Labor is the basic concept of the study of "Capital"，It is the base point founded by Marxist political economy labor value theory。Marx once pointed out: Labor is the sun that society revolves around it，And believes: "For those who are socialism，The entire so -called world history is not the process of being born through people's labor。"Engels also said that Marxism was" the key to understanding all social history in the history of labor development "。Therefore，Research and understanding of the concept of labor，It has very important academic significance。Now，In Marxist theoretical research，What needs to be emphasized is，Abstract labor is the same concept as labor，Do not explain and recognize the concept of abstract labor from the concept of labor。

Logically speaking，Labor is a concept，And labor does not mean human labor。As a concept，Labor includes animal labor and human labor，And human labor is from the origin of animal labor or evolution，Before human labor is generated，Only animal labor on the earth。It's just，As a daily term as a modern society，Basic categories of philosophy and social science research，Now talk about labor，In the absence of ambiguity，means only human labor，Usually excluded animal labor，means that human labor and labor are synonymous，Talking about labor is talking about human labor，Talking about human labor is talking about labor。and，As a concept，The concept of labor is the abstract summary of various production or service activities engaged in humans。So，The concept of labor itself is an abstract concept，bet365 best casino games Where is it，Regardless of economics research，Still Philosophy Research，When talking about labor refers to abstract labor。This is the principle of "white horse non -horse"，The concept of the white horse is not the same as the concept of horses as a category，That is, like a horse is the abstract summary of all colors of horses，Labor is an abstract summary of all human economic activities，A white horse is just a specific horse among all horses，Similarly，A specific labor is just a specific existence in human labor that is abstract and summarizes。So，Under normal circumstances，As the concept of labor can not indicate that animal labor only means human labor，The concept of labor is the concept of abstract labor，Basically, you can basically not emphasize the concept of abstract labor。In "Capital"，Marx is also often used with the concept of labor to represent abstract labor concepts。When talking about the duality of the product，Marx pointed out: "Use value theory，The meaningful is the quality of the labor contained in the product，In terms of value,，It is only meaningful to the amount of labor contained in the product，However, this kind of labor has become a human labor that has no qualitative differences。"" and，The most obvious determination is，Marx's interpretation of the duality of labor，He pointed out: "All labor，From one aspect,，It is the cost of human labor in the physiological sense; as the same or abstract human labor，It forms a product value。All labor，From the other side,，It is the consumption of human labor in a special form of purpose; as a specific useful labor，It produces and uses value。"" Marx believes that it is an abstract labor form value，Specific labor production and use value。bet365 live casino games But everyone knows，From this Marx's value theory is called labor value theory，and never particularly emphasized that it is the theory of abstract labor value。So，Only as far as the study of "Capital"，Labor refers to human labor，The concept of human labor is equivalent to the concept of labor，The concept of labor is equivalent to abstract labor concepts，That is, human labor is the representation of abstract labor，is the abstract summary of all specific specific labor。Origin of human and human society，It is determined by the origin of human labor。Summitted the development of labor after the development of human origin as the development of various periods into the development of human labor，It is the abstract understanding of the development of labor，It is a summary of abstract labor development。This way to know abstract labor, that is, knowing that human labor is the need to study the history of human and human society from the development of the history of the origin。In short，The concept of labor is an abstraction for specific labor，That is, the concept of abstract labor and the concept of labor is the same，Labor exists in various historical periods of human society，The concept of abstract labor can be used to express labor in various historical periods of human society，The concept of abstract labor is like the concept of labor running through all historical periods of human society，Abstract labor is not a unique concept of a certain period of society。

Further understand the sameness of the concept of abstract labor and the concept of labor，It must be clearly not to equate abstract labor with simple labor，It must be recognized that the development of human labor is becoming more and more complicated。This means，It can’t be considered that abstract labor is no craftsmanship、Simple operation of independence bet365 Play online games and personality，It is a simple labor that any ordinary person can compete。In fact，Labor has a distinction between complex labor and simple labor in various historical periods of human society，The development of society is determined by the complexity of complex labor，Abstract labor is a representation of non -different human labor，Not only the summary of complex labor，also includes a summary of simple labor，Not only does it mean the abstraction of simple labor。So，The identification of simple labor for abstract labor belongs to an unprecedented disbelief，It does not meet the most basic social life facts。Restoration from complex labor to simple labor is a complex problem of political economy research，It is not a non -compatible market exchange sense between complex labor and simple labor，It does not mean that only simple labor can be used as abstract labor in terms of physiological consumption、Calculation and transfer。If in modern society，People can only live in the economic guarantee of mutual exchange of abstract labor in the form of simple labor，How ridiculous is that。It can be said，If you do n’t know the development of modern society is determined by the complexity of modern human labor，Modern human labor has been highly complicated，It is the reality that completely ignores human labor development。19th Century，When the Capital Theory came out，Humans are still living in a closed earth limited space，The closedness of breaking the limited survival space of the earth is after the new technological revolution in the mid -20th century，Humans who can reach the space of the universe today can already enjoy the unimaginable modern life that cannot be imagined in the 19th century，This is the result bet365 live casino games of the complexity of social labor in human reality。So，Entering the real departure，Never think that abstract labor is simple labor，Never think that the development of human labor is becoming more and more simplified。

Further determine the equivalent of the concept of labor and expression as an abstract labor concept that forms the value of commodity value，It is also necessary to give correct understanding of the history of the commodity economy，It cannot be considered that only the capitalist society has a commodity economy that forms value from abstract labor，It cannot be considered that abstract labor is a unique concept of a developed capitalist society。Research on History, especially the study of economic history，Human society has only experienced three socio -economic forms: the first socio -economic form is a natural economy，End at the end of the primitive society; the second social and economic form is the commodity economy，Display in the end of the primitive society，The development has continued to today's society; the third socio -economic form is a market economy，Disposal in the early stages of capitalist society，or the market economy is produced with capitalist production methods，Therefore, the market economy is a new socio -economic form after the development of the commodity economy，It has been highly developed now。So，The commodity economy is the long -original socio -economic form，Even before the production of the currency, there was a commodity economy formed by the product economy，The history of currency has always been accompanied by the history of the development of the commodity economy，can be said with certainty，Without the development of the commodity economy, there is no market economy.Bet365 lotto review ，There is no production of a capitalist society。The capitalist market economy is after the development of slave social commodities in about 3000 years, including slave social commodities，It has continued on the basis of the relatively developed feudal social commodity economy for about 2000 years.，Therefore，Before the capitalist society, there is a commodity economy and social form with the value of commodity value。If you think it is just a capitalist society，Only there is product exchange，Only abstract labor formed the value of the product，In terms of objective historical facts and logic,，It is impossible to establish。Marx when writing "Capital"，Capitalist society has only produced more than 100 years，Of course, he knows that the commodity economy was before the capitalist society。Marx has never said that abstract labor is a concept unique to developed capitalist society，Because he always uses the concept of human labor with abstract labor as an analysis without difference，Its research indicates，Generally manifested in general capitalist production methods, the labor of capital services, that is, abstract labor does not only exist in the period of developed capitalist。

In short，Abstract labor is labor，Labor is human labor。Since the origin of human beings，The development of labor has always promoted the continuous development of human society，Abstract labor is neither a unique concept of a capitalist society，Not even a concept of a developed capitalist society。Research "Capital Theory"，Study Marxist theory，Need to have in -depth research and pioneering spirit，Need to have a consciousness of development innovation with the times，But you must respect the most basic history and facts anyway，We must follow the most basic logic，Thinking Bet365 app download of the thinking that is not in line with logic and facts with abstract labor, that is, to create a new understanding。It can be said，The research on labor is an extremely important area for Marxist theory，People who need to pursue in this area will work hard to work hard。

(Author Unit: Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)