"Using the World" as the excellent cultural tradition of China，Its semantics is "Economics and the World"，It can also be understood as learning must be beneficial to state affairs，Application for it。The idea of ​​"using the world" has a long history in China，And after many changes。until early 20th century，The study of the world is under the influence of the social revolution.，嬗 becomes a powerful weapon for modern intellectual transformation society。

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The word "Jingshi"，First see "Zhuangzi · Qiwu theory": "Spring and Autumn Classic，Pioneer's Zhizhi，The sage is not argued without arguing。"" Bao Puzi "in the inner part of" Loch "said:"，then Huang is always。Holy Saint，then Zhou Kong is also。"" Dao Dao "and" Governance "is divided into" Taoist "and" Confucianism ".。Later，Confucianists mostly use them as managers、An important idea of ​​the country and the world。For example，Song agent Er Cheng once said: "，Divided into a hundred jobs。Shuntian，Divided into a hundred jobs，Shuntian，Creative Vision，Without the affairs of the world，The method of rule also。"" Southern Song Yongkang School、Yongjia School，"Wang Ba" and "Yili"、Scriptures，Kai Song Confucian "New Wind of the Kingdom of the Country"。Wang Yangming of the Ming Dynasty also believed: "Between the prison，Nothing to learn，If you leave things, learn，But empty。"Therefore, Qian Daxin said:" The learning of the husband and Confucianism，Care for the Ming Dynasty to use it for，"Poetry" and "Book"、Counseling，The words of the world also。"" "Scriptures" as a characteristic of the spirit of Confucianism，Although its connotation has a change of calendar，But before the late Ming Dynasty，Confucianists basically explain the meaning of "Sutra" in accordance with the "physical use" and "end" of the classics，and advocate work hard on daily cultivation。

From late Ming to Qing，It is a big change in the world。On the one hand，Intellectual groups represented by Gu Yanwu，Stimulate national emotion，Proposed "the rise and fall of Bet365 app download the world，blame "，The spirit of social responsibility that advocates the "use of the world"; on the other hand,，The west school east of the Ming and Qing dynasties gradually caused some bureaucrats、Great attention of doctors，So the use of Western science、Technology is the connotation of the rich country and strong soldiers，Injects a clear stream for the traditional "Sutra" learning。During the Qianjia period，Text Prison Daxing，Study of the exam, so Da Sheng，But the thought of the world is still endless。To the end of the Qing Dynasty，Social turmoil，Many bureaucrats。After the Opium War，Many bureaucrats、Scholars are unprecedentedly stimulated，They strongly realize the country、The crisis of extinction，Great doubts about the "heart" and "sex" of Song and Ming Confucianism。So，Traditional Sutra Studies began to turn to a new realm。In this regard，Early Renewal Character Rams such as Wang Tao、Xue Fucheng、Xue Fucheng、Ma Jianzhong and others，Requires to imitate the West，Develop industry and commerce，Actively promote China's modernization journey。The Restoration School represented by Kang Youwei，and even Huang Zunxian、Yan Fu and others，or vigorously criticize feudal autocracy and old ethics，Actively require learning advanced Western system; or advocate looking at the world，Requires China to integrate into the world development trend。This period，The learning of the world gradually becomes a strong social trend of social thoughts that require the saving map。At that time, many ideologicalists claimed to save the country with their own learning、Minsheng，and actively carry out theoretical research and social publicity。For example, Gong Zizhen discussed the Politics with the "ram";，Use the scriptures to use。Kang Youwei wrote two books on "New Study Pseudo -Scriptures" and "Confucius Reform Exam"，Create theoretical basis for renewal reform。At the same time，There are also many intellectuals who have invested in practical social activities。For example，This period，Research on Northwest History and Display is very popular，Yao Ying's "Kang Ji Xing"，It aims to be "the shame of Jixue China，Defense of heavy border sea "。Zhang Mu "Mongolian Nomadic"，He Qiutao is "Shuofang Preparation"; for foreign bet365 Play online games history and land，Wei Yuan with "The State of the Sea"，Xiao Lingyu "Ji Jiao Geely"，Ye Zhong entered "British Geely's State"，He Dageng wrote "Ying Yi", etc.，Introduce the situation of countries around the world。As Liang Qichao said: "After the" Opium Battle "，Zhishi frustration，Director of great humiliation，Thinking why he is，Resurrection of the concept，Yan Yan cannot be suppressed。”

　　Marxism Promoting the Tide of Surverance

Although the trend of the late Qing Dynasty is extremely prosperous，But still limited to "Shi Yi Signs to Fit"。to the end of the 19th century and early 20th century，Internal and external problems of internal and external problems，The trend of Scriptures is even more aggressive。

In the late Qing Dynasty, there are divergent trends in the world，There are three main streams: one is the bureaucracy represented by Zhang Zhidong、Scholars advocated "Middle School is the body，Western learning is used "，They adhere to the concept of Confucianism's "use of the end"，advocates "self -improvement" and "seeking rich"，I hope to introduce Western science and technology to save the rule of the Qing Dynasty; the second is the Reform Improvement School represented by Kang Youwei，They quoted the "Biography of the Gongyang" meaningful change method，Provide the theoretical basis for reform reform，I hope to use the top -down reform method，Establish a constitutional monarchy; the third is the revolutionaries represented by Sun Yat -sen，They abandoned the traditional "Sutra" and "Physical use" theory，clearly proposed "Driving the Lattage，Restore China，Founded the Republic of China，average land rights "purpose，It aims to overthrow the dictatorship of the Qing Dynasty、Establish a republic。Due to intricate international international、Domestic environment and imperialism、Frequent of feudalism，These forms of sports are frustrated。From the fundamental point of view，These starting points with the Scriptures，Movement for the purpose of "saving the country" and "Ji Shi"，Although the form is different、The ending is different，But there is a common feature，It is mainly limited to the elite class and intellectual circle，instead of putting their eyes in the lower levels。

The May 4th Movement broke out in 1919 is a major event in modern Chinese history，It also bet365 best casino games made a new turning point in the "Salvation Salvation" and "Salvation Salvation" campaign in crisis。Some scholars think，In essence，"May 4th" intellectuals are still Confucian literati "The rise and fall of the world，Pomfrava is responsible "cultural spirit regeneration。Although no governmentism was popular at that time as a trend of thought，But many progressive intellectuals have begun to show great interest in Marxism。They advocate getting out of the letter of fast，Abandon the learning of "Heart" and "Sex"，Go to society，Social reforms in the hard work。At that time，Many intellectual groups with preliminary communist thoughts gradually form，The trend of social revolution is concept of the upper elite and scholars、Behavior is gradually conversion to roads combining intellectuals and workers and peasants。This makes many intellectuals start a big change in the behavior of "using the world" for "use"。

　　Marxist admires the Bible World

"May 4th"，A large number of intellectuals walk out of the book，Enter the people，Opportunities for becoming a communism in them。Take Mao Zedong as an example，He said in the letter he wrote to Xiao Zisheng in 1915: "Why is it the Chinese people?，Common Snowman for Sinology also。In the past people have words，Want to pass through，Early Tong Qun Jing。I want to pass the country today，It also communicates with its common knowledge ear。"" "Tong Jing Tong" as a weapon for social innovation。But in the two years from 1919 to 1921，Mao Zedong deeply realized that "since the establishment of the Republic of China ... the result is only worse and worse.。Who? Building a floor in Shahuan，Not waiting to be built, but the building has been poured "，So he turned to participate in the movement of people's education and social transformation。Mao Zedong's thoughts have obviously surpassed the "use" of the traditional "Sutra" and have revolutionary significance。This steering of this new democratic revolution，It is the new "use" trend formed by the old "Jingshi" learning。Why did many advanced intellectuals move from traditional academic to Marxism at that time? This is because Marxism and traditional Chinese "use the world" spirit have a vein in connotation。The people's nature contained in Marxism、Social transformation theory and truthful seeking bet365 Play online games is spirit，It happens to be the people in the thought of "use the world"、Truely、Economic Economic Affairs and other factors fits。Therefore, a large number of eager to get out of books at that time，The new youth who has carried out social reform but is in confusion can be described as Marxism。They start to believe in Marxism，Admire Su Russia's "October Revolution" experience。Starting from the 1920s，Many intellectuals seek "use" for "use"，Actively carry out social transformation campaign，The "use" of intellectuals during this period has the following characteristics。

First，Enter the people、United Public。For example，Li Dazhao publicly advocates "civilianism" based on historical materialism，Proposal "belongs to the people、For the people、The political position of the implementation of the people。Young student Li Da is extremely disappointed with the ending of the 1911 Revolution，He recalled: "The path of" Industry Save the Country "under the reaction rule is also a kind of fantasy。Only the people get up to overthrow the reactionary government，Road to revolution like Russia。​​"and young Mao Zedong advocated entering the factory、Rural，With the joint "development of the class, the consciousness of the class，Unity with all -class Datong，The fundamental interests of the whole class "。Zhou Enlai and other organizations a group of ambitious young students went to study in Europe，He described his "main intention，Only learning to learn to be self -reliance，Delimal examination in order to understand the truth of the other society and solve the Tao，Thinking so is used to be used by the people between the people "。This kind of large -scale moves to society、Action of United Workers and Peasants，It had a great impact at the time。

2，Road to social transformation。"May 4th" period，Li Dazhao pointed out that intellectuals should become "pioneers who are loyal to the public movement"，Call for advanced intellectuals and workers and peasants，Reform society with new thoughts。September 1920，Mao Zedong proposed that "improved social organizations with political organizations，Promoting the place with the country，Reform the individual with group strength "。Zhou Enlai's combination of traditional culture and new ideas，formed a deep people's sexual thought。Bet365 app download He advocates in "My Personality Theory": "Now" "now" is "World Chengping，Home Country Qi Zhi，Social Ohliang，Fortunately, "。In some areas，Progressive youth reform society、Fuxing China as a mission，Organization created many young progressive groups。For example, November 1919，Zhejiang's progressive intellectual Yu Xiusong、Shi Cun Tong、Xuan Zhonghua、Cao Jiren and others have established "Zhejiang New Wide" and "Qianjiang Review"，Promoting social transformation and Marxism。May 1920，Chen Duxiu established the Marxist Research Association in Shanghai，Taking social innovation and transformation as the mission。Many intellectuals with new ideas at that time, such as Chen Wangdao、Shen Xuanlu、Shao Lizi、Yu Xiusong、Shi Cun Tong、Shen Yanbing is its main member。

third，Seeking truth from facts，Theoretical contact practice。The "use" feature of this era，It is still emphasizing the study of specific issues、Practice。Many progressive youths pay attention to the combination of academic and specific problems，Make social revolution according to national conditions。For example，"Great everywhere，Both have ideals and practical sides。... Applicable this ideal to actual politics， Then because of time、Because of the reason、The nature of the matter，Some differences "。Mao Zedong inherits、It has carried forward the excellent tradition of "use" in Huxiang culture to "use"。He calls on the youth to go deep into workers and peasants，Focusing on the application of theory in practice。In the strike of the Minerman of Anyuan Road in 1922，Except Mao Zedong、Liu Shaoqi、Li Lisan and other leaders outside，There are also many young people with communist thoughts such as Zhu Shaolian、Liu Changyan、Xiao Jinguang、Zhou Huaide、Zhang Hao (Lin Yuying)、Chen Tanqiu and others participated in the publicity、Organize workers' work。

Fourth，"Xinmin" thought and "Xinmin" practice。"May 4th"，Many progressive intellectuals realize that social transformation must be enlightened by the people's ideology，Dual transformation of advocating "heart" and "things"。Li Dazhao once used the "reconstruction of both sides of the heart" as the purpose of the "Juvenile China" movement。He emphasized "the basis of all liberation，All Bet365 app download are mentally liberated "，"The first sound of our liberation movement is 'spiritual liberation'"。Chen Duxiu proposed the theory of "Ethical Awareness" of "Last Awareness"，Think of reshaping the spiritual world and value system of the Chinese people，far more thorough than "political awareness"。Young Mao Zedong also strongly advocates realizing "new people" in social transformation，It advocates "At this time, it should be urgent with school education，Causes new nationals and people who have the ability to develop "。1917，Mao Zedong founded night school，Its direct purpose is "the suffering of the workers in the ranks，Want to be written in the position、Considuous "。

In the modern China "saving the country" and "saving death",，"Using the World" as a huge social trend of social thought，Movement of several times，Finally, many advanced intellectuals go to Marxism，Enter the people，Form the ideological motivation of Sinicization of Marxist，and make the traditional science of the world continue to be new in the recent social revolution of the world。

(The author is the second -level professor of the History and Social College of Chongqing Normal University、Former Vice President of the Chinese Society of Social History)