[Core Tip] Marx and Engels were criticizing and educating、Individuals and institutions、Reason and Emotion、Understanding and thinking about mobile bet365 in the tension structure of freedom and necessity。It is in this dialectical understanding of mobile bet365，The theory of historical materialism was created，The basic principles of Marxism continue to develop。Marxist inheritance and criticism of the mobile bet365，Not taken thoroughly、Extreme way。

mobile bet365 means freedom from prejudice、Superstitious、arbitrary、Privileges、Criticism of oppression，Also means improving public knowledge through education、Moral and aesthetic abilities and commitment to social justice、Freedom、Equal expectations。Engels once pointed out in "Anti-Dühring"，In theoretical form，Scientific socialism is expressed as "a further development of various principles proposed by the great French mobile bet365 scholars in the 18th century、Supposedly a more thorough development”。Engels’s statement not only symbolizes the inner connection between historical materialism and the mobile bet365，Also represents the criticism of the mobile bet365、Promote、Transcendence and Development。What does the “thorough” termed “allegedly” mean here？How to understand the internal connection and criticism between historical materialism and the modern mobile bet365、Transcendental relationship？In what sense is historical materialism inherited、Developed the principles of the mobile bet365，In what sense does it criticize and transcend it？

　　Criticism of the Radicality of mobile bet365And the creation of mobile bet365

In the traditional impression，When talking about the modern mobile bet365, it seems that the French mobile bet365 is the first choice，And the Scottish mobile bet365、The German mobile bet365 was relatively eclipsed。But just Marx、Engels grew up in Germany and later lived in England for a long time，The tendency to equate the modern mobile bet365 more with the French mobile bet365 is questionable。Corresponding to it，The kind that understands the relationship between Marx and Engels and the mobile bet365 as mainly inheriting the mobile bet365's external authority、arbitrary、Privileges、Criticism of oppression，And the view that the more radical this criticism is, the more conducive it is to the creation and development of Marxism，Also debatable。

Actually，Only philosophy、In terms of ideology and politics，From the perspective of words and forms，Some members of the Young Hegelians are even more radical than Marx and Engels。As Stirner puts all matter、Spiritual idols and all social organizations、Authority is regarded as an obstacle to the realization of personal freedom，Only with independence、The unique individual self，It is the ultimate goal of mobile bet365。In Stirner's logic，In Philosophy、Thoughts、Revolutionary changes at the political level，The more aggressive you are, the more advanced you will be。But what is known is，Marx、Engels regarded Stirner’s radical criticism as the illusion of the weak German petty bourgeoisie lacking a social material foundation，An illusion that cannot be realized on the material level but can only be unfolded on the ideological level。So，The key to the problem is not the radicalness of the criticism，It lies in the direction and rationality of radical criticism。

Although some members of the Young Hegelians have a radical attitude of thoroughly advancing mobile bet365 criticism，But they are only thinking、Philosophy、Political rivalry。As Engels pointed out: The Germans rely on long-term painful groping，Becoming a communist “through philosophy”，Although they "know more" than the French who came to communism "through politics"，But we still need to learn from the British socialists who reached their conclusions "through practice"，Because "in relevant practice、Regarding the actual situation affecting the existing society，British socialists have greatly surpassed us”。Influenced by Engels's "Glossary of a Critique of Political Economy"，Marx also soon discovered，As a philosophical revolution、The mobile bet365 of political revolution has great limitations，We must shift the focus of mobile bet365 to the social and economic levels，In order to further release the inner potential of mobile bet365。mobile bet365 cannot be fixed on thoughts、Political level，Must pay attention to the economy、Promotion at the social level，This theoretical turn was first discovered by Engels，Marx later did important work。This should be Engels arriving in England relatively earlier，Due to exposure to the Scottish mobile bet365 which valued social life and market economy。On the issue of understanding mobile bet365 at the socio-economic level，Marx was later than Engels，As Yukito Karatani said，“This ‘backwardness’ comes from the fact that Marx was on the left of Hegel and was obsessed with ‘religious criticism’。He tried to grasp the state and currency as another religion”。If there had not been a shift from philosophical criticism to political economic criticism，It is difficult to imagine the creation and development of historical materialism。Different from the French mobile bet365’s emphasis on political aspects、The German mobile bet365 attaches great importance to the ideological level，The Scottish mobile bet365 focused on the socio-economic level，This is very crucial to the creation of historical materialism。

Through the Critique of Political Economy，Marx transcended the mobile bet365, which was understood only at the ideological and political level，A more comprehensive and profound understanding of the social and economic significance of the mobile bet365，Thus realizing the irrationality of some of my earlier radical views，If division of labor and currency are abolished、Destroy countries, etc.。It is through understanding mobile bet365 at the socio-economic level，In Philosophy、Economics、Understanding mobile bet365 in the Unification of Political Science，Marx only grasped the integrity and comprehensiveness of mobile bet365。It is also more in society、Understanding and promoting mobile bet365 at the economic level，That’s what makes it extreme、One-sided mobile bet365 can be curbed。actually，mobile bet365 cannot be completely achieved。Some cultures handed down from history、System、Not all ways of thinking have lost their rationality。As Engels pointed out in "Anti-Dühring"，Metaphysics has not completely lost its rationality because of the emergence of dialectics，It is still necessary in some situations、Reasonable。This is about the country、Currency、Division of labor、The rationality of the existence of the materialization system to a certain extent and degree is the same。The establishment of historical materialism means the establishment of a more realistic way of thinking，Marx no longer viewed the elimination of private ownership in an overly idealistic manner、Country、Currency、Capital，Idealistic propositions are gradually adjusted to more moderate and practical solutions。Adjustment of this plan，Not created out of thin air，But in a realistic scene、Gradually established and developed through stimulation and controversy。In fact，Marx’s theoretical progress，The ideological advancement of historical materialism，Is and Reflection on the Radicality of mobile bet365，Directly linked to adjusting it to a level of rationalization。mobile bet365 Criticism，The more radical the better，The more reasonable the better。The so-called reasonable，It is to achieve irreplaceable achievements in the economic and social development promoted by mobile bet365，And reject the sharpness of extreme romantic criticism of modernity on the basis of recognizing and affirming these achievements，And maintain the tension structure of the inner conflict of mobile bet365。

　　mobile bet365Transcendence of Romantic mobile bet365 Criticism

Historical materialism was born in Germany，Nature is closely related to the German mobile bet365。And the Scottish mobile bet365、Compared to the French mobile bet365，The German mobile bet365 seems to have encountered more criticism as it unfolded，This is more deeply related to Germany’s feudal tradition。Compared to the UK and France，The German bourgeoisie were less influenced by the Renaissance and mobile bet365，Lack of political humanism and civil movement rooted in natural law and mobile bet365 concepts。Krokov believes: "Only the formation of this defective counterpole，That’s why the theory of historical relativity exerted such a profound influence in Germany。”In a Critique of mobile bet365，Closely related to the emergence and development of historical materialism is mainly the German Romantic trend of thought，And Stirner’s thoughts that are particularly consistent with it。As Sturm und Drang pointed out，Complacent rationalism and the simple optimism derived from it are a major weakness of the mobile bet365，Romantic criticism of the German mobile bet365 inherited this view。An examination of the German mobile bet365 by the Romantic Party、Criticism、Question，Although it has certain theoretical significance for reflection on mobile bet365，But due to the lack of reasonable mobile bet365 dissemination in German society at that time，The forces that oppose and hinder mobile bet365 are relatively large，Leading his thoughts to extremes、biased。The Young Hegelians relatively fully embody this bias，Proposed various radical theoretical plans。The emergence of historical materialism is the farewell to the negation of these radical plans，And achieved the transcendence of the Romantic mobile bet365 criticism by accurately grasping the inherent contradictions of the mobile bet365。

First，mobile bet365 versus Prejudice、Superstitious、arbitrary、External authority、Criticism of Privilege and Oppression，With knowledge、There is a contradiction between the education of the people in terms of moral and aesthetic abilities。Excessive mobile bet365 Criticism，Possibly moving toward skepticism、Relativism and nihilism，It not only dissolves the inherent old moral values，It will even dissolve the moral principles constructed by mobile bet365。Extreme criticism of the mobile bet365 will dispel the universal lofty value，Dissolving the sense of community and collective belonging，Leave the determination of noble values ​​to independent atomized individuals，Thus igniting the fire of the inner conflict of the mobile bet365 itself，This kind of self-reflection will eventually harm the mobile bet365 itself。As Baizer pointed out in "The Romantic Imperative": the mobile bet365 "its criticism seems bound to end in skepticism and nihilism，But its educational ideal is based on the belief in certain definite morals、Political and aesthetic principles are the premise”。The early German romantics also saw the inherent contradictions of the mobile bet365，And strive to maintain the moderate state of the mobile bet365，mobile bet365 to prevent radicalization。But Marx would not have approved of the harsh criticism of the mobile bet365 by the late romantics，To think and answer the questions raised by the German Romantics in new ways。Through the creation of historical materialism，Marx solved the problems of modernity raised by the Romantics in a new way，If produced、Practice Alternative Romantic Irony，Using epic poetry to lay the foundation for romantic poetry，Replace the imagination of text creation with the development of material productivity，Regulate the cause of promoting mobile bet365 within a space with a socio-economic foundation，Ensure the reasonable promotion and development of mobile bet365。

Next，mobile bet365 also contains the contradiction between individuals and society。To promote fairness、Justice、The realization of modern values ​​such as freedom，Need to continuously improve the construction of social systems。But when the increasingly strict social system is perfected to the point of being watertight，Individuals are shaped into a patterned existence by the system，Becoming what Heidegger calls an “ordinary person”，Loss of initiative、Positivity and creativity。In order to develop productivity，Improving productivity and promoting social equity，Production relations are bound to become more and more standardized、Legalization、Precision、Programmatic、Strict。Individuals will feel a programmed force that they have to follow in this social production relations system，And then lose freedom。From early romantic thinkers to Stirner and later modern writers such as Kafka，They are all repeatedly cheering for this strictly regulated individual，Criticize this serious "alienation" and "materialization"，Calling for individual freedom given by the modern institutional system、Personality、Dignity leaves enough space for existence。Stirner claimed that all matter is、Spiritual、The general regulations of society are obstacles to personal self-realization，Everything should be nihilized，Make it a "None"。mobile bet365 criticism has gone as far as to deny all universal systems in the single direction of maintaining individuality and individuality，It becomes a petty bourgeois fantasy that lacks any basis in reality。Marx and Engels clearly affirmed it when criticizing Stirner，With the development of civil society, the legal relationship "is no longer viewed as a relationship between individuals，And is regarded as a general relationship" after"，"Their expressions have also become civilized"。So the programming of social relations regulated by law、Strict，It is a positive existence that promotes the development of social productivity，It lays the foundation for the realization of personality，Rather than an existence that hinders the realization of personality。

　　The mobile bet365 Dialectics of Historical Materialism

Through historical materialism，Marx provided a reasonable space and limit for mobile bet365 and its advancement。This space and limits create the ability to prevent extremes、Excessive Dialectics of mobile bet365，Laid the foundation for a reasonable understanding of modernity。This rationality is not only reflected in mobile bet365 versus superstition、Criticism of prejudice and improving people’s intelligence through education、There is a tension structure between virtues and abilities，Also reflected in the use of reason、Pursuing freedom as an individual and ensuring justice、There is a reasonable tension structure between free systems。Historical materialism pays special attention to the latter。In Capital and its manuscripts，Marx saw，The operation of modern production systems increasingly depends on scale、Complexity、A materialization system with increasing rationality，Rather than specific people and relationships。“People believe in things (Sache)，Instead of being a human being”，People also rely on materialized (Versachlichen) relationships，Instead of the person himself，“The social nature of things is independent of people”。The increasingly independent materialization system means stricter programming and rationalization，means higher production efficiency and higher social equity。From this point on，“This sachliche connection is better than no connection between individuals，Perhaps better than local ties based solely on natural kinship and dominance and subordination”。So，The rationalization of mobile bet365、Rationalization is more reflected in social organizations、In the social management system，Not just in individuals。This kind of rationalization has increasingly become the essential connotation of the “materialization” of social relations，And obtain historical necessity and rationality。Only based on higher requirements at a higher stage of social development，Only can you criticize it。If it is only based on the personal side，Regard all modern institutions that hinder individuals as obstacles to freedom and liberation，Like Stirner，It is no longer reasonable、Dialectical mobile bet365 and falling into extremes。From this，The "state" as a social management function will not die but can only be improved，As Eagleton said，"Marx himself did not actually place his hope in a land of no avail。In his vision of a communist society，Did not abandon the concept of establishing a country through central management。Any complex modern civilization requires this method。…what Marx wanted，It is the country that can perish as a tool of violence”，Lefebvre also expressed similar views in "On the State"。

The reasonable dialectics of mobile bet365 is also reflected in many aspects，Like freedom and necessity、Between reason and emotion, etc.。If only from reason、Understanding mobile bet365 in terms of necessity，Just like the standardization of social systems、mobile bet365 in understanding strictness，Understanding mobile bet365 from the perspective of education and construction，It is biased。Of course the reverse is also true: if we are free only from individuality、Criticism and Deconstruction、mobile bet365 in understanding emotions and intuition，It will also push mobile bet365 to extremes、bias。Obviously，Marx and Engels are criticizing and educating、Individuals and institutions、Reason and Emotion、Understanding and thinking about mobile bet365 in the tension structure of freedom and necessity。It is in this dialectical understanding of mobile bet365，The theory of historical materialism was created，The basic principles of Marxism continue to develop。Marxist inheritance and criticism of the mobile bet365，Not taken thoroughly、Extreme way。Radical、Comprehensive、The kind of "thoroughness" that unfolds regardless of all costs，Not a reasonable Marxist approach to mobile bet365。Anything that catches one point is less than the rest of mobile bet365 understanding，No matter how good the starting point and motivation are，They may all go to extremes，Thereby deviating or even moving away from the correct stance of Marxism。

(The author is a professor at the School of Philosophy and mobile bet365 Development, Shandong University)