Modern classical science formed in the late 18th century has long occupied the core position of the mainstream Western values。In the field of classical history，Xiu Xidde is almost regarded as Supreme，Was widely praised by Western historians in the 19th century。But，To the 20th century，Especially after the trauma of two World War and Cold War，Eliteism and Western Center's theory represented by Classical Studies are increasingly criticized。The 1960s and 1970s，With the rise of postmodernism and the decline of classical studies，Xiu Xide "Explore the truth、Objective description "image is also questioned。Postmodernism attempts to change the research paradigm of modern history by deconstructing the originator of the 19th century objectiveist history.、Standard and value orientation，This turning background、Process and its influence worth further discussion。

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1977，W. Robert Connor at the University of Princeton University published an article entitled "Substitute of Modernist Shuxidde?" 》 Article。At the beginning of the article，He pointed out:

More than ten years ago，A new Xiu Xidde began to appear。The older and more well -known Xiu Xide -scientists、rationalist、Students from the wise men and Hippokrada school，"The principle of mastering and applying scientific methods is so successful，So that his work has become a standard way of expression " -still can still see the older generation of scholars。But now，Especially from the younger generation of classical scholars，A very different research of Xiu Xidid often appears，bet365 Play online games claiming that he is almost very different from the previous image。

If Xiu Xidde had an indifference before、Objective scientific empirical old faces，So his new image is a passionate and popular artist。This "postmodernist artist" has a strong and complex emotion，and determined to express this emotion to his readers，Even if this expression will impact the original traditional concept and language form, it will be at the expense。

What is the cause of this violent change? Conner thinks，The Cold War (especially the Vietnam War) at that time played a very important role。He said，The previous study of Jixuedids constructed a "Olympic Schurgers"，Like the gods in "Homer Epic"，Standing on the top of the Olympic Persons overlooks the battle on earth，The pain of war remains far away，Both the participating parties hold a neutral position。With the advancement of the Cold War，A new generation of classical scholars need a new Xiu Xidi。Under the academic context at that time，"The History of the Berlonnenia War" has the significance closer to reality。Xiu Xidde has experienced the Berlonnenian War，and be able to look at this catastrophe clearly and rationally，This is commendable。But he is not indifferent and outside，It is full of recognition and thinking about suffering，And to pass it to the reader。This is the background of the era when "postmodernist" Xiu Xidi came into being。

　When classical history encounters postmodernism

1973，Classical scholar Virginia J. Hunter published a book of "Xiu Xidde: Slimper Recorder"。Compared with Conner's comment 4 years later，Hunter's monograph attempts to completely overturn the kind of Xiu Xidid image created by the western academic community in the 19th century。Hunter pointed out after analyzing some of the classic fragments in the History of the Bet365 app download Berlonnenian War，There is a certain paradigm in the narrative of Xiu Xidida，This indicates that he only went to collect related facts after he had some prejudices for history。Henter believes:

The "facts" of Xiuxidide cannot be considered separately from the outline or mode that affects them。Therefore，"Truth" is not just action，Instead, in accordance with a logical and meaningful action action (the same is true of his words)。In other words，What is more important than the fact itself is those about history、The preconceived view of the historical process and the purpose of historians ... His thinking about transcending human power and historical process belongs to a concept，If this concept is not religious，It must be close to school ... If objectively means that it is not allowed to have your own point of view -whether it is philosophical point or other views，So Xiuqidd is definitely the most unsteady among historians。

Hunter said clearly，Her views on Shuxidd and History were previously received by Francis M. Cornford、Colinwood、The influence of scholars such as W. P. Walla。but，Before the 1960s，The questioning of the objectiveness of the historical writing of Xiu Xidde has not become the mainstream discourse in the Western classical academic community。As early as 1907，The famous British classical scholar Kangford published "Xiu Xidde: Between Myth and History"，The first challenge to challenge the research paradigm formed by the 19th century，Call them "the fallacy of the modernist"。Kangford thinks，Xiu Xidid does not have scientific concepts，His view of human nature comes from the tragedy theory of Eskoros，His historical writing is actually to choose and sort out the incident at that time to fill in his narrative mode。but Bet365 lotto review but，Kangford and his views have been criticized for many years since then。For example，American classical scholar Louis E. Lord is called in the book "Xiu Xide and the World War" published in 1945，In the English world，Kangford's "Xiu Xidde: Between Myth and History" is likely to be the "worst book" in the field of Xiuqibid's research。

After entering the 1960s，With the formation of the socialist camp、Independence of Asia -Africa Latin colonies，and the crisis and turbulence encountered by European and American society，Deep changes in the western world。British classical scientist P.j. Rhodes point out that the deep -seated reasons for the shift of Shuxidide's research during this period: "Our world is full of uncertainty，instead of determination。"The concepts and rules established by traditional classical academic and education cannot be used to explain the changing world at that time。So，A new generation of classical scholars have a reflection and criticism of it。Can historical science be pure and objective、Neutral doubts include challenges to the original classical historic paradigm。Shuqidd became new、The focus of the debate of old classical scholars is an important academic phenomenon in this transformation。Kangford, who opposed the "Modernist", began to be echoed by the "postmodernist" during this period。His view is no longer considered to be completely wrong，Instead of inspiration。

　　From the pursuit of "historical specifications" to interpretation of "literary experience"

1984，Conner published the monograph "Xiu Xidde"。In the book "Introduction"，He reviewed the change in the field of research in Xiuxiandide in the past 20 years。He concluded:

In the 20th century 60、70s，We lost a lot of things，includes many about Xuxiede、Old certainty and assumptions Bet365 app download of the process of objectivity and historical writing。... but，I strongly doubt，Compared to the change of our knowledge concept，More importantly, the change of political and international affairs。... When we read the History of the Berlus Pennitic War，We feel that we have encountered Xiu Catalde。We browse his text，Encountering loneliness、isolated、Constantly fight with difficulties、Under the strength of the painful strength，This changed us。... "Objective"，or avoid clear judgment，Is a technique，Not a target。This technique distinguishes the work of Xiu Xidid from many ancient speeches，Remind us that it is similar to modern novels。

Postmodernist people in order to oppose the standardization and centralization of modernity，Promote the so -called "diversification"，Constantly criticize the regulations established by objectiveist history，At the same time, the image of the Xiuqidian historian respected by the 19th century objectiveist history。They are overkill, thinking，History "does not exist there"，Instead of just waiting for being discovered and written。Therefore，They will re -build Xiu Xidide to form a "historical literary writer" full of rhetoric skills and writing strategies，Investigators instead of historical objective truth。The research paradigm of Xiu Xidid also changed from the "historical specification" pursuing standardized "historical specifications" to interpretation of personalized "literary experience"。With the development of such "radical" research，About "Shuxinsid is a novelist、Rhetoric writer、Disdiotible journalist "assertion appears from time to time。

　New ourselves after the impact

But，Just as He Yuanguo, a professor at the School of History of Wuhan University，This kind of suspicionism gradually retired in the 1980s，Since then。1994，Bet365 lotto review Rhodes published a paper "Defense for Greek historians" in the magazine of "Greece and Rome"。Rhodes Two Calling Crossing，Xiu Xidde inevitably has his bias，And want to convince him reader，But he is still trying to confirm the truth。Rod emphasized this:

Xiu Xidid is not a neutral scholar，but an Athens from the prominent family。He served as a general in the war，and was exiled because the Afreas 'hands fell into the Stabadians' hands。If people like this can write a neutral "History of the Berlonnenian War"，That will be a miracle，and I don’t believe he will write like this。He guides the reader to see what he wants to show them。... When a historian claims that he strives to verify the truth and provides a credible statement，What he is talking about is not always talking，should be taken seriously。Even where we can check it，Xiu Xidid is not all precise; and in many places we cannot check，Xiu Xidde must have other errors。But I think，We have no reason to suspect that he wants to get accurate facts as much as possible，And most of the time he did get accurate facts。

Rhodes' point of view represents the basic consensus of the current Western classical academic community。This allows Shuxione to continue to maintain the status of great historians。But after the impact of the postmodernist trend of modernism，Classical learning can no longer return to the past。In the last 30 years，Another group of classical scholars use narrative science (research author's narrative skills) and the history of acceptance (research readers' acceptance process) and other methods，Get new research results，For example，Tim Rood (Tim Rood) "Xiu Xidde: narrative and explanation" (1998)，Katherine Harloe and Neville Morley edited "Xiuqi Dande and Modern World: History of Acceptance bet365 best casino games from Renaissance to the present to the present、Reconstruction and Impact "(2012), etc.。These can also be regarded as a new path opened after this impact，It is worth our further discussion and analysis。

(The author is a professor at the School of History of Anhui Normal University)