The phenomenon of transportation has existed in ancient times，But as an activity of uniformly recruiting food as a centralized dynasty，It began in Qin and Han，Finally late。In the evolution of transportation，A large number of literature records have been left in the past dynasties。It is based on these historical documents，Division of transportation with modern significance gradually launched in the 20th century。1891 "Bulletin" (volume 33) published "Lazy Old Man" "Different Different Different Together"，Open the public publication of the results of transportation research，But the actual development of transportation research was in the 1930s and 1940s。Early transportation research is more scattered，Published nearly 20 articles，Roughly divided into three categories: one is the work described by the overall test of transportation; the other is the study of the disconnected transportation before the Qing Dynasty;。These achievements are the opening of the research of transportation，mainly based on the text and reviews。The author pays more attention to the construction and development of the transportation system，Examination of Economic History。Where，Xia Yan's "Issues of the Field Fu in the Yangtze River before and after the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom"、Wan Guoding "Outline of the Ming and Qing Dynasties"、All Han Dynasty "Tang and Song Empire and Canal"、Li Wenzhi's "The Development of Water Conservancy and Transportation of Past Dynasties and the Relationship between Transportation" and "Tuitian and Transportation in the Qing Dynasty" and so on.。

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The 1950s and 1970s，bet365 live casino games Research on transportation gradually advance，Scholars at home and abroad have given attention and research on transportation。The main achievements of mainland China are: Fang Ye "The Relationship between the River Governance of the Ming Dynasty and the Tongcao"、Ma Yunqing's "Remaining in the Qing Dynasty"、Lai Jiadu "The River and the Sea of ​​the Yuan Dynasty"、Shi Nianhai "Sanmenxia and Ancient Transportation"、Fan Shuzhi "Ming and Qing Dynasties's Capital Strategy"、Zou Yilin "The Excavation of the Sui and Tang Dynasties from the Discovery of the Sui and Tang Dynasties"。There is no lack of research during this period of Taiwan, China，Such as Wu Xi's "The Ming Dynasty's Sea, Mission and Yun and the Dragon of the Canal", "The Status of the Ming Dynasty and the Study of the Warehouse in the Ming Dynasty"。Representative results should belong to Zhang Zhelang's "Transport in the Qing Dynasty"，This work divides the Qing Dynasty transportation into the river transportation period、Maritime During、Hohai and Yunyan period，But the focus of the narrative still lies in Cao Gan River Yun。Although it can be expanded in depth，But the combing of the Qing Dynasty transportation system is still systematic and beneficial。

During this period, foreign transport research is mainly Japan，Representative bet365 live casino games is Xingbinfu。He wrote a series of papers around the Qing Dynasty transportation system，The transportation road for the grain of the river transportation in the Qing Dynasty、sailor、Sitting on the Grain Hall、The trend of commercialization of grain and the transition from the sea transportation has been conducted in more in -depth research。Xingbin Fu has also written several monographs on the history of the Ming and Qing Dynasties: "Research on the Ming Dynasty" on the Ming Dynasty.、Transportation Organization、The sea transportation and related issues during the river transport period; the latter part of the "Research on the History of Transportation in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" discussed the development of the Qing Dynasty transportation system。He also wrote "Grand Canal -China Transport", "Research on the History of Social Economics in the Ming and Qing Dynasties"，The latter compares the food transportation system of the two generations of the Ming and Qing Dynasties。The research of Japanese scholars during this period is also limited to combing the transportation system，But compared to the transportation of Chinese scholars in the first half of the 20th century，The field of vision is more open。At the same time, American scholars' attention to transportation issues，The most representative is Harold C. Hinton's doctoral dissertation The Grain Tribute System of China (1845-1911) ("Late Qing Dynasty Transport System")，The overall operation of its transportation in the late Qing Dynasty，Especially for the food system of Heyun and its canal、The relationship between the Yellow River，Detailed outline。Huang Renyu's doctoral dissertation "The Transport in the Ming Dynasty" is based on the Ming Dynasty transportation，Examine the national management of the Ming Dynasty。

This stage of transportation research is mainly based on institutional history and economic history research，Regardless of domestic or foreign，Pay more attention to the transportation system、Activities of Acting、Heyun Sea Transport, etc.，and look at the transportation and river channels from the perspective of economic history、Transportation、Ware、Tun Tian、Finance, etc.。

　Full expansion of domestic transport research

The last 20 years of the 20th century is the prosperity period of domestic transportation research，The reason is the academic development after reform and opening up。The significant changes in transportation research during this period are a group of macro or general -the -spear works。First of all, pay attention to Shi Nianhai's "China Canal"，The book in the book is more discourse for the huge role of the canal below the Qin and Han dynasties, especially the canal below the Tang and Song dynasties.。Several monographs in this period have pioneering significance。Li Zhiting's "History of Chinese Transportation" is the first historical work of transportation and traffic，Grasp the development process from the pre -Qin to the late Qing Dynasty，Involved in the canal excavation、Transportation Organization Management、Transport Tool、Multiple aspects such as transportation and socioeconomic relations。Bet365 lotto review Wu Qi "Transport and Chinese Society" from the vertical historical evolution of transportation and transportation and Chinese politics、Ancient military、Social balance、Business Economy、The horizontal relationship of agricultural economy and social culture，Research Lama and its social impact。Chen Feng's "Transport and Ancient Society" explores the political and military significance of transportation、Management and operating status and its relationship with many aspects of ancient society，and criticized the negative impact of transportation on ancient Chinese society。A batch of papers also discuss the evolution and development of transportation and its staged characteristics from the overall discussion、"Cao Ben" thought and its influence、The ancients' understanding of the relationship between the country and the transportation of the country and the transportation、The negative impact of the Grand Canal transportation on traditional society、The evolution of the thinking of transportation、Reform of Dynasties, etc.。

There are two important changes in transportation research during this period: First, the bet365 live casino games Research on transportation of each generation is fully carried out，The second is the continuous expansion of the field of transportation research。From the Qin, Han,, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties to Sui and Tang dynasties、​​The Song and Yuan Dynasties，Further to the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Research on Transportation of the Dynasties。For the development of the development of transportation during the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties、The study of the relationship between the canal and the transportation and the military and the military relationship;、Organization management、Research on the establishment and system construction of officials of transportation;、Organization management、Transport staff、Disadvantages、Southern Song Dynasty supply system、Research on River Yun and Maritime; for the transportation system of the Ming and Qing Dynasties、The evolution of the transportation method、Grain Width Free、Research on the Army and Qiding、Questions of white grain、Grain Width Free、Regional transport、The relationship between transportation and regional society、Communication and material exchange with the Grand Canal、Disadvantages、Social function of transportation。

The historical works of the Disciplinary Yunyun include: Pan Yan's "Canal and Yunyun in the Sui and Tang Dynasties" inspected the excavation and dredging of the Sui and Tang Dynasties、The impact of obstruction on the rise and fall of the country; Bao Yanbang's "Research on the Ming Dynasty" folding the grain in the Ming Dynasty、Solution of white grain、The Games System、Drift and drift of grain、Building of a boat、The freight of grain was comprehensively discussed; Peng Yunhe's "The History of the Ming and Qing Dynasties" on the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the transportation of the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Unprecedented development of the transportation of the Ming and Qing Dynasties、Governance of the Yunyun River、The solution of the grain and the development of the transportation system、The disadvantages of transportation and the social impact of transportation Bet365 lotto review are discussed in detail; Li Wenzhi、Jiang Taixin's "Transportation of the Qing Dynasty" is the representative achievement of the inter -generation transportation，Fully sort out the Qing Dynasty transportation system，The continuity of the transportation of the Qing Dynasty、Fiscal and Jiexi functions of grain、Taxation system for grain in the Qing Dynasty、Getting and exchange of grains、Transport official system and boat system、The transportation restructuring after Daoguang made macro grasp and subtle argument。Chinese Taiwanese scholar Cai Taibin "The Remediation and Management of the Ming Dynasty Caohe" discusses the geographical situation of the entire line of Caohe、The truth of the Yellow River Blocking the transport road、The Function of the Four Great Water Cabinets in Shandong、Building a hundred -seater vessels、Organization of Caohe、Difficult to suffer from river and county in Hezhou County，Think of the strength of the Ming Dynasty to protect the country in the country，National strength、The people's destiny is hurt here。

　Research on Transport Expansion Expansion

21st Century，bet365 live casino games Research on transportation entered a new stage，A prerequisite trend appeared。One，Follow the transportation matters based on the perspective of the country，Seeing transportation as an important national affairs，Re -examine the characteristics of transportation;，Based on the social level，Follow the interaction between transportation and society;，Deepen historical materials，and try the research on the interdisciplinary interdisciplinary in theoretical and methods。

Special research and regional research have become an important path for in -depth。Zhang Xiaodong's "Han and Tang Dynasties and Military" introduced military theory、Historical geography method，Analyze the interaction between transportation and military during the Han and Tang dynasties。Li Qun's "Research on the Qing Dynasty Transport Law" from the perspective of the history of the legal system for the Qing Dynasty transportation institution、The transportation method was discussed。Yu Deyuan's "Beijing Transport and Cangchang" is the first regional history of transportation，For the canal and transportation from the Beijing region from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty、The management of warehousing was inspected。Li Junli "Tianjin Yunyun Research (1368-1840)" systematically discusses the management system of the canal in Tianjin Yunyun in the Ming and Qing Dynasties、The amount of grain through Tianjin、Food interception questions、Boat、The impact of food sea transportation and transportation on Tianjin，Discuss the relationship between transportation and Tianjin urban development。，A batch of regional differences in the implementation of the Ming and Qing Grain transportation methods、The relationship between the first line of the canal and the folk belief。

The most noteworthy phenomenon in the 21st Century Transport Research is to put the transportation at the social level，This research trends and social history、History anthropology and other interdisciplinary research orientation is closely related，Showing a new perspective、Selection of topics、Features of fruitful results。

bet365 live casino games Research on transport personnel and group。Related research is concentrated in the Ming and Qing dynasties，Follow the transport sailor、Military households、Group activities of the Yun Army and Qiding、Survival status and social impact。Cao Jinna's "Research on the Jellyfish Research of the Qing Dynasty" inspects the Ming and Qing Dynasties、Survival status of Qiding、Social environment and problems caused by Qiding。Shen Shengqun's "Research on the Qing Dynasty Yunyun Qiding" for the formation of the Qiding group of the Qing Dynasty、Daily life、Social conditions、Group culture、Social Concept、Business activities、Information circulation and other aspects conducted systematic inspections，Display Qidin in the country and the people、Evolution of characters in national and local relations。Yu Zhijia "Guard Hall、Military Households and Military Services: Research on the Jiangxi area of ​​the Ming and Qing Dynasties "discusses the relationship between the regional health center and transportation，and the changes and influence of the health center system in the Qing Dynasty，Concentrated discussion of the Yun Army of Jiangxi Health Center、Boats and Tuntian, etc.，Reveal the relationship between the Jiangxi Guards of the Ming Dynasty and transportation。A batch of Tun Ding、Governor of Yunyun、Sailor Luojiao、Waterman Fighting、Interaction of transport personnel and other interest groups，All research。

Land Research from the Perspective Perspective。Looking at the collection of grain from the perspective of taxation finance，Deep inspections of local fiscal structure、The disadvantages of the grain collection faction、The relationship between items and local finances, etc.。Hu Tieqiu "Research on the Ming and Qing Dynasties" believes，In the reform of Jiangnan Grain in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the reform of Jiangnan Grain "Officials"，The government tries to eliminate the influence of the sectarian class such as "resting home"，But objectively, the government and grain households need to break the family agent to handle taxes and solve transactions，The effect of led to removal is not the same。Since the positive finance is not enough to support local costs，Ganpai、Bad rules and other foreign finances to do the road，Corruption prevails，Financially under the erosion of officials。Zhou Jian's series of papers discussed the "Consumption Return to the Gong" and "Stall Donation"、The status of the grain floating harvest in the revenue of the state and the county and the disadvantages of the Jiadao Jiangnan，Reveal the relationship between the additional finance and the positive finance，or the relationship between the rules and local fiscal revenue and expenditure。A batch of papers for "漕"、"Disadvantage" rectification、Suzhou "big and small households"、Discussion on issues such as the reform of the government and the fiscal reform of the late Qing Dynasty。

Transport and local social order。Through deep digging historical materials，Sorting out phenomena such as "吿 吿", "Noise", "Anti -Cao", "Anti -Capture" and other phenomena，Reveal Bet365 lotto review disadvantages、Government Crisis、System Dilemma，and then examine the changes in local social order and the relationship between the country and society。Zhang Xiaoyu's "People in Litigation and Local Public Affairs -Centers for the Qing Dynasty Litigation", "Historical Materials、Method、Theory: "Zhong Jiu Jiu Nao Cao" under the perspective of historical anthropology "is quite representative。Japanese scholar Kosaka Kyoko conducted a legal history analysis of the Hubei Culfur in the 54th year of Qianlong。Wu Qi、Xiao Lihong and other related studies and "Qing Dynasty Grain Symptoms and Local Social Order" (edited below) systematically explained the characteristics of time and space、Method and role and the impact on local order，Deeply reviewing the social problems behind the trouble。In recent years，Academic circles Follow the transportation and Liga、Baojia、clan、The relationship between grass -roots social organizations such as the guards，Examine the operation and reality of the grassroots society，Analysis System、Social and other deep questions。

Transportation and social changes。Discuss the relationship between transportation and social changes from multiple times and multiple angles，If the space change through the transportation line, investigate the regional social change、The impact of the development of transportation on regional and urban development、The evolution of the transportation system and method discusses the impact on social changes、The relationship between "rules" and social change。Ni Yuping's "The Grain and Social Change of the Qing Dynasty" is representative，The author will handle the sea of ​​grain under the social background of the middle and late period of the Qing Dynasty，Examine the Qing Dynasty grain and sea transportation and political change、The relationship between economic evolution and social changes。The author also paid attention to the far -reaching impact of the transformation of the transportation method of the grain in the Qing Dynasty on the weakening of the Canal Economic Zone and the rise of the coastal economic zone。

　There is still room for further development

bet365 live casino games Research on transportation has been closely related to Chinese academic development since the 20th century，Open in the 1930s and 1940s，Framented until the 1970s，Prosperous Development in the 1980s and 1990s，Achievements emerge at concentration，Deep Development since the 21st century。Where，The Research on Transportation since the 1980s is coherent、Contract、Top new features，During the research period, to the Ming and Qing dynasties, especially the Qing Dynasty，Research strength is also concentrated in mainland China，A large -scale trend。Enter the 21st century，Scholars get rid of simple institutional history、Research on Economic History Research，Re -understand the attributes of transportation，Review the political significance of transportation from different levels、Economic meaning、Social meaning，Revelation of the institutional change from the affairs of the party、Regional development、Social structure、Order and Change。In terms of methodology，Carry out interdisciplinary research，Bet365 lotto review Introduction to History Anthropology、Social History、Legal history、Political Science、Sociology、Theoretical and methods of fiscal science，On the basis of continuous excavation of historical materials，Opening a lot of new topics，Makes a lot of new understanding。

Looking forward to the future，There is still further development space for transportation research。First，During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, transportation research before each period was relatively weak，This is not related to historical materials，But the new theory and methods help promote new research。Next，Research on the history of transportation is mostly biased towards Jiangsu、Shandong、Research on provinces along the canal such as Tianjin，For Jiangxi、Lake、Zhejiang and other regions are relatively small。The rise of the study of canal in canal in recent years，The transportation research on the front line of the canal has been strengthened，Studies in other areas should also increase their strength。again，There are still many topics in the bet365 live casino games Research on transportation to Carry out，Regional differences such as transportation、The operation mechanism of transportation、The impact of transportation on the social environment、Family in the Southern Transportation Family、Important characters in the history of transportation、Sorting of transportation documents, etc.。Last，Interdisciplinary research on transportation has become a trend in recent years，But how to effectively learn from the theoretical methods of relevant disciplines，Need to continue to explore and practice。

(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, Huazhong Normal University)