Dunhuang Grottoes are human cultural heritage，Is a precious historical and cultural treasure，Embarring Vientiane，Ji History、Archaeological、Religious、Art integration，It is undoubtedly the treasure house and rich mine of academic research，With the development of "Dunhuang Studies" in the past century，Especially since the reform and opening up，Dunhuang Xue Day is new to the moon，Research on the Dunhuang Grottoes also emerges endlessly，Can be described as a sweaty cow charging building。Rough review of academic history，Retrieval related index，Dunhuang Grottoes often feel like no dead ends.，Of course, this can explain the prosperity of today's academic。But calm down and think about，Especially entering the cave，Faced with rich and complicated murals in the cave，Then I will feel that the problem is heavy，A lot of confusion，Among them, there is a lack of personal knowledge，​​But I have to admit that many problems in the Dunhuang Grottoes are still in the initial understanding stage，More problems are still ambiguous，Most problems only know it but not the reason why it is，Some problems have no solution，This is the reason for this，How much can I explain that academic research is not deep enough，From a certain extent, it can be said that it is serious in defense。

So，I personally think，From the perspective of real academic research，Research on Dunhuang Grottoes will always be on the road，and currently in the first half of the journey，So the future road is far away，To achieve the goal of the construction of the "Dunhuang Academic Highland"，Still need to continue to work together in the academic circles。

Of course，The reason why this is just to state an objective academic historical facts，It cannot deny the unique contribution of the Dunhuang Grottoes research on academics。No matter what，The complicated content of Dunhuang Grottoes and the rich historical value contained in itself，destined its unique contribution in the process of historical research。Look at the academic history of Dunhuang academic，If the research on the Dunhuang Grottoes is concentrated，Dunhuang Grottoes in Buddhist archeology、Northwest local history, especially the history of the Hexi Corridor、Silk Road Cultural Exchange、History of Chinese Painting、History of material life in the middle of ancient society (including architecture、Clothing、Traffic、Diet、Music、Dance、Science and Technology, etc.)、Northwest National History、The academic contribution of the history of the medieval Buddhism is obvious，It can be said without exaggeration，The academic community explains any cave or any mural from different perspectives or problems、Interpretation，The historical value and academic value of the corresponding caves or murals are always highlighted to varying degrees。

Concentrated in the study of the history of the Tang and Fifth Dynasties，"Old Picture New Consciousness" bet365 best casino games of the murals of Dunhuang Grottoes，New academic discoveries that are often unexpected，The contribution is quite large，Especially in the following aspects。

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Rich in the Tang Dynasty caves in Dunhuang Grottoes，Divided into early Tang、Sheng Tang、Middle Tang (Tubo period)、Late Tang (Zhang's Returning Army) Four periods，The murals drawn in these caves, especially in the early Tang cave，It is based on various types of classical transformations，Basically occupying the main theme and content of the Dunhuang Classic Transformer，It can be said that there is a dubbing of the Tang Dynasty's classics。

Tang Chang'an Town Temple Lin Li，According to scholar statistics，There have been more than 120 temples of large and small temples，Like everyone familiar to Shefu Temple、Qianfu Temple、Ci En Temple、Ximing Temple、Qinglong Temple、Anguo Temple、Da Yun Temple、Zhaocheng Temple、Longxing Temple、Actual temple、Zhaocheng Temple、Shengguang Temple、Huatu Temple, etc.，According to the Tang Dynasty Zhang Yanyuan's "Famous Painting of the Dynasties"、Duan Cheng style "Temple Tower"，and other records of Tang and Song Documents，Changan's temples have more or less famous paintings active in the two Beijing areas at the same time，According to the custom at the time，Drawing murals in public spaces such as temples，The level of their artistic level is recognized by the public、Important and recognized important methods，It looks like Wu Daozi, who is famous in Tang Changan for a while、Yan Liben、Yang Tingguang、Han Qian、Wang Wei、Wei Chi Seng、Zhang Xiaoshi、Yin Lin、Zhang Xuan、Zhou Yan、Liu Ji、Zheng Falun、Yang Qiaoxian and others left their Danqing ink in the temples of Beijing，Wu Daozi's painting wall in various temples is often sampled by him，Then the disciple Liu Cai and others will be true，Flowing operation。But unfortunately these paintings that have been crowned for a while，It has long been annihilated in the dust of history，It is difficult for us to enjoy the overflowing light of Datang Changan in Changan's relics and ruins today，At that time, art and aesthetics of art and aesthetics，Can't see it on the homeland of Changan。

Not only Changan -it can even be said to have a historical loss of similar works across the country，But there is a perfect retention in the Tang Dynasty caves in Dunhuang，Of course，We must also recognize，The content of the mural theme preserved in the Dunhuang cave，Just Changan Luoyang Liangjing area，or part of the murals of the Mainland Mainland Mainland，Number of murals、scale、There are obvious gaps in the aspects of art standards。Drawing bet365 best casino games of the murals of Dunhuang cave，The large -scale appearing in the sutra of the Tang Dynasty，History of the bustling history of this period。Drawing of the large -scale entire wall painting，The scale of the transformation、Structure、The character style of the picture，Including buildings in painting、Music、Dance and other secular life scenes，Driven Changan atmosphere，It can be considered as a masterpiece of Tang Feng，Its powder drawing must come from Changan、Luoyang bet365 Play online games Liangjing area，Therefore, it can be considered as a large -scale transformation in the Tang Dynasty caves in Dunhuang，In fact, the real reproduction of similar works in Changan in Dunhuang，It can be understood as a reproduction of Changan image，Therefore, interpretation、Research、Explained the historical and cultural meaning of the Tang Dynasty murals in Dunhuang cave，It is an archaeological information that cannot be replaced by reconstruction and restoration of Tang Changan's social materiality.，It is the true memory of the image of Changan in Datang。

In this regard, the "Zhaijia Cave" Cave 220, which was built in the 16th year of the Tang Zhenguan (642) of the Mogao Grottoes as a representative，Among them, the large -scale Huanle dance picture of the large pharmacist of the north wall，Represents the two large "lamp wheels" on both sides and the middle "lamp tower"，It is Zhang said that Tang Changan's luxury building described in "Step lyrics" is on the fifteenth night of the first month of the first month，"Western Lighting Wheel Thousand Shadow He，Dong Huajin's Wan Wan Run "，It can also be considered as Zhang Ye described in the three years of the first day of the first day of the first day of the first day of the first day of the first day of the first day of the first day，There are the largest -scale lighting dance party，"Twenty feet high as a lamp wheel in Anfu Gate in Jingshi，Yijin Qi，Decoration with golden jade，Fifty thousand lights。cluster like a flower tree。Madam thousands，Yiqiluo，Dracking Splendid，Yaozhu Cui，Shi Xiang Fan，One Crown，​​A scarf，All thousands of money。Pretend to be a prostitute，All to three hundred consolidation。Miao Jian Changan Wannian Girl Woman，clothes、Flower、Mei Zi, also known as。Step up songs for three days and nights under the lamp wheel，Happy Extreme，Not only what you start。"Another architectural painting in other caves, such as the viewing of the scriptures of the 217th Cave，It can be understood as the epitome of Tang Changan's large temple view or temple building，217、103 Erduson Zun Shengjing changed medium large green landscape painting，It is most likely Li Sixun、Li Zhaodao and other large -scale landscape paintings painted in Datong Palace in Changan Daming Palace。

Also，Like Dunhuang Tang Dynasty cave murals Vimo Sutra Verprration, the princes, Buddhas and Nirvana, the princes of the princes and the princes，Its graphic is very likely to come from all kinds of "Wanghui Maps" and "Pigraphytic Picture" represented by Yan Liben's "Pigraphytic Map" at the time，Therefore, the princes of all the princes of Dunhuang and the princes of the princes and princes lift the sorrow，In fact, it can be considered as the most international iconic historical event in Changan, Datang, the image of the most international iconic historical events of "Nation's Come", "All Kingdoms" and "Wan Nations Clothing Crown"，is the most concentrated image record of the Silk Road Shengjing in Chang'an City，is the prosperous image of Changan，To precious。

Other images of images of the material life of Tang Changan like Dunhuang murals，Rich connotation，Involved in Face Wide，，but objectively speaking，bet365 Play online games Studies in this area still have a lot of gaps，The future road is heavy and far away。

　　Record and reproduce the history of Tubo in the Tang Dynasty with an image

Cognition and research on the history of Tubo in the Tang Dynasty，Mainly uses Chinese traditional classics literature、Dunhuang Ben Tubo Social History Book、Dunhuang Tibetan Writing Scriptures、Tibetan wooden unearthed in Xinjiang、The series of Tibetan historical documents of the post -Hongqi Book，There are rich research results in the academic community in this regard。But Dunhuang was in the Tibetan rule of Tubo (786-848)，In Mogao Grottoes、The construction of Buddhist caves in Yulin Cave is not affected，And further development，Therefore, in the short 60 years of Tubo rule，Leave near 60 caves，Near the speed of one year and one cave，Caves are all small and medium caves，and the content of the mural content, the whole wall of the whole wall, the form of a variety of sutras, and the painting of a variety of sutras，Forms a typical "Three Realms，Abbot the world of the Buddha country，Cave mural theme is richer，The content is more widely。Although the cave merits of the Tubo period are mostly the majority of the Han family and the great family，But there are facts that the Tubo ruler and the Tibetan people participate，Ru Yulin Cave No. 25、15 Caves may be based on Tubo Da Xiangshangsheng as the merit，Mogao Grottoes Cave 93 belongs to the merit cave of the Tibetan people，Cave 159, Mogao Grottoes may be later with Zhang Tide、An Jingzheng, etc. overthrew the Tubo rule，Lead Retreat、The "tribe envoy" Yan Yingda's merit cave，Cave 361 of Mogao Grottoes is also the merit cave of the rulers of the upper layer of Tubo，Cave 158 of Mogao Grottoes is Nirvana Cave under the participation of the rulers of the Tubo，Therefore, all kinds of classical transformers with traditional Tang style appear in these caves，On the one hand, it reflects the great influence of the influence of painting in the Tang Dynasty at that time，At the same time, it also shows that the rulers of Tubo are in the process of learning from the Tang people，Among them, Buddhist art is also fully accepted in Changan、The facts of the large -scale transformer popular in Luoyang and other places。Literature records that Tubo had been in the four years of Changqing (824) to Tangqiu Wutai Mountain，Previous Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng entered Tibet, including the Buddha statue、Chinese artworks including Buddhist paintings，And Tubo must also see the number of temples in these places after occupying Longyou and Hexi.、The artistic level is superb, the art level of the classic transformation，After occupying Dunhuang, Tubo invited the famous Chinese monk who was at the time of more than 70 years old to go to Logo to ask the praise method，In the case of 昙 旷，This series of moves all show that there may be considerable amounts of Tangfeng Buddhist painting and sculpture artworks in Tubo。

On the other hand，It is still clear and intact in the murals of the Dunhuang cave murals.，359 with Mogao Grottoes、158、361 and other caves are representative，Especially in the 359 Cave 359, a family of four generations of the four generations of a Bet365 app download family of 77 people is almost all in Tubo，and have different clothing and hats，It is really a complete record of image historical materials for Tubo clothing。Another as the Tubo Zanpu Rites Buddha in the Vima Sutra of the Cave during this period，Take Tubo Zanpu Clothing, Cave 159, Mogao Grottoes as an example: Zanpu heads a red chanting crown，flat top，The red wiping of the top，Brain Hermore Tie，Downs the drooping head scarf corner，There is a white border with the intersection of the crown cap，It seems to be the lining of the hat。Big buns on both sides of the ear，Red hair rope fixing。Correctly wearing red balls chain ornaments。Wearing a white left -handed lapel robe，Dark collar shirts are exposed in the neckline，Shoulder gray -yellow worm leather (tiger skin or leopard) cloud shoulder，Long sleeves almost hang to the ground，Sleeve Tiger Leather Sleeve Margin。waist -based leather belt，There are interlaced red cricket -shaped small rings。The side of the robe can be seen from the hip，Dark color on the inside can be seen from the slit，The green red edge heavy skirt under the lower，and white pants worn in the heavy skirt，foot kick black boots。Left back waist and short knife，You can see a red rope knotting on the lapel above the handle，The left end is hidden in the lapel，The right end seems to be around the back，It should be a typical Tubo Zanpu dress characteristic。Such a complete depiction of Tubo's highest ruler Zanpu and his travel and attendance scenes，It can only appear in the local area of ​​Tubo or its former ruling area。So several Zanpu portraits in Dunhuang Grottoes，Feel on us today、Imagination、There are a large number of recorded Tubo ruling classes in the restoration literature, especially the image of Zanpu in the past，It is really first -hand archeological historical material，It is a precious image of studying Tubo historical and cultural，Even if there is no place for Tubo, even if there is no local land，​​Therefore, its value is high，Sorry。

As for Dunhuang murals, recorded in aspects of Tangfan relations recorded by its unique painting language，It is also the unique historical contribution of Dunhuang murals，represents the scene of the marriage of the Middle Tang Fan in the Miles of Maitreya, the 25th Cave of Yulin Cave，Mogao Grottoes Cave 158 Nirvana Sutra Tibetan Zanpu and Tang Dynasty Emperor's pictures，And this period of the picture of the Emperor of the Central Plains and Tubo Zhanpu during this period，Cave 154 The Tubo and the Tang people who drive the elephant in the golden light of the golden transformation，All important image relics of Tangfan relations。

　　Rich and expand the connotation of the historical research of the returnees

Research on the History of the Return of Return，There are very few memories of Zhengshi，To the simple，But the Tibetan Scripture Cave is stored in a very rich historical document for the Historical Materials of the Return and the Army，So after more than a centuries of efforts in the academic world，I have a comprehensive and accurate understanding of the history of the Return Army，Representative with Rongxinjiang's "Research on the History of Return to Righteousness"，Another team of the Dunhuang Studies bet365 best casino games Research Institute of Lanzhou University represented by Zheng Binglin,，And Yang Baoyu、Wu Liyu's "Research on the Research on the Relations of Return to Military and Political power and Central Relations", etc.，It can be said that through the data of Dunhuang data，A complete and clear history of the returnees presented in front of the world，The history of a northwest local regime (can also be considered as a small kingdom of a local) at the west end of the Hexi Corridor at the end of the Tang Dynasty in the late Tang Dynasty was clearly built，It reflects the unique value of Dunhuang Xue on historical research。

What we want to say is，During the construction of the history of the Return and the Army，In addition to writing this literature in Tibetan Cave，Dunhuang Grottoes mural image information，It is an important treasure house for building the history of the returnees。Those caves form Zhang's Zhang's frequently appeared in the cave、Cao's and other family members of men and women supporting people，Including the support of the monk group of the temple，Representative with Mogao Grottoes，In this cave, almost painted in all aspects of social groups that were related to the establishment of the Cao's return to the military and political power at the beginning，There is a male group like the Zhang family，There is also the statue of the male group of the Cao family，There are also official groups at all levels of the Guiyi Army Department -one of them with a large number of Gui Yi Army，There are also monks in the monks of Gourds and Sausa, the monk group statue，Even King Yu Xun, who was married to the Guiyi Army、Queen statue，And the support of the Ganzhou Hui people who marry the Return Army，This cave can be said to be the political alliance cave of the Cao's return to the rebels。Building with caves to draw the forces from all walks of life，Stable Guiyi Military Political power，These character portraits are painted into the cave together and stayed to this day，It can be considered as a cultural relic of vivid historic character in the medieval history，It is extremely rare in historical research。

Frequently Construction of Super Large Caves during the Return Army，Groups of real -life big support portraits are repeatedly drawn，The large -scale travel map is drawn in a Buddhist cave，Including large -scale Gutai Mountain geographical maps were drawn in Cao Yuanzhong's merit cave "Wenshu Hall"，and the large -scale drawing in the cave is drawn in the siriioma and historical paintings reflected in the foundation of the foundation and the Buddhist Kingdom，Even the scenes of the princes and rituals in the Vimo Sutra appear in a large scale，They are all explaining the means and methods of returning to the country to rely on Buddhism to maintain local political rule，At the same time, it is also emphasizing the hardships of the return to the country as a local government to survive independently，So the five generations of the Central Plains、Song、Liao and Yu、Ganzhou Hui、The twists and turns historical screen between Xizhou Huizheng。

Frequent emergence of the Great Caves during the Return Army，Portrait portraits of real -life -sized support are constantly being displayed，Cave top bet365 Play online games alturium well began to use the dragon and phoenix pattern of the dragon and phoenix，and often four dragons、The unique form of Wulong，Plus the beginning of the dragon king ritual Buddha image，The continuous improvement of the faith of Manjushri，and large huge Liangzhou Ruixing places to protect God's repeated appearance，All emphasize the strengthening of the awareness of the local king's king's king's rights，It is a Cao negotiating gold in this document with the Dunhuang Tibetan Sutra、Cao Yuanzhong、Cao Yanlu、Cao Zongshou、Cao Xianshun and other Jiedo Mo，"King Cao", "King of the West", "King of Guisha Prefecture", "King of Dunhuang Hui County, Shazhou" and other titles are consistent，It is the image relic of the returned army to eventually develop into an independent kingdom in the northwest。

So，In this sense，Research on Dunhuang Cave and its murals，It is actually an important promoter in the historical connotation of the returnees。

The largest number of Tang Dynasty caves in Dunhuang，The content of the mural is also extremely rich，With the development of academic，Use of high -tech means，Added the perspective of image research perspective，The status of Dunhuang Grottoes in historical research is becoming more and more valued，History of Datang's prosperous age、Culture、Art records in different ways in Dunhuang Cave murals，Need to reveal and discover the unknown historical information，Digging the unique academic value of the historical research of Dunhuang Grottoes and Datang，The goal and task of "Dunhuang Studies Highlands" in the study of Tang history。I believe in the new era，Dunhuang mural research new problems、New discovery will be endless，The interesting and mysterious veil of the Dunhuang Grottoes and Tang Shi has just been opened，The future road is heavy and far away。

(The author is the "Youth Yangtze Scholar"、Professor of History and Cultural Institute of Shaanxi Normal University)