Assyria to the East Coast of the Mediterranean，Self -called "King of the World"，Forced many countries around Nigong。About 1500 BC，The Hulites established the Kingdom，Enter the Assyrian，Dowry Assyrian into a Fanxian，for more than 100 years。About 15th century BC，Midtini tends to weaken after being hit by Hebi，Assyrian City State take the opportunity to be independent。The Assyrian is led by the king Ashouwubarit I (about 1365 — 1,330 before)，Defeated Mitani，Assyria can revive，Follow the Central Assyrian period。

Assyrian revival，Movement of aggression war many times。By the second half of the 13th century BC，Assyria destroy Mitani，Herbal ladder，Entering the Youth Fara River，Barbelen。With the strengthening of the king's right，A code appeared in Assyria，History Calculating Medium -Term Assyrian Code。The codes are similar to the "Hammurabi Code" in the Kingdom of Babylon.，It shows that the Assyrian society at that time was at the same level as Babylon in Cuba，Can be described as two major powers in the north and south of the two river basins。During the reign of Tigrate-Parahar I，Bloody conquest to the outside，South Expedition Cuba Babylon，West invading Lebanon and Phoenic，mid -term Assyrian strong。But，About 11th century BC，Assyrian is invaded by Alamian in the west，East is attacked by the tribe of Zagros Mountains。Assyrian decline，Layout is increasingly cramped，Delivery in four -point crack。

At the end of the 10th century BC，Egypt、Heri、Babylon, etc.，Provides a favorable international environment for the re -rise of Assyria。At the same time，Due to the extensive use of iron wares，Association's socio -economic development is rapidly developing，laid a strong foundation for its external expansion。early 9th century BC，Assyrian Renovation，Ashulnera Selpar II (BC 883-859) led the Assyrian to defeat the Alamians，Beginning to get outward。He and heir Schalmana Serie III (BC 858 — PC) East Expedition and West，From Armenia north，Nankan Persian Bay head，East from Zagros Mountain，From the Mediterranean coast from the west，All the places where the Assyrian soldiers are at the point。745 BC，Aprole in the Assyrian capital，Tigrate-Palashar III climbed the throne。Bet365 lotto review From this，Assyrian history entered the new Assyrian period or the Assyrian Empire era。

Tigrate-Palashar III rule，Assyria is getting stronger。In order to meet the needs of empire rule，Strengthen centralization，He made a series of reforms。A fruitful reform not only greatly increases the number of people in the army，and allowed Assyria to establish the most complete military system in the world at that time。Assyrian is the first country in the world to enter the iron weapon era，The Assyrian Army armed with iron weapons has become the most powerful attack power of ancient Westaa。Tigrate-Palashar III and the followers of the follow-up of the West，Expansion to the peak，Assyria entering the heyday。After about a century of conquest，Its territory starts from Uraltu north，Southern Persian Bay，Display the coast of the China Sea and Egypt in the west，East to Iran，Establishing a place across Westia、The huge empire of North Africa。

But，The Assyrian Empire is to maintain its rule with the barbaric force to suppress it，Lack of unified economic foundation，The rule of the conquered area is very unstable，Therefore, contradictions at home and abroad。605 BC，The coalition forces of the Kingdom of New Babylon and the Kingdom of Midi captured the Assyrian capital Nini Weicheng。605 BC，The last decisive battle with the Assyrian Army，Calculating the momentary Assyrian defeat。

The most precious heritage left by Assyria to future generations is the King Palace Library, the King of Barnie (about 668-D 627) in the Town Nini，This was the largest library in the world at that time。Since the mid -19th century，Discovery and recovery by archeologists，It is found that more than 20,000 wedge -shaped text mud documents are hidden here。Discovery of the Palace Library，enable us to understand the long and splendid culture of the ancient two river basins，"Assyrian Studies" is also established。The main documents in the Assyrian era are "Assyrian King Watch" and "Assyrian Famous Official Table"。"Assyrian King Watch" in order of time，records the names and reign of more than 100 kings in Assyrian history，Time span from the earliest city -state dynasty of Assyria until the new Assyrian period。Therefore，For the reconstruction Assyrian and even the ancient history of the East，"Assyrian King Watch" is an indispensable original literature。

(Nan Kairen)