Sherbatsky’s book “Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa” has had a certain influence on contemporary Chinese Yinming scholarship，This book believes that Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa is a system of bet365 bonus code pa and epistemology that originated in India，By Chen Na、Establishment of Dharmakīrti，Contains theories about argument form and knowledge reliability。From the contents of “Reality and Knowledge”, “Perceivable World”, “Constructed World”, “Negation” and “Reality of the External World”，This book is a philosophical work，It is constructed based on the Western knowledge system，Also includes a comparative study of syllogisms and three-branch formulas。The book does not see the logical characteristics of Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa，Today, we analyze the research objects and scope of Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa from the characteristics of the discipline of bet365 bonus code pa。

　　bet365 bonus code pa on Han Dynasty and Ming Dynasty: Between China and Japan

Sherbatsky identified the development of Indian bet365 bonus code pa in other parts of the world after its demise as three places: First, the Brahminical principles preserved by Nuddia in Bengal - the tradition of the Samurai school；The second is the study of Yinming in Han China and Japan founded on the system of Tianzhu's "Enlightenment"；Third, the temples in Tibet and Mongolia: study Dharmakīrti’s “Shishastra”。One of the Chinese biographies is from the Tang Dynasty to Japan due to Ming research experience、The journey from Japan to modern China，It is characterized by the fact that the Tang Dynasty Yinming Commentary has become the basic document for Japanese Yinming research，In Japan, however, it has experienced a transformation from Yinming's annotation to Yinming's bet365 bonus code pa，This is why Ming’s logical research became mainstream and in turn spread to modern China，Continuing to this day。This article is based on texts such as "The Origin and Development of Inmei Studies" and "An Overview of Japanese Inmei Studies in the Meiji Period"，Describe the history of the development of Han Dynasty in China and Japan due to Ming Dynasty。

From Tang Dynasty to Japan: Collection of Ming Dynasty Documents。Due to the spread of Ming Dynasty to Japan from the Tang Dynasty，And it took more than a thousand years to develop annotations in Japan using Chinese classical expressions。Wu Yi Shangbang's "The Origin and Development of Yin Ming Xue" has a detailed discussion on this，He divided Japan’s research into four phases。The first issue is the introduction period of Yinming in the Tang Dynasty，The feature of this issue is to focus on the annotations of "Yinming Dashu"，Divided into two mainstream Yinming communication systems，The Yuanxing Temple system was founded by Dao Zhao who was taught by Xuanzang；Xuan Fang who studied with Zhi Zhou，The one who brought it back to Japan was Huinuma、Zhizhou’s works，Established Kofukuji Inmei Research System，The representative is Shanzhu。This issue also includes an explanation of Wengui Yinming’s works，For example, the three volumes of "Yin Ming Zheng bet365 bonus code pa Wengui Shuji" written by Qingjun of Nansi Department, etc.。The second period is the expansion period of Yinming research in Japan，It is characterized by broadening the study of Tang Dynasty Yin and Ming literature and subject classification research。The former, such as the three volumes of Ming's "Yin Ming Ru Zheng bet365 bonus code pa Shu", are studies of "Yin Ming Da Shu"，Explanation of "Yinming Dashu" in three volumes of "Yinming Dashu"，Also quoted Zhizhou、Shunjing、Hui Nu's works and Daoyi's "Short Notes on the bet365 bonus code pa of Enlightenment"；The latter is mainly divided into three phases、Nine Sentences、Research on special topics such as conflicting causes，Such as two volumes of Ming Quan's "Private Notes on the Four Contradictions of the Ming Dynasty" etc.。The third period is the mature period of Yinming research，Discusses Zangjun’s Yinming work、Secret Oral Tradition、内二明（内明、Comprehensive research on Yinming。Characteristics are from the Muromachi period through the Warring States period、Azuchi Momoyama period to Tokugawa (Edo) period，Yin Ming’s research revolves around setting issues such as four contradictions，Form a fixed pattern。The fourth issue is the logical turn of Meiji Restoration and subsequent Meiji studies，Wu Yi Shangbang advocates placing Yin Ming in quantitative bet365 bonus code pa research，And thinks that the reason is only the part of quantity bet365 bonus code pa that compares other things。

From the Meiji Restoration to Modern China: A Study of Yin Ming’s bet365 bonus code pa。Japan’s Meiji Restoration and Learning from the West，Also brings Western bet365 bonus code pa into the study of Mingxue。Shi Shigeki's "Overview of Inmei Research in Japan during the Meiji Period" after listing the bibliography of Inmei published from 1877 to 1910 and the research characteristics of this period，Lists Yunying Huangyao’s thoughts on Yinmingxue、Da Xi Zhu's "On Neo-Confucianism"、Murakami specializes in "The Encyclopedia of Practicing Instructions", etc.。Gui Shaolong's article "Overview of Japanese Yinmei Research after the Meiji Restoration" summarizes the Yinmei research in Japan after the Meiji Restoration from five aspects: "Modern research on the Yinmei treatises transmitted by Chinese translation" such as Tai Benrong published a paper based on the Tachikawa text Modern Japanese translation of "Introduction to Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa"；“Based on the original Sanskrit text、The study of Tibetan translation of Yinming treatises" was popular in Japanese academic circles in the 1950s and 1960s；"Research on the Causes and Meanings of Tibetan Buddhism" is another field that has made great progress in the study of Japanese Buddhism after the Second World War；"Research on the Ming Dynasty of Han Buddhism" among the famous scholars after World War II is Wuyi Shangbang、Without any strength at all、Harada Takaaki、Ninagawa Shomi and others；"Comparative Study of Reasoning and bet365 bonus code pa" uses epistemology、Traditional deductive bet365 bonus code pa、Mathematical bet365 bonus code pa、Inductive bet365 bonus code pa、Research on Toulmin Model Expansion Causes。

　　From cause and effect, quantitative theory to Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa

Japan Inaki’s research experience has transformed from textual annotation to logical research，There are many factors behind it，Learning to accept Western bet365 bonus code pa is the theoretical support of Yin Ming’s logical research，The early Western bet365 bonus code pa accepted was Mill’s A System of bet365 bonus code pa，It is also inspired by Western bet365 bonus code pa，Comparative research on Yinming and Western bet365 bonus code pa began to appear in Japan。"Yunying Huangyao believes that Yinming is essentially a deductive method and at the same time claims that it includes deductive and inductive methods。His disciple Murakami also believes that Yin Ming is deduction、A synthesis of the two。...Onishi advocates the use of formal theory + explanation + induction to conduct research on "new theory"。Although it is not a deductive and inductive point of view，But Madoka Inoue also advocates that Western bet365 bonus code pa (deduction and induction) should be integrated with Buddhist enlightenment。The debate over whether Ming should be deductive or inductive continued in the late Meiji period。”The logical study of Ming Dynasty’s Han Dynasty in modern China was greatly influenced by the comparative study of Japan，Set off a craze in Yin Ming’s bet365 bonus code pa research。This Yinming logical research paradigm has influenced us to this day，The reasons that form the Western logical formula，If this kind of cause is called Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa，Obviously separated from the content of the Chinese and Indian texts。

　How to be based on the discipline of bet365 bonus code pa，Understanding Tibetan Samatha works，This is also a question we should think about。The Tibetan-translated Indian literature in Tibetan Samatha focuses on Dharmakīrti’s works and his later studies，This content is different from Han Chuan Yin Ming，For example, although "The Theory of Sutra" is the explanation of "Ji Su"，But it differs from "Set Theory" in many aspects，Like "finished products" etc.；Furthermore, "Set Theory" was not studied in Han Dynasty。Tibetan Great Virtue、The results of scholars' research on this are such as "Treasure Theory of Quantitative Theory"，Looking from the catalog，The book contains 11 parts，Instant Viewing、Observe the mind、Guanzong and Farewell、Observe the establishment and dispatch of others、Observation and interpretation、Observe the zodiac sign、Contradictory view、Observe nature and appearance、Current amount、Self-interest Ratio、Altruistic ratio。The first 7 parts discuss known quantities，The last four parts discuss the knowable quantity，This is a whole，It is also different from the Yinming research of modern Chinese scholars，If you cut the proportional part to study the three-branch formula，Isn’t it fragmented？As Qi Shunlai said: "If we only talk about 'compare ourselves' and 'compare others' in "The Theory of Interpretation"，Delete ‘finished goods’ and ‘current goods’，Then "The Theory of Quantity" is not "The Theory of Quantity"。"This system of quantitative theory is a new development of the theory of "Explanation of Quantitative Theory"，Contains Buddhist theory，These Buddhist concepts have become categories in Tibetan Samatha，Is an indispensable part of the Tibetan Samatha，It is different from the content of Buddhist works，This illustrates the uniqueness of Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa that is different from other cultural logics。In "Treasure Theory of Quantitative Theory"，Part of it is the source of the theory of "Photography"。

Cong Yinming、The transition from quantitative theory to Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa is not a simple conversion of names，It is a question of the construction of the Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa discipline system。Based on Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa，First，Should be given to include different cultures、Logical boundaries of logical thoughts in different periods。Most Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa researchers are accustomed to using deduction、Looking at the three-branch formula as two major logical types，And from general to special (individual)、Special (individual) to general definition deduction and induction，There are at least two problems with this view: one is that the dividing standard is too broad；Secondly，Cannot highlight the personality characteristics of different logics。Since bet365 bonus code pa is the essence of philosophy (or thought)、Tools，Why not define bet365 bonus code pa from the perspective of philosophical argument？In this way we can say: bet365 bonus code pa is the study of philosophical (or ideological) argument structures and their rules，The argument structure consists of claims and reasons。Wherein deduction、Induction is just two types。As long as you have thoughts，There must be ideological arguments，This definition contains Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa。Secondly，Need to distinguish bet365 bonus code pa theory from bet365 bonus code pa application。Logical theory refers to the study of the argument structure itself，Academic circles say that bet365 bonus code pa has three major traditions，The standard is a theoretical system formed by studying the argument structure，For example, the research on famous debate theory of ancient Chinese bet365 bonus code pa、In ancient India, there were studies on "Yin Ming" and "Quantity Theory" etc.。Logical application is a philosophical (ideological) argument using logical theory，In philosophical argument，Just using different bet365 bonus code pa instead of exploring，Such as Confucian political argument、Consciousness-only argument, etc.。Last，Examining the research objects of Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa。In the history of the development of Buddhism in India，Yinming also has a development process，Except for the study of argument structure and rules in Indian Brahmanism such as the Zhengyi Sutra，There are many works in Buddhist scriptures that contain research on argument structures and their rules，Such as "The Theory of Convenient Mind", "The Theory of Yoga Master's Ground", etc.。The core content of the new system of Yinming theory established by Chen Na is Zong、Because、A three-branch theory composed of three metaphors，The three-branch formula has its own rules。New Yinming created by Chen Na has two representative works，"Yinming Zhenglimen Lunben" and "Jihuang Lun"。The Annotation of "Yinming Zhengli Gate" written by Lord Shankara "Yinming Zhengli Theory"、Qiuji's annotation of "Yin Ming Ru Zheng Theory" "Yin Ming Ru Zheng Theory Shu" constitutes the basic document for the study of Yin Ming in Han Dynasty。"Jihuang Lun" is based on the framework of "Yinmingzhenglimen Lunben"，Although this book takes up a lot of space to criticize other schools of thought in "Set Theory"，But it is still a study of the three-branch rule。Dharmakīrti’s commentaries on Samgāṇṭṭhaṭṭhāna include 7 other works including “Samāṇṭṭhāna” and his later commentaries，This constitutes the basic document of Tibetan Samatha。"Yinming Zhenglimen Lunben" is the text basis for establishing the discipline of Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa，The central idea is to demonstrate the three-branch structure and its rules。

　　Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa and Aristotle’s Syllogism

The scope of Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa is determined by the research object of Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa。Specifically，From "The Theory of Yin Ming Zheng Li Men" to "Yin Ming Entering Zheng Theory" and "Yin Ming Entering Zheng Theory"，From "Theory of Set Quantitative Theory" to "The Theory of Interpretation of Quantitative Theory", "The Theory of Drops of Right Reason", "The Theory of Quantitative Theory", etc.，The research object of Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa is Li、Broken theory，Establishment、The root of the broken theory is the three-branch theory and its rules，This is true even for the study of Dharmakīrti。We are no longer looking for corresponding content，Just take the classification of three causes，Fruit Cause、Self-nature cause、The unobtainable causes are all related to the three-branch formula。Such as "There is fire in this mountain，Because of the smoke，Ruzao, etc.”。Smoke is the fruit of fire，Take effect as cause，called fruitful cause，There is a case in this case、Because、Same product，This is discussed in "Yinming Zhenglimen Lunben"，Except these three parts cannot be omitted，Other parts can be omitted (when omitting "cause", there must be a synonym、Metaphor)；At the same time, this example of the three-branch formula is completely consistent with the rules that stipulate the three-branch formula in the text of "Yin Ming Zhengli Gate"。"There are trees on this mountain，Because there are pine trees，Like willow trees, etc.”，This is an example of self-nature cause，Similarly conforms to the three-branch rule。The unavailable cause depends on the first two causes。

Characteristics of Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa，Yin Ming pays attention to the arguer、Purpose of argument、Three aspects of argument structure rules。To the arguer、The study of the purpose of argumentation involves the study of different schools of thought，Argument structure rules themselves are like real quantities、ratio、Jicheng and others also need inner enlightenment，This requires exploring Buddhist philosophy in the study of Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa。Three-branch proposition、The reasons must involve consideration of the arguer’s requirements and the purpose of the argument，Both of them need to study the thoughts of different schools。Both Buddhist logicians and Buddhist philosophers need to study Buddhist philosophy，It is just that the purpose of Buddhist logicians studying Buddhist philosophy is to serve the study of Buddhist arguments。From this，If we look at the thoughts of Tibetan Quantitative Theory from the perspective of bet365 bonus code pa，The understanding of the minds of scholars in Tibetan areas of my country、Because it should be attributed to Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa theory，The environment、The content of Buddhist philosophy such as mind has become an integral part of the Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa subject system。In independent research on one of its contents，There is no difference between Buddhist philosophers and Buddhist logicians，In this way, Buddhist logicians are first and foremost Buddhist philosophers。Photography is the applied part of Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa，Apply Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa theory and methods to debate scriptures, etc.，Just like the function of rhetorical syllogism in Aristotle's "Rhetoric"。

In "On Instruments"，The passage that best presents Aristotle’s syllogism bet365 bonus code pa is: “The universal affirmative proposition can only pass through the first figure，And can only be confirmed by one formula，The universal negative proposition can pass through the first figure，It can also be confirmed by the second grid，And in the first cell with an expression，Two formulas can be used in the second grid。Special affirmative propositions can be verified through the first figure and the last figure，In the first cell, use an expression，With three formulas in the last grid。Special negative propositions can be confirmed in the possessive case，But there is a formula in the first cell，There are two expressions in the second grid，There are three formulas in the third grid。”From this passage，We know the types of categorical propositions (full name affirmative propositions、Full name is negative proposition、Special affirmative proposition、Special negative proposition)、The format and formula of syllogism。The types of categorical propositions involve quantitative terms、Logical constants and main terms composed of joint terms、Characteristics of logical variables composed of predicates，Four kinds of categorical propositions are formed from logical constants；The structure of a syllogism is the same as other reasoning structures，It also consists of premises and conclusion，The premises and conclusion are both categorical propositions，The figure of the syllogism is the four structural types of the syllogism (here，Aristotle did not discuss the fourth figure)，That is, the middle term in the first figure is the subject of the major premise、Minor predicate，The term in the second figure is the predicate term of the large and small premise，The third cell is the subject of the major and minor premises； In the three cells of the syllogism，Which figures can derive these four kinds of categorical propositions，Depending on the rules of these three cells，The rules of these three figures are derived from the general rules of syllogism，That is, "the middle term is distributed at least once", "terms that are not distributed in the premise must not be distributed in the conclusion", "the conclusion must be negative if one of the premises is negative", "no conclusion can be drawn from two negative premises", etc., the syllogism is derived The rules (the first rule: the minor premise must be affirmative，The full name of the major premise must be；Second square rule: one of the two premises must be negative，The full name of the major premise must be；The third grid rule: the minor premise must be affirmative，The conclusion must be special)，And these general rules of syllogism rely on the categorical proposition feature，Such as spreading, etc.；The formula of syllogism is according to the rules of syllogism，How to inevitably deduce four categorical propositions from premises according to rules。For example，“The universal affirmative proposition can only pass the first figure，And it can only be confirmed by one formula"How to prove？Because of the second figure rule "one of the two premises must be negative" and the general rule of syllogism "if one of the premises is negative, the conclusion must be negative", the conclusion is not a positive proposition；The third cell rule "the conclusion must be particular" means that the conclusion is not a universal proposition；If the conclusion is a universal affirmative proposition，Explain the distribution of main terms in the conclusion，Then the minor premise must be universal (universal proposition subject extension)，According to the first grid rule: the minor premise must be affirmative，The full name of the major premise must be，Then a valid syllogism whose conclusion is a universal affirmative proposition can only be one in which both the minor and minor premises in the first figure of the syllogism are universal affirmative propositions。Obviously，The rules of syllogism are the rules of formal structure；Truth and falsehood under the syllogism bet365 bonus code pa are purely formal truths and falsehoods，Judgment not involving specific content。

From this，Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa is the knowledge about Buddhist argument structure and its rules，Studying Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa can be done、Po Lai Research，You can also study it from a certain content。Of course we must be clear about the difference between Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa and the application of Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa，The application of Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa is to use the rules of cause and effect to demonstrate Buddhist claims，Such as "The Treatise on the Palm of the Mahayana", "The Commentary on the Observation of Object Conditions", "The Commentary on the Achievement of Consciousness", etc.；Buddhist logical theory such as "consciousness-only ratio" appearing in "Yin Ming Ru Zheng Lian Shu" is just an example，Discuss the total proportion through this example、He compares、Characteristics of self-proportional quantities，This is a basic pair that is self-proportional、Understand the development of his thoughts on comparison，It is the research content of Buddhist bet365 bonus code pa。

(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund’s unpopular “Music Learning” major research project “Research on Ming Dynasty and bet365 bonus code pa Demonstration in the Tang Dynasty” (18VJX038)

(Author’s affiliation: Institute of bet365 bonus code pa and Cognition, Sun Yat-sen University、Department of Philosophy)