In the second half of the 8th century to the middle of the 9th century，Tubo took over the Tang Dynasty to jurisdiction over Hexi, including Dunhuang。Tubo during the rule of Hexi，Drawing on the economic and religious management system left by the Tang Dynasty，Encourage Fan、Han、The Hurdians and others learn the language of each other，Support local monks and customs to build temples、Guangnan Monk Ni、Translation and copying Buddhist scriptures，Therefore, Dunhuang continues the characteristics and advantages of being a heavy town of Huarong's cultural intercourse。Although the fundamental purpose of these measures is to maintain and consolidate Tubo's own local rule，But objectively played a role in promoting the interaction and interaction of the national culture。In this historical background，In various languages ​​flowing from the Tibetan Caves of the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang in the early 20th century，The number of ancient Tibetan literature is highly remarkable，reaches more than 10,000 pieces，is the second largest language literature after the Chinese literature。where，"Dunhuang Ben Tubo Historical Document", which is known by the academic world, is particularly famous。It is the Emperor's Book of Emperor or Recording of the Central Plains by Tibetan historians，In the first half of the 9th century, it was compiled and summarized in Tubo and copied in Dunhuang。"Dunhuang Ben Tubo Historical Documents" includes "Tubo's Event", "Zanpu World Table", "Biography of the Tibetan King", "Little Bangbang Bo and Family Counselor", etc.，Reflects the events of Tubo in the Tang Dynasty、Minister position preface、Minister position preface、Xiaobang Wang Chen, etc.。where，Especially the highest value of the historical value of "Tubo's Event"、The most influence。

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"Tibetan New Year's Eve" was originally a complete writing volume，But I don’t know what the reason is divided into several paragraphs。early 20th century，It has been by Marc Aurel Stein、Paul Pelliot stealing，Now hidden in the National Library of France、British National Library。From the content of the stitching，"Tubo's Event", except for the summarization of the first paragraph of Songzan Guman years，The paragraph of the clear year has come from the first year of Tang Gaozong Yonghui (650)，Finally the second year of Zong Guangde of the Tang Dynasty (764)。A total of 113 items of the year，Repeat the duplicate and missing part，A total of more than a hundred years of Tubo bet365 best casino games Mastel，Can be regarded as half of the historical outline of Tubo。

Current，There are five types of translations in the "Tubo Mastel" I have seen by the author。where，The earliest translation was Jacques Bacot at the University of Paris, France,、Charles Tousant and Professor Frederick W. Thomas, a professor at the University of Oxford University in Britain,，See "Dunhuang Tubo Historical Documents" published in Paris in 1946。The second translation is Han translations，It was made from the above -mentioned works by Wang Jingru, a researcher at the Institute of Ethnic Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1957，Including preface to the text，Among them, Tibetan is translated by Mr. Chang Fengxuan's assistance。It is said to，Mr. Wang Jingru's translation has been printed into a book (oil print book)，For the use of teachers from the Institute of Nationality Research of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Central Ethnic Academy。The handwriting of Professor Zhou Weizhou we currently see，It is copied from the oil print。The third translation is found in the "Dunhuang Ben Tubo Historical Document" translated by Mr. Wang Yao and Mr. Chen Bian (the first edition of the first edition of the National Publishing House 1980、Revised Edition 1992)。The fourth translation is found in the "Tibetan Tibetan Tibetan Literature Translation Note" of Mr. Huang Bufan and Mr. Made (2000 Edition of Gansu Education Press)。The fifth translation is the "Tibetan New Year of the Tibetan History of Tibetan History" by American scholar Brandon Dotson (the first Tibetan History Literature "(2009 edition of the Austrian Academy of Sciences)，Represents the new research results of the foreign Tibetan academic community in this field。

I will focus on the Chinese translations of Mr. Wang Yao and Mr. Huang Bufan。These two translations are translators who are constantly listening to opinions of all parties、Refer to the translation of various characters at home and abroad after the replenishment of the modification。Its common feature is，Fully absorbing the research results of Tubo historical documents at home and abroad since the 1950s，Especially for ancient Tibetan words and names、Review of place name，Compared with the photocopybook published in Paris in 1979，Re -re -writing of Latin letters，and use the relevant Chinese literary historical materials to compare、Notes and written as a note。So，These two translations can confirm each other、The role of the historic facts，It can be described as half of the historical materials of the Tang Dynasty Tubo。

　　Reflecting the changes in the early prime minister system of Tubo 

About the prime minister system after the establishment of the Tubo regime，my country's academic circles bet365 best casino games are generally considered，Dist from Songzan Ganbu (reigned 629-650)、After the grandson Mangsong Mangzanzhi (650-676 years of reign)，By 700 AD，Tubo implements "single -phase system"，Typical examples are Lu Dongzan's father and son who has been in charge。Since 701 "ZHANG" title prime minister praised the hot and heating gold、Mori Ge Bao Gui A few people performed a job，Start from the "single -phase system" to enter the "public phase system" stage (Lin Guanqun: "Research on the Tubo System of the Tang Dynasty"，"Chinese Tibetan Studies" 2012 No. 1)。But there is still room for discussion among this view，Because the Biography of Zanpu Biography, which belongs to the historical documents belonging to Dunhuang,，From the 31st generation Zanpu Pin Ri Songzan (the father of Songzan Ganbu，In the second half of the 6th century),，You Niang · Zeng Gu and other four people were promoted to the prime minister "Blon Po" for planning。Later，Zanpu is promoted to two of them as the high prime minister "GUNG Blon"。This description，Before Songzan Ganbu，More than one person as a job。When Songzan Ganbu is in office，The system of the Prime Minister of the Tubo has changed，Nearly Supreme Mother · Shang Bao was appointed "On Club" because of loyalty to Zanpu，Later, he was promoted to the "Blon Che"，The meaning of "Chief Prime Minister"。Since the prime minister is called the level of level，The number of people is not limited to one person，So think that the "single -phase system" was implemented before 700 AD，It seems that the evidence is insufficient。

According to the "Tibetan New Year's Eve" record，Mangsong Mangzan During the reign (650-676)，Lu Dongzan、Da Yan Mangu Branch fulfilled the authority of the prime minister。So，Both of them have the identity of the prime minister。At this time，Lu Dongzan is the prime minister with the title of "Great Theory"。Dayan Mang Bu Zhi is named by any prime minister，But according to the person who was responsible for levying taxes and led the army at that time，We can classify it as a category of "no title" prime minister。Based on this，During the Mangusong Mangzan period，already has two types of prime ministers。，"Tibetan New Year's Eve" record，Lu Dongzan died in 667，His son praises it、Qinling Two Set the Conference League in 673; 675 years，The son of Dayanbu Zhi, 坌 坌 墀 墀 墀，Loch the grains of the same (Xiangxiong) of the sheep (Xiangxiong)、Bing Ding。These two materials descriptions，Mangusong Mangzan period appeared two types of prime ministers "坌 (VBON)" and "Blon" title。So far，The Tibetan regime already has the "Great Theory" title、"On" title、"坌" title and four types of prime ministers without title。Based on Bet365 lotto review this，Instead of talking about Tubo at the time, it was "single -phase"，It is better to say that the "Great Theory" prime minister is the "public system" led by the chief prime minister。

Zanpu Chidu Songzan period (676-704)，Tubo not only appeared in the new prime minister，and clearly show the promotion route of the position of prime minister。For example，"Tibetan New Year's Eve" record，673 years，Lu Dongzan's second son Qin Ling is the prime minister of the "no title"，680 promoted "theory" prime minister，685 was promoted to the "Great Theory" prime minister。Look at Han and History Big Big Big Big，"New Tang Book · Tubo Biography" record，In the first year of Xianheng (670) Qin Ling and Xue Rengui, when Qinling and Xue Rengui fought in Dafang (now the Republic of Qinghai Province)，Qinling has no title.。In the first year of Yonglong (680)，It is renamed "On Qinling"，That is the prime minister of "Theory"。According to this, it can be seen，Tibetan Chinese Literature records the promotion route of Qinling as the Prime Minister of Tubo，None of the Prime Minister -the Prime Minister of "On "-" Great Theory "prime minister。Visible，Combined with Chinese literature，Read the Tubo case recorded in the Tubo Mascane Chronicle，It can promote the research of the Tibetan prime minister system to be deepened。

　helps correct the errors of Chinese literature and historical books 

"Tibetan New Year's Eve" also helps to correct record errors in Chinese and historical books，How many people can we have the son of Lu Dongzan、The time of Qinling as the "Great Theory" prime minister as an example。"Tongxing · Border Six" said，(Lu Dongzan) "There are five sons，and Dongzan Death，Qinling Brothers Revised its country "(Du You:" Tong Dian "Volume 190" Border Six "，Zhonghua Book Company 1984 edition，page 1023)，"Old Tang Book · Tubo Biography" lists the name of Lu Dongzan's five sons: "，Early death，Times Qinling，Time Zhan Po，Times more than，Times Boju。and Dongzan Death，Qinling Brothers resume its country。"(Liu Ye:" Old Tang Book "Volume 196" Tubo Biography "，Zhonghua Book Company 1975 edition，Page 5222-5223) "New Tang Book" and "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" said that Lu Dongzan has only four sons，Take Qinling as its eldest son，and put Qinling as the prime minister, after being the prime minister in Ludong Zan。

The above documents all say that after Lu Dongzan's death，Qinling Brothers special country，That is the post of Prime Minister Lu Dongzan's prime minister.、Two brothers of Zanpu。But according to the "Big Years of Tubo"，Lu Dongzan during the 5 years after his death in 667 AD，No record of any prime minister，until 673，Only Lu Dongzan's eldest son praised the record of being the prime minister of the "no title"。Then，Zan Zhi Ruojiao was promoted to the "Theory" prime bet365 best casino games minister in 675，promoted to the prime minister of the "Great Theory" in 680。In the next few years，He hosted the rally alliance as this identity many times。Until 685, they praised after their death，His brother Qin Ling took over as the position of "Great Theory" prime minister。Visible，"Old Tang Book · Tibetan Biography" recorded "Like Ruo，Early death "is error。From the perspective of age，Some scholars believe that Qinling was born in about 635-645 years (Soran Pingcuo: "The Tibetan Cross Theory of Qinling -also about the decline of the Gar family"，"Tibet Research" 2019 No. 5)，So the year of praise should be before this。If you take a more insurance year 640 years，until 685 years of his death，Praise knows for at least 45 years。More，Check the relevant Chinese literature and "Tibetan New Year's Eve"，We found，In the incident in Tangfan，Whether it is war or with the League，Basically, the name of the praise is not seen。It is estimated that he will be the prime minister of "theory"、During the "Great Theory" prime minister，More is to host government affairs in Tubo。Although there are a few years of praise, I have praised it to go to the same sheep or Turkish handling military affairs，but no one who sees it with the Tang Dynasty。Maybe this is the reason，Let the Tang Dynasty know too little about him。Therefore，Chinese Literature, in addition to the records of praise, know that the eldest son of Lu Dongzan，No trace can be tested，Therefore, it appears to be called "early death"、Uncomfortable information and other error messages。

Let's take a look at the time of the "Great Theory" prime minister for the son of Lu Dongzan。Introduction to historical books，Qin Ling praised his elder brother before his death，Although he is also the post of prime minister，But at most the "theory" prime minister is the second phase，instead of the chief prime minister。And，He has been the "Great Theory" prime minister in 685 in 685，Died in 698，Multi -Sovereign Army to conquer everywhere，Many contacts with the Tang Dynasty，Unlike Brother praise the central government as much as I want to sit in the center、Xingfu regime。You can use the Tubo to send the envoy for the second year of Tongtian (697)，Wu Zetian sent Guo Yuanzhen to the Wild Fox River and Qinling as an example (Du You: "Tong Dian" Volume 190 "Border Six"，page 1023)。Analysis from another angle，"Tibetan New Year's Eve" has been served as the "Great Theory" prime minister for 14 years，And his brother praises it if he only lives in the "Great Theory" prime minister for 6 years，Far -time time is less than Qinling。Based on this，Chinese literature records the son of Lu Dongzan, when the son of Lu Dongzan must be called Qinling，Self -deficiency is strange。

　Insufficient records of History and History of Chinese Literature 

"The Job of the Tubo" bet365 Play online games is the first Tibetan historical book written in Tibetan，Its content includes the Zanpu whereabouts every year、Minister Racing League、Tang Fan's hiring, etc.，Therefore, in the records of some Tubo prime ministers, it must be detailed in Chinese history books。More examples，Limited to space，We only take the Prime Minister of Tubo "Da Dan Yan" as an example to explain。"New Tang Book · Tubo Biography"，Tang Xuanzong's second year (714)，"Xiangya Da Yan Shang Jian Book Prime Minister，Please contain alliance texts "。"Old Tang Book · Xue Na Biography"，"Its year (714) August，Tubo General、Qili Xu and other 100,000 Kou Linjun "。It can be seen that Tubo has the "坌" title prime minister，But "Old Tang Book" and "New Tang Book" did not carry "坌" why? And "Tibetan New Year's Year" load，675-694 Tubo has "Vbon Da Rgyal Khri Zung)，706-714 "Vbon Da Rgyal BTSAN ZUNG)。According to research，These two are inherited from the father and son。Ancient Tibetan VBON pronunciation "坌"，There is nephew、The meaning of son -in -law，"DA Rgyal" is the title of "King"，"Vbon Da Rgyal"，That is "nephew Da Yan Wang"，"Khri Zung"、"BTSAN ZUNG" is the name。So far，"Old Tang Book" and "New Tang Book" about "Dada Yan" can be solved。

According to research，"Dada Yan" recorded in Han and Historical books above Han literature，That is "Tibetan New Year's Eve" recorded "坌 延"，The son born to Princess Tubo and "Da Da Yan Yisong"，706 is about 18 years old。Due to the struggle between the monarchy and the power of the monarchy and power of the Tibetan in the early 8th century，"Da Da Yanzan Song" as the nephew of Tubo Zanpu，Started to host the North Political Political。As soon as I boarded Tubo's political stage，He showed extraordinary courage and talent。In addition to hosted the rally alliance for many years，He also negotiated with the Tang Dynasty。By the second 10 years of the 8th century，Its power and prestige have reached the peak。This can be quoted to "Book of Palace Yuan Turtle" to prove。The book recorded in the second year of Kaiyuan recorded "Tibetan Prime Minister's Prime Minister Yanyan Dedicated Book of Saids"，In the seventh year of Kaiyuan, recorded "Tubo sent envoys, please，The Tang Dynasty was praised by the two thousand paragraphs of miscellaneous lottery，Five hundred paragraphs praise Pu grandmother，Four hundred paragraphs praise Pu mother，Two -hundred paragraphs Geng Kun，One hundred and fifty paragraphs to Da Yan，One hundred and thirty -thirty -three paragraphs of beggar Xu，One hundred paragraphs still praise，and the leader of the generals are poor "(written by Wang Qinruo，Zhou Xun Primary School Order: "Book of Palace Yuan Gui" Volume 981 "Foreign Ministry · League bet365 Play online games Oath"，Phoenix Publishing House 2017 edition，Page 11344-11345)。This text not only proves the existence of the Prime Minister of Tubo's "坌" title，And the prime minister of the "坌" title、The level difference between the "Great Theory" prime minister and the "Shang" prime minister is clearly displayed through the number of gifts。So，We only have to fully combine the record of "Tubo's Event"，can be seen，In the first 20 years of the 8th century，坌 坌，Host in the summer and the Winter League as many as 7 times，Seeing 2 times in Tangfan Commandment，Below Zanpu、Above many bureaucrats。

Visible，"Tibetan New Year's Eve", although the incompleteness is incomplete for unknown reasons、Only half of the part，But the system of the early prime minister of the Tubo recorded in its record、The Department of World Affairs inherited by Prime Minister、Using Zangpu's nephew as the "坌" prime minister，To study the System of Tuba Prime Minister in the Tang Dynasty、The history of Tang Fan relations provides an indispensable key historical material。So，We should combine it with Chinese historical books，Continue to push related research to deepen。

　(This article is the National Social Science Foundation major project "" Dunhuang Ben Tuba Historical Document "related nation、Character、Incident Research and Focus Classification Notes "(17zda212) phased results) 

(The author is a doctoral student at the School of Ethnicology and Sociology, Southwest University of Ethnology; a second -level professor of the School of Ethnology and Sociology, Southwest University of Ethnology)