Since the late Qing Dynasty，Various history of classical learning has emerged in succession、Ban from the history of science or special history，and diverse theory of science、Introduction to the Classics。Most of these writings are defined on the "Scriptures", "Books" and "Classics"，and the training of the word "Jing"、Determination of scriptures and scriptures，Let's evaluate the five classics、Four Books、The nature of the Thirteen Classics、Content，Read the formation of classics、Evolution，From this to build the overall cognition and basic evaluation of Chinese classics。，"Burning Scriptures", "Reading the Bible Reading", "Broken Confucius Store" kept lingering in the minds of the people，"Super Classics", "Cleaning Classics" and "Eliminating Classics" and other claims are more popular in the academic community，Under this historical background and ideological context，Each family、Book Book、Definition of classics，Traces of the era of "anti -classics" in "anti -classics"，Causes stigma to varying degrees。So，Today, we must truly recognize the original and characteristics of menstruation，Accurately evaluate the historical process of classics and its role，Unexpected need to surpass "anti -classics" thinking，The meaning of the word "Jing"、The scope and nature of the scriptures、Basic issues such as the formation and connotation of sciences will be explored again，Analysis of the various opinions of the missed bias in the past，It is rectifier for Chinese classics。

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Although the Warring States Period already has the "Jing" name，The existing "Scripture" characteristic interpretation is from Han Confucianism，Typical statements are: Ban Gu "White Tiger Tong": "Jing，Changye。There are five constant ways，Therefore, the five classics，Frequent Scriptures。"Xu Shen" Said the Word ":" Jing，Weaving (from silk) also。"Liu Xi" Interpretation ":" Jing，Trail also，Chang Dian also。Ru Di Road is omnipresent，It can be commonly used。"" "vertical line of the fabric，To the way to go omnihood，Then to the Eternal Law、Lun Chang、Following the reason，"Scripture" meaning three changes，From the original meaning to the near -extension of the righteousness，Then go to the far away from Shenyi。Driven the literature from the Han Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties，"Jing，Chang Dao Ye "said that it is prevalent，"Four Kibu Quanshu" also claims that "the scripture is not him，Just the axiom of the world "。In the "Learning Exchange" editor -in -chief of Zongfubang，The word "Jing" has a total of 182 note items，The more important is: (1) the vertical line of the fabric; (2) the north direction of the guide; (3) the diameter、Tao、Frequently、method、Outline，or Changdao、Eternal Truth or the Most High bet365 live casino games Law; (4) refers to a model or authoritative work; (5) Refers to religious classics。It can be seen in ancient language practice，The word "Jing" uses the most frequently is extended meaning，In particular, the third category is the highest frequency，The context of the mainstream of ancient Chinese academic mainstream is in line with。

However, since the late Qing Dynasty，The old training of the word "Jing" is questioned。Liu Shipei "Textbooks" in the second lesson "Definition of Classics"，Do not agree with the interpretation of "White Tiger" and "Release"，Think of the "Speaking" "Taking the Elephant Treatment Silk，The longitudinal wire is the Jing，Hengsi is weft，Extension is the meaning of the organization "，From this proposal: "The Six Classics is the Book of Ancient Ancients，Therefore, the text of the scriptures is born，Sound Rhyme Xiangxie，to remember，Algae painted chapter，There are intricate views。The ancients saw the classics of the classics also，So the meaning of fake silk，and the name of the Six Classics。"Zhang Taiyan followed in" National Hometown Health · Literature General Strategy "，Criticizing "the world is often the scriptures"，Another new solution from the origin of books: "Scriptures，Cercidity of editing silk belongs，Different from the version of the 100s below，It is also a slaughter called Shu Doro。Shuodoro，Ling translation into line，Translation as Scriptures。Gebi with Baye Book，Therefore, use lines to jointly use; this is based on bamboo slips，Also edited Silk Pixes。"Later, the new scholar Jiang Yan edited" Specification of Classics "，also said: "The ancients of the ancients are based on bamboo slips，Read it on it with a knife，Complexity Book。Scripture characters from 纟 巠。巠 巠，Bamboo one is called one，Therefore, from 巠。纟，Therefore, from 纟。This is the original meaning of the classics，Agreement with Books。"Three houses before and after follow，The righteousness of the beginning of the initial meaning of the word "Jing"，It seems that there is reasonable basis，Dizziness for a while。

Most of the ancient Chinese characters have original meaning and extension meaning，But according to the specific context，enough to understand its meaning。In the discourse system of classics，The word "Jing" can undoubtedly only point to the far away from Shenyi。The students of the Guangya Academy in the late Qing Dynasty had doubts about the "Scripture" as the "Scripture"，Mountain Long Zhu Yixin answered，One word breaks: "The words of the sage are the world method，Zun Zhi is the classics。"Since the" Jing "comes from the recognition and push from later generations，Must be the righteousness of the later。The "Six Arts Theory" written by the Republic of China scholar Chen Dingzhong emphasized: "See the word in classics，Those who are useless。Scripture starts in the evening week，When not chasing the original meaning，It is necessary to use extension bet365 live casino games and justice。"Contemporary scholar Ye Guoliang followed Zhang's logic，Easily launch its fallacy，reiterated: "The ancients called‘ Jing ’，The theory of its value and status，It is used with its extension meaning，instead of using its original meaning。"Zhang Taiyan and other traditional primary schools，It must not be so ignorant。They replace extension meaning with the initial meaning of the "Scripture"，Secret is the authoritative status and long -lasting value that intends to dissolve the study of classics，and modern Chinese Philippines and Confucianism、A combination of social thoughts of the Six Classics。Although Zhang Taiyan had regretted that he was not Confucian in his early years、The theory of Pointing the hole，The new solution of his "Jing" has always been admitted to the academic circles，So far is still an authoritative conclusion，Popularized。

In short words，"Scriptures"，Old training is the most credible，New 诂 is easy to confuse，Be sure to distinguish it carefully。

　　The scope and nature of the scriptures

The word "Jing" of the ancients，Often refers to the "Scripture Book"，Liu Ye's "Wenxin Eagle Dragon" also stated: "Trianga Yi training，The book is called Scriptures。Scriptures，Evergrande Tao，No publishing Hongjiao also。"The scriptures specifically referred to the Confucian classic in ancient times，and form a Jing、Chuan、Note、Relations of sparse levels。Among them、It is particularly clear，Such Pi Xirui "History of Sutra" said: "。Biography of disciples，or the memory。Disciple Exhibition Turning Terry。"emphasized that only Confucius deleted、Made of "Poems", "Book", "Li", "Le", "Yi", "Yi", "Spring and Autumn" can be called the "Six Classics"，Strictly limited the scope of the scriptures，to ensure that its character is pure、Respecting status。

Han、Since the Tang Dynasty，"Seven Classics", "Nine Classics", "Thirteen Classics", etc.，The Qing Dynasty Duan Yuli also proposed the "Twenty -one Classic"，The scope of the scriptures is continuously expanded，The characteristics of their classics are also decayed accordingly。and the end of the Qing Dynasty，Zhang Taiyan's "National Hometown Theory · Original Scriptures" said "The name of the sutra"，and Bing Book、Law、Teaching Order can be called "Jing"，Zhuzi Baijia has its own names，Scriptures from the special name into a general name，Flows on all line installation books。Jiang Yan also said, "Scriptures，Alias ​​of Jane also "，The scriptures are ordinary ancient books。Ma Zonghuo, who is also the ancient literary theory of the late Qing Dynasty，1936 in the preface of "History of Chinese Classics": "Sutra，Total name of the condition，Non -Six Arts Profits; Six Artists，Books of the Saint Fate，Non -Confucius obtained。But from Confucius to teach with six arts，Entering deletion，So the Chinese Six Artists，Salt Fold in Confucius。From six arts, there are some folding，bet365 Play online games So scholars are containing their status although they are blog，Must -test letter in six arts。Gai Liuyi Specialized has since been called。"" better reveals that the scriptures have changed from general name to special name、Special refers to the Six Classics of Confucius，enough to correct the predecessor's bias。

The biggest change in modern books，No more than the re -determination of the academic community for its nature。The "Six Classics History" that emerged after the Sui and Tang dynasties，Jing Zhang Xuecheng、Gong Zizhen、Zhang Taiyan and other repeated misunderstandings，Finally from Qian Xuan Tong、Zhou Yu Tong、Gu Jiegang becomes the "Six Classics History".。From this，Scriptures are not in writing，Status falls thousands of feet。In fact, the relationship between the history is not tolerated，Liu Yun in the Northern Song Dynasty has long been thoroughly discussed: "Spring and Autumn" one also，Lu Renji is history，Zhong Nixiu is the classics。Out of history，and Shi Fei Jing; History can be Jing，and Non -History。For example, attack stone to take jade，Jade is produced in Shiyi，and the stone is not the jade;，Gold is taken in Shabi，and sand cannot be described as gold。"" Judging from the formation of the scriptures，can be described as an eternal knowledge。The scholar of the Republic of China Zhao Bizhen's classification of "Yizhou Book" categorized，Also pointed out: "The essence of" Shang Shu "originally belonged to history，Because of the deleted by Confucius，Duxitan Book of France，The Old Respect is the classics。It has been deleted by Confucius，or for deletion，Of course listed in history，or at the end of the Department of Economics，Broken cannot be recognized as the classics。"(" Introduction to the National Studies "Chapter 2) From the change of history to the sutra，is an irreversible process。Modern scholars for the characteristics of the scripture book，Perseverance to restore the Liu Jing into a historical book and even historical materials，Revealed "Broken Period News"，It is this simple fact。

I want，Books refer to the Six Classics or Five Classics，It also includes several Confucian writings that have been listed as statutory and classic after the two Han dynasties。Zhou Yutong although the anti -classics，But the "Introduction to the Classics" describes "the name of the Chinese Confucian books"，You can still see that the scriptures are "respect" for specific classics。

　　The formation of classics and its connotation

The term "Jingxue" began in the Western Han Dynasty，But scriptures are not formed in the Western Han Dynasty。The two Han Confucianists generally praise Confucius to delete the Six Classics、For the later generations of the law，I believe that Confucius created the prosperity of science，From this laid the long tradition of the "Zun Kong Chong Jing" of later generations。and until the late Qing Dynasty，Different Speaking，The formation of classics has become a prominent problem。First, Gong Zizhen's "Six Classics" asserted Bet365 lotto review "Zhongni is not born，Six Classics first; Zhongni is both born，Not doing it from the way "，Decisure Confucius' Book。Later, Liu Shipei's "Economics Textbooks" set up two lessons "Ancient Six Classics", "Western Saturday Classics"，Advocated "Before the Confucius，Six Classics for a long time "。For the past ancient texts，Puxi Rui claims to "open the era of classics，Broken from the Confucius to delete the Six Classics as the beginning "，Emphasize "Maintenance must be made as Confucius，Can be learned on classics "(Chapter 1 of the History of Sutra)，However, it is regarded as the extreme theory of today's Wen family，Few scholars adopt letters，Even repeatedly reprimanded。Ma Zonghuo's "History of Chinese Classics"，At the beginning, let's talk about the "Six Classics of the Ancients"，For details, there are already scriptures in ancient times、There is already learning in the Western Zhou Dynasty，The second part of the "Six Classics of Confucius"。As for Feng Youlan's "History of Chinese Philosophy", an ancient academic scholarship is cut into sub -learning、Two major periods of learning，"The Era of Classics" has become a popular label describing the Confucian course that describes more than 2000 years since the Western Han Dynasty，The concept of formation in the Western Han Dynasty in Western Han Dynasty became common sense，Therefore, some scholars talk about the history of science，Called the "Previous Classics Era"，Call the Republic of China as the "post -study era"。

Ping love，In the late Qing Dynasty, Wen family insisted on the production of Confucius to produce the Six Classics as the "Era of Classics and Study"，Since modern times, the academic community has generally used the Emperor Hanwu to "stop hundreds，Table Six Classics "is the beginning of the classics era，Each holding one end。From the overall history of classics，It does not happen overnight，but experience a long process，Can be summarized as classic、institutionalization、Three stages of sacredization。Before Confucius，There are many historical documents，Especially "Poetry", "Book", "Li", "Le"，It has been widely used for noble education、Dynasties politics and state diplomacy。Previous people borrowed the "Jing" name，It is called the "Six Classics of the Ancients"，Zhang Xuecheng regards the Six Classics as "The Syndrome of the King"。In fact, these documents are ancient、Comprehensive records of three generations of Chinese civilization，Each has its own specialty，passed down from generation to generation，belongs to Wang Guanxue。At the time of Confucius，"The weekly room is slightly and ritual and music waste，"Poetry" and "Book" is missing "，So chase three generations，Delete "Poetry" and "Book"，Ding "Li" and "Le"，Praise "Zhou Yi"，Pen "Spring and Autumn"，Apartment in description，"Preparation of King Road，Cheng Six Arts "(" Historical Records · Confucius Family ")。Confucius uses Liu Jing priests，Turn official Bet365 lotto review learning into private studies，Open a new era。This is the first step formed by classics，Can be called the classic stage。Six passes through the disciples of Kongmen，Weiyan，Dayi is not good，flowing world。The Warring States Period is a hundred comedings，Zhu Zili said that he also quoted the Six Classics。At the beginning of Hanxing，Respect Huang Lao，Although the ban on the collection of books，The way to open a book，Confucian students are still unused。Until Dong Zhongshu plays "Three Strateies of Heaven and Man"，Emperor Hanwu Established Dr. Five Classics，Then set up a doctoral disciples，Repeat the scriptures，After that, the court's political affairs、Official selection、Taixue Education、Local education, etc.，Both are closely related to the Five Classics and the Analects of Confucius "Filial Sutra。This is the second step formed by classics，officially obtained the national system protection，It can be called institutionalized stage。Dong Zhongshu has absorbed the idea of ​​yin and yang，Explained "Spring and Autumn" "Yi Yuan Tian，With the meaning of Tian Tongjun "，Proposal "Heaven and Human induction" doctrine，to increase the authority of Confucianism。Confucian students since then、Fang Shi Tinguku，Tongwei Jiaotao Miscellaneous，The learning of heaven and man is a moment of prosperity。Especially Eastern Han Dynasty Emperor Guangwu Chongxin Secret Weifted，"The Righteousness of the Five Classics，All with 谶 "，Five "Five Classics for Foreign Studies，Qiwei for internal studies "(Chapter 4 of the History of Sutra)。Study in the two Han Dynasty, weft，It is the extreme manifestation of the sanctification of classics，In fact, the result of the continuous strengthening of the idea of ​​"Zun Kong Chong Jing" is continuously strengthened。However, the sacred process of learning is not completed as scheduled，Confucianism has not become religious。Late Qing "Academic Outline" wants to place classics in new education，Put forward the "Chinese Scripture Book，is the religion of China "，Using Western theology to be attached to Chinese classics。Especially Kang Youwei launched the Confucianism Movement，Advocated Confucianism as a state religion，Not only failed to "guarantee"，Instead, it has added reasons to the "abolition" of the nearby people。

Due to the loss of judgment of the formation of classics，In the past, regardless of critics、Treasurer is still an objective researcher，During the definition of classics, you can peek into the whole leopard: or the essence of the study as the essence of the pre -Qin history literature，or emphasized the effect of science as the source of the value of the Chinese nation，Or the core of the ideology of the feudal dynasty by the study，may be regarded as the cornerstone of the ancient Chinese knowledge system。According to the formation process of the formation from the pre -Qin Dynasty to the two Han Dynasty，Reference bet365 Play online games academic opinion，The connotation of classics should include four points: First, the knowledge system from the three generations of literature，Can be called "Six Arts of Art"，For example, "Zhuangzi · Tianxia" said: "Poetry" is based on Taoist，"Book" with Tao，"Li" with Tao，"Le" with Taohe，"Yi" is Yin and Yang，"Spring and Autumn" is divided by Taoism。"The second is to pay attention to the social education of self -reliance，can be called "the teaching of the six arts"，"Book of Rites · Scriptures" is the words of Confucius: "Enter the country，It can be known for its teaching。It is also gentle and gentle，"Poetry" also;，"Book" teach，"Le" also;，"Yi" teach also; Gong Jianzhuang Jing，"Li" teaching also;，"Spring and Autumn" teaching also。"The third is the system design of serving the country and the people of the country，can be called "the rule of the six arts"，Just as "Historical Records · Funny Biography" contains: "Six art in the rule，也。"Li" with the festival，"Le" with hair and，"Book" with Tao，Poetry "with meaning，"Yi" is deified，"Spring and Autumn" with morality。"Fourth is the humanistic beliefs that began in Shinto.，Can be called "Qi of Qiwei"。The function of six arts from learning to teaching to governance，It is the three very obvious changes in the formation of classics。As for the study from the five classics of the Western Han Dynasty to the learning of the Eastern Han Dynasty，Mainly driven by the Confucian students of the two Han Dynasty，Also mixed with absurdity，Most of them were ignored in the past。Newcomers who advocate science in modern times，Make a strong criticism of the superstition of scriptures、Reaction，It should be related to the misunderstanding of the weirology of the Han Dynasty。

In short，Re -examine the formation process of classics，Fully grasp the content of the classics，can correct the one -sided understanding of the past learning，Let the ancient classics rejuvenate，Continue to play a role in the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation。

(This article is the National Social Science Fund's major project "Pipis Rui" Comment and Research "(15zdb010) phase -based results)

(The author is a professor at the School of History and Culture of Hunan Normal University)