Alien characters as an important object of Chinese character history research，Always attracted much attention from academic circles。Mao Yuanming "Research on the Study of the Sixth Dynasties of the Han and Wei Dynasties", "The Six Dynasties of the Hanwei Six Dynasties"、Zang Kehe et al.、Zhang Xiancheng's "Research on the Research on Qin and Han Simplified Exotic Characters"、Dong Xianchen "Research on the Research on the Eastern Han Stele Carrves", etc.，The collection of various types of alien characters is rich。Some works named after "Vulgar Dictionary" and "Text" can also be included in this category，Ru Huang Zheng's "Dunhuang Vulgar Dictionary"、Zhao Hong's "Turpan Customs Dictionary"、Zeng Liang et al. "Ming and Qing Novels Vulgar Dictionary", etc.。Wang Ning's "Summary of Chinese Characters" divides the leisure characters into two types: heterogeneous writing and heterogeneous characters，It has guiding significance。

Use the "China Know Network" platform，Inquiry with "Alien" as the keyword，It can be seen that there are three features related to the papers (including degree thesis) related to the Chinese Buddhist scriptures (including degree thesis): First, the number of research results is small，The second is based on master's degree thesis，Third, most of the Buddhist scriptures are the main research objects。

　　bet365 best casino games

Current，The chapters of the alien characters in Chinese characters are basically not involved in the sutra of the Chinese Buddhist scriptures。Generally speaking，In the results of existing alien characters, there is still a lack of Chinese Buddhist scriptures as basic materials，Compared with systematic comprehensive gathering、Study instrumental book and research theory of alien characters。

It is undeniable that，The current research of Chinese characters has begun to pay attention to and pays attention to the Chinese Buddhist scriptures and related literature，A group of scholars and achievements have emerged.，As Zheng Xianzhang's "Dragon Hand Mirror", "Research on the Record of the New Collection Scripture Yisui" "、Zeng Liang's "Dunhuang Buddhist Sutra Words and Survey Research"、Han Xiajing "" Ke Hong Yinyi "Research -Taking text as the center、Tan Cui "" Sand Tibetan "with the letter of the letter", "Si Xizang" with the letter of the letter "、Yu Shujian's "Research on Dunhuang Buddhist Cultural Words and Vulgar Words", etc.。but，Look at the purpose and content of the above discussion，They mainly use the method of evidence to testify the difficult words in the Buddhist scriptures、Remaining characters，Although these difficult characters Bet365 lotto review are mostly in the virtual character，But as far as the level of learning is concerned，Not exactly the real significance of alien characters。From the study of the text of the Chinese Buddhist scriptures，Conscious specialized Chinese Buddhist scriptures are still yet to be carried out，The first basic work is to bring together the data of the Chinese Tibetan Scriptures，Compiled the Chinese Tibetan Sutra Dictionary。

Of course，Chinese Buddhist Sutra Dictionary is not without related results。1988，The "Buddhist Dilemma Dictionary" edited by the Changchunshu Bookstore in Taiwan，This book takes Buddhist literature as the main material，Including difficult words 19735，Among them, 15,441 of them are alien characters (parallel words)。2000，The Institute of Korea Goryeo Grand Tibetan scriptures published Li Guijia's "Goryeo Grand Tibetan Sutra Dictionary"，This book is based on the "Korean Great Tibetan Scriptures".、29478。This is the first true Chinese Buddhist Tibetan Scripture Dictionary; but from today's perspective，It is complete in the glyph、Glyphs still have great deficiencies。

In the current information age，Ancient Books Digital Working Day Fresh Moon，Chinese Buddhist Tibetan Sutra is no exception。At present，Regardless of the Dunhuang writing (including the ancient Japanese scriptures) Buddhist scriptures or engraved Big Tibetan scriptures，Basically realized digitalization，You can directly use the electronic version of the data to carry out related work。This creates conditions for the foreign glyphs that present the original flavor，Avoid the disadvantages of the past or font deformation distortion; at the same time，Use technical means to establish a database，Collection of virtual shape as much as possible，Easy to retrieve，The foreign -style dictionary compiled can be completed。

Today's new information is constantly discovered and announced，As far as the Chinese Buddhist scriptures are concerned，Data that has been unknown or unable to see in the past has gradually been known in recent years、Seeing people。For example, the Goryeo Great Tibetan Scriptures can only be seen in the past.，Currently hidden in all parts of the world (mainly day、Korean )'s initial carving has been announced; with the efforts of related collections and research institutions，The first sculpture of the Goryeo Great Tibetan Scriptures has a high -pixel ultra -clear digital version with high pixels，Fiberdhie，The glyph is extremely clear。"Sixi Tibetan" and "Zhaocheng Golden Tibetan" hidden in the National Library of China also completed digital work，Published online at the Chinese National Digital Library，available to check。"Pilu Tibetan" and "Chong Ningzang" mixed book (or old Songben，That is, the so -called "Miyamoto" of "Dazheng Tibetan") has also been bet365 live casino games released online。"Kai Treasure" currently has more than ten volumes of the remaining ten volumes has been published ("Kaibao Rain")。All these，All use new methods in the new era、​​New means to compile the Chinese Buddhist Sutra Dictionary Dictionary prepares a new condition，Provided new materials。

To sum up，Under the background of the current alienate research，From the theory of learning、achievement、Method、Materials and other aspects to see，Compiled a comprehensive Chinese Buddhist scripture dictionary not only has sufficient conditions，and also in response to objective needs，It is imperative。

　　Chinese Buddhist scriptures for the study of alien characters​​Special value

Literature materials that capture the foreign characters from it，There should be a certain number and scale，In this way, you can get as much as possible with the abundance of the foreign body。And the Chinese Buddhist scriptures (including the Buddhist literature written by the Chinese translation of the Buddhist scriptures and the Chinese)，Quantity huge，Take the most common "Dazheng New Tibetan Scriptures" in the current academic community as an example，Its positive part of the positive part of the Chinese Buddhist scriptures 2206、8899 Volume，According to incomplete statistics，The number of words is more than 70 million。The Chinese Buddhist scriptures have such a huge amount of words，For the survey、Collection of Alien characters provides information guarantee。

As Buddhism is introduced，The translation of the Buddhist scriptures started from the Eastern Han Dynasty，Always calendar to the Tang Dynasty。This period，Chinese characters have gone through the process of being from the Kai Kai，produced a large number of albums。Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties，Social chaos，Words and miscellaneous，Vishels，Chinese Buddhist scriptures are bound to be affected by it。Different jobs，The phenomenon of the sutra of the Chinese Buddhist scriptures is extremely common，There are many number of foreign characters，Only from Xuanying "All Scriptures" ("The Scriptures")、Huilin's "All Scriptures" and Kehong's "New Collection Tibetan Scripture Yisui Letter" include the leisure characters。Existing Chinese Buddhist Sutra，Whether it is written in Dunhuang or the engraving after the Song Dynasty，There are a lot of exotic characters (even if the engraving has been paid attention to use the word specification)。The foreign characters of the Chinese Buddhist scriptures are rich and integrated，The Chinese Buddhist scriptures can even be regarded as one of the apex of the sogicals。

In addition to the large number，The actual situation of the Chinese Buddhist scriptures is also extremely complicated。Try to collect relevant materials as much as possible，Only a systematic and profound research can be compared with the Buddhist scriptures。

Chinese Buddhist scriptures belong to religious literature，Among them, the translation Buddhist scripture as bet365 live casino games the main body is a work translated from Sanskrit or Western language translated into Chinese。From the overall perspective，Chinese Buddhist scriptures have their own text characteristics，Different in the nature of the world and the earth's worldly literature。Collecting foreign characters in the Chinese Buddhist scriptures with special text，It can be compared with the virtual characters of Chinese Land Literature，Slightly similar to the differences between the two，This highlights the particularity of the Chinese Buddhist scriptures。

Diverse text forms of the Chinese Buddhist scriptures in the world，Both write books，There are also engraved books (including Ishimoto)。Different text forms，The condition and characteristics of its foreign body are also different。Even if the same text form，There are also many alien characters between different versions。Hui Hanwen Buddhist Sutra Fien Word，It can show the deposit in different forms in different forms of text、Use and change the situation。

The era of the Chinese Buddhist scriptures in the world is large，Both are copied in the Six Dynasties, Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties，There are also Zi engraved in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties，That is to say，From the Six Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty，More than a thousand years before and after thousands of years。You can compare the virtual characters of the Chinese Buddhist scriptures in different times，Examine the changes and adjustments of alien characters from the perspective of time。

There are many versions of the Chinese Buddha Sutra。Dunhuang Writing Ben Buddhist Sutra，Both copy in Dunhuang，There are also some copied in the Southern Dynasties; the engraved Tibetan scriptures can be divided into Central Plains、North、Three versions of the south。The Chinese Buddhist scriptures engraved in different regions by comparing or published in different regions，It can examine the regional characteristics of the alien characters (Xuan Ying's "All Scriptures" once mentioned the performance of "Jiangnan Vulgar Character" and "Northern Man") and the differences in regional differences、cause, etc.。

To sum up，Judging from the characteristics of the text of the Buddhist scriptures and the actual situation of the alien characters，Compilation of the Chinese Buddhist Sutra Dictionary Dictionary is not only a subject that contains rich and profound academic intent，You can carry out multi -dimensional multi -oriented research，And the current history of Chinese characters、The time needs of the study of Chinese history。

　Code for compiling the Chinese Buddhist Sutra Dictionary

The Dictionary of the Chinese Buddhist Sutra Dictionary is planned to be divided into Dunhuang Turpan Turpan Write and Early Carving。Dunhuang Turpan Write Ben refers to Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes、Written Buddhist Sutra unearthed from Turpan, Xinjiang，Early engraving is mainly published in the Song Dynasty or equivalent to the Buddhist scriptures bet365 best casino games equivalent to the Song Dynasty in the Song Dynasty -mainly in Sixi、Tibetan Piru -Chongning Mixed Book、Zhao Cheng Jinzang、Gaolizang (the first carving and the re -carving book)。

Carved Buddhist scriptures are limited to "early"，It is mainly based on the following three points of consideration。

First，If the Great Tibetan scriptures will be included after the yuan will be included，The workload is too large，Time、Energy (including personnel、Funding and other factors) are not allowed。

Second，After the yuan, the characters of each version of the Tibetan scriptures are basically followed by the previous generation，Alien characters is the same，The significance of large -scale surveys is not great。

third，Early engraving with the Six Dynasties Tang and Five Dynasties Connect，Easy to examine the performance of changes from writing to the carved alien characters。

Considering the workload and the time of writing staff、Energy，Start from the actual situation and operability，You can write the early engraving volume，Written Dunhuang Turpan Write this volume。In terms of early engraving,，You can use the Tibetan Scripture version as a unit，Compiled "Sixi Tibetan Dictionary Dictionary", "Palace Hall Pilu -Chongning Type Dictionary", "Golden Tibetan Dictionary Dictionary", "Gaoli Tibetan (first carving、Revolution) Dictionary of Farcases ", etc.，Combined as one 帙、Delete Refining，Combined as one 帙。

The Chinese Tibetan Sutra is generally composed of two parts of the Chinese translated Buddhist scriptures and Zhongtu Buddhism，On the working program，You can investigate first、Collecting the virtual characters in the Chinese translation Buddhist scriptures，Then investigate Zhongtu writing。The Buddhist Sutra Yin Yue Literature in Zhongtu，Due to special nature，Don't consider it first，Another arrangement -the Buddhist scriptures record the alien characters in the Buddhist scriptures seen by the author，In fact, it is written by the Buddhist scriptures。

Due to the above -mentioned early engraving, the Great Tibetan scriptures have already available in high -definition electronic versions，Therefore, you can cut the original glyphs directly on the electronic version，To the greatest extent to ensure the authenticity of the font of the virtual body;，The cut -off that is cut down and the verdict is built separately，Each Tibetan Scripture Establishs a differentiated virtual -shaped database。Finally prepares a virtual dictionary on the basis of the database。

　　The meaning of compiling the alien dictionary of the Chinese Buddhist scriptures

Exchange vitamin fonts are the most important basic work to carry out the research of alien characters。The Chinese Buddhist Sutra Disposter Dictionary is designed to remit the existing Dunhuang Turpan Turpan Writing and Early Research Book Forms，Its meaning and value，It mainly lies Bet365 lotto review in providing sufficient glyphs for related research。Regarding about it，or the following aspects。

First，Explain the overall picture of the alien characters of the Chinese Buddhist scriptures。

The number of foreign characters in the Chinese Buddhist scriptures is many，Complicated situation，But this is just an impression -based judgment。The Chinese Buddhist Sutra Dictionary is compiled after compilation，You can display the overall appearance of the Chinese Buddhist scriptures in a panoramic view。

Second, provide rich information for the study of the alien characters.

Carry out a comprehensive system of alien characters，depends on the foreign character information that is fully prepared as much as possible; the Chinese Buddhist scriptures are the great literature，You can provide a large amount of foreign character information，Many phenomena that presents a word of foreign body，Can collect capital for related research institutes，to promote the research and theoretical thinking。

Third, promote the study of Chinese character history.

One word is an important phenomenon in the development and evolution of Chinese characters，Alien characters is an important object of the research of Chinese character history。The Chinese Buddhist Sutra Dictionary is helpful to the research，The overall development of Chinese character history has naturally played an important role in promoting。

Fourth, promote the study of the vocabulary of the Buddhist scriptures.

Make a "general account" for the sutra of the Chinese Buddhist scriptures，helps to distinguish the relationship between the Buddhist scriptures，From the word to the word，The meaning of being able to interpret difficult words，Correctly interpret the scriptures; can put forward new ideas and evidence for existing research，Make a new explanation; can break the obstacles of words for words，Accurately judge the era of words; can identify words writing form，The same sexual problem of the correct understanding of words。

Fifth, it helps to organize Buddhist literature.

Chinese Buddhist literature is affected by words in the process of formation and circulation，Many errors have been produced，Most of the cases: First, the scriptures are murmured because a special word is close to him，Second, the descendants of the unknown of the descendants are changed with words，Among them, the vast majority of errors caused by alien characters。Compiled the Chinese Buddhist Sutra Dictionary，Can fully collect remittances of the Chinese Buddhist scriptures，There is a general grasp and overall understanding of the alien characters of the Chinese Buddhist scriptures，This helps to distinguish the cause of different essays、Determine foreign text right and wrong、School booking text error，The quality of improvement of Buddhist literature。

Sixth, it helps to compile Chinese dictionary.

Many of the alien characters in the Chinese Buddhist scriptures are not seen or rare in Chinese land literature。Large dictionary represented by "Chinese Dictionary" and "Chinese Character Sea" is not enough for the Chinese Buddhist scriptures when compilation，As a result, bet365 live casino games there is a leakage head、Method of disabled、Misposing sound and other disadvantages。Therefore，In terms of compilation and revision of large -scale Chinese dictionary，The Chinese Buddhist scriptures should be made full use，Further collection、Sort and analyze the alien characters of the Chinese Buddhist scriptures。Specifically，The Chinese Buddhist Sutra Dictionary has a supplement to the compilation and revision of the large -scale Chinese dictionary、Reading Yinyi's "Unknown" word、Positive misunderstanding、Supplementary meaning or usage、Provide examples、Early examples and clarify the role of the source of sound。

(Author Unit: School of Literature, Zhejiang University)