The modern classics formed in the late 18th century has long occupied the core position of mainstream Western values。In the field of classical history，bet365 bonus code louisiana is almost regarded as supreme，Widely praised by Western historians in the 19th century。However，In the 20th century，Especially after experiencing the trauma of two world wars and the Cold War，The elitism and Western-centrism represented by classics are increasingly criticized。1960s and 1970s，With the rise of postmodernism and the decline of classics，bet365 bonus code louisiana “Search for the Truth、The image of “objective description” has also been questioned。Postmodernism attempts to change the research paradigm of modern history by deconstructing bet365 bonus code louisiana, the originator of Objectivist historiography in the 19th century、Standards and value orientation，The background of this turn、The process and its implications deserve further discussion。

　bet365 bonus code louisiana is considered a "postmodernist"

　1977，Conner, a classicist from Princeton University (W. Robert Connor) published an article in the Journal of Classics entitled "Postmodernist bet365 bonus code louisiana？》Article。At the beginning of the article，He pointed out:

More than ten years ago，A new bet365 bonus code louisiana begins to appear。The older and more familiar bet365 bonus code louisiana - the Scientologist、Rationalist、The wise men and students of Hippocrates，“Mastering and applying the principles of the scientific method so successfully，So much so that his work has become a standard way of expression" - still seen in the older generation of scholars。But now，Especially from the younger generation of classical scholars，Often very different studies of bet365 bonus code louisiana，Claims that he is almost completely different from his previous image。

If bet365 bonus code louisiana had been indifferent、The old face of objective scientific positivism，Then his new image is that of an artist full of passion and enthusiasm。This "postmodernist artist" has strong and complex emotions，and determined to express this sentiment to his readers，Even if this expression will impact the original traditional concepts and language forms, it will not be hesitated。

What is the reason for this drastic change？Connor thinks，The Cold War at that time (especially the Vietnam War) played a very important role。He said，Previous studies on bet365 bonus code louisiana constructed a "bet365 bonus code louisiana of Olympus"，Like the gods in "Homer's Epic"，Standing on the top of Olympus and overlooking the battle in the world，Keep a distant distance from the pain of war，Neutral stance towards both sides participating in the war。As the Cold War advances，A new generation of classical scholars needs a new bet365 bonus code louisiana。In the academic context at that time，"History of the Peloponnesian War" has a closer to reality meaning。bet365 bonus code louisiana witnessed the Peloponnesian War，And be able to look at this catastrophe soberly and rationally，This is commendable。But he is not cold and aloof，But it is full of understanding and thinking about suffering，And deliver it to readers skillfully。This is the background of the times when "postmodernist" bet365 bonus code louisiana came into being。

　When classical bet365 bonus code louisiana encounters postmodernism

1973，Classical scholar Hunter (Virginia J. Hunter) published the book bet365 bonus code louisiana: The Clever Narrator。Compare with Connor's review paper published 4 years later，Hunt’s monograph attempts to more completely subvert the image of bet365 bonus code louisiana created by Western academic circles in the 19th century。Hunt pointed out after analyzing some classic fragments in "History of the Peloponnesian War"，There is a certain paradigm in bet365 bonus code louisiana’ narrative，This shows that he collected relevant facts after having some prejudices about history。Hunt believes:

bet365 bonus code louisiana’ “facts” cannot be considered separately from the outlines or patterns that influenced them。Therefore，"Truth" is more than just action，But actions that follow a logical and meaningful pattern (as do his words)。In other words，What is more important than the facts themselves are those about history、Preconceptions about the historical process and the historian's purpose...His thinking about more than human forces and the historical process belongs to an idea，If this idea is not religious，It is certainly close to metaphysics...if being objective means not being allowed to have one's own opinions - whether philosophical or otherwise，Then bet365 bonus code louisiana must be the least objective among historians。

Hunter said clearly，Her views on bet365 bonus code louisiana and history were influenced by Francis M. Cornford）、Collingwood、Wallace (W. P. The influence of scholars such as Wallace and Hans-Peter Stahl。But，Before the 1960s，Doubts about the objectivity of bet365 bonus code louisiana’ historical writing have not become the mainstream discourse in Western classical circles。As early as 1907，The famous British classicist Cornford published "bet365 bonus code louisiana: Between Myth and History"，Take the lead in challenging the bet365 bonus code louisiana research paradigm formed in the 19th century，Call them “modernist fallacies”。Comford believes，bet365 bonus code louisiana does not have scientific concepts，His views on human nature are derived from Aeschylus’ theory of tragedy，His historical writing is actually selecting and sorting out the events at that time to fill in his narrative model。However，Comford and his ideas were criticized for many years afterwards。For example，American classical scholar Louis E. Lord) stated in his book "bet365 bonus code louisiana and the World War" published in 1945，In the English-speaking world，Cornford's "bet365 bonus code louisiana: Between Myth and History" may well be the "worst book" in the field of bet365 bonus code louisiana studies。

After entering the 1960s，With the formation of the socialist camp、Independence of the colonies in Asia, Africa and Latin America，As well as the crises and turmoil encountered by European and American society，Profound changes have taken place in the Western world。British classicist Lord (P.J. Rhodes) pointed out the deep-seated reasons for the shift in bet365 bonus code louisiana studies during this period: "Our world is full of uncertainty，Instead of certainty。”The concepts and rules established by traditional classical scholarship and education can no longer be used to explain the changing world at that time。So，A new generation of classical scholars have reflected and criticized it。As to whether history can be purely objective、Neutral questioning implies a challenge to the original classical historical paradigm。bet365 bonus code louisiana becomes new、The focus of debate among old classical scholars is this important academic phenomenon in the transformation of thought。Comford’s opposition to “modernists” began to be echoed by “postmodernists” during this period。His views are no longer considered completely wrong，It is rather enlightening。

　　bet365 bonus code louisiana pursuit of "historical norms" to the interpretation of "literary experience"

　1984，Connor published the monograph "bet365 bonus code louisiana"。In the "Introduction" to the book，He once again reviewed the changes that have occurred in the field of bet365 bonus code louisiana research over the past 20 years。He concluded:

In the 1960s、1970s，We lost a lot，Contains much about bet365 bonus code louisiana、Old certainties and assumptions about objectivity and the historical writing process。…however，I strongly doubt it，Compared to the changes in our knowledge concepts，More important are changes in politics and international affairs。...when we read "History of the Peloponnesian War"，We feel like we have met bet365 bonus code louisiana。Let’s browse his text，Encountering loneliness、isolated、Continuously fighting against difficulties、Overwhelmed by the intensity of pain，This changes us。…"objectivity"，Or avoid explicit judgment，It’s a technique，Instead of a target。This technique distinguishes bet365 bonus code louisiana' writings from much ancient oratory，Remind us of its similarities to modern fiction。

Postmodernists oppose the standardization and centralization brought about by modernity，Advocating the so-called "diversity"，Continuously criticize the norms established by objectivist historiography，At the same time, it deconstructs the image of bet365 bonus code louisiana as a historian admired by Objectivist historiography in the 19th century。They overreached and thought，History “doesn’t exist there”，But just waiting to be discovered and written。Therefore，They reconstruct bet365 bonus code louisiana as a "historical literary writer" full of rhetorical skills and writing strategies，Instead of an investigator of the objective truth of history。The research paradigm on bet365 bonus code louisiana has also changed from the pursuit of standardized "historical norms" to the interpretation of personalized "literary experience"。As this type of “radical” research unfolds，About “bet365 bonus code louisiana was a novelist、Rhetoric writer、The assertion "dishonest news writer" appears from time to time。

　New orientation bet365 bonus code louisiana

However，As discussed by He Yuanguo, a professor at the School of History at Wuhan University，This skepticism gradually receded in the 1980s，Since then, Western academic circles have deepened their understanding of bet365 bonus code louisiana again。1994，Rhodes published an article "Defending Greek Historians" in the magazine "Greece and Rome"。Rhode’s compromise view，Although bet365 bonus code louisiana inevitably has his bias，And want to convince his readers，But he is still trying to confirm the truth。Rod emphasized this point:

bet365 bonus code louisiana is not a neutral scholar，But an Athenian from a distinguished family。He served as a general in the war，and was exiled for failing to prevent Amphipolis from falling to the Spartans。If someone like this could write a neutral "History of the Peloponnesian War"，That would be a miracle，And I don’t believe he would write this。He authoritatively guides readers to see what he wants to show them。…when a historian claims that he has worked hard to establish the truth and provide a credible account，What he said is not a cliché，And should be taken seriously。Even where we can verify，bet365 bonus code louisiana is not always accurate；And in many places we cannot verify，bet365 bonus code louisiana must have made other mistakes。But I think，We have no reason to suspect that he wants to get as accurate a fact as possible，And most of the time he does get accurate facts。

Rhodes’s views represent the basic consensus in today’s Western classical circles。This allows bet365 bonus code louisiana to remain a great historian。But after the impact of postmodernism，Classics can never really go back to the past。In the last thirty years，Another group of classical scholars are using new methods such as narratology (the study of the author's narrative skills) and reception history (the study of the reader's reception process) to study bet365 bonus code louisiana，obtained new research results，For example，bet365 bonus code louisiana: Narrative and Interpretation by Tim Rood (1998)，"bet365 bonus code louisiana and the Modern World: A History of Reception from the Renaissance to the Present" edited by Katherine Harloe and Neville Morley、Reinterpretation and Influence" (2012), etc.。These can also be regarded as new paths opened up after this impact，Worth our further discussion and analysis。

(The author is a professor at the School of bet365 bonus code louisiana, Anhui Normal University)