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Enlightenment means prejudice、superstition、exclusive、Privilege、Criticism of oppression，It also means improving the public's intelligence through education、It also means improving the public's intelligence through education、Freedom、Equal expectations。Engels once pointed out in "Anti -Dulin Theory"，In the theoretical form,，Scientific socialism is manifested as "further further of the various principles proposed by the great enlightenment scholars in the 18th century、It is said that it is a more thorough development "。Engels's statement shows that the internal connection of historical materialism and enlightenment，It also shows the criticism of the Enlightenment、Promotion、Beyond and Development。What does the "completely" "allegedly" "said"? How to understand the internal connection between the historical materialism and the modern enlightenment movement、transcendence? In what sense, historical materialism inheritance、The principle of developing the Enlightenment，In the sense of criticizing and surpassing it?

　　Criticism of EnlightenmentCreation of historical materialism

In the traditional impression，Talking about the first French Enlightenment Movement in the Modern Enlightenment，and Scottish Enlightenment Movement、The German Enlightenment movement is relatively borne -lost。But Marx、Engels grew up in Germany and later lived in the UK for a long time，The tendency to equate the modern enlightenment movement with the French Enlightenment is questionable。Corresponding to it，The relationship between Marx and Engels and Engels and Enlightenment is the main inheritance of the Enlightenment Movement、exclusive、Privilege、Criticism of oppression，and think that the more aggressive this criticism is more conducive to the establishment and development of Marxism，It is also questionable。

Actually，Just philosophy、Thoughts and political levels，From the perspective of words and forms，The aggressiveness of some members of the youth Hegel is better than Marx and Engels.。If Schtina puts all the substances、Spiritual idols and all social organizations、Authorities are deemed to be obstacles to realize personal freedom，Only having independence、Unique personality self -self，is the ultimate goal pursued by Enlightenment。In Steiner's logic，In philosophy、Thought、Revolutionary change at the political level，The more aggressive, the more leading。But bet365 live casino games the well -known is，Marx、Engels regards this radical criticality of Steiner as the fantasy of the German petty bourgeoisie who lacks the social material foundation，A hallucination that cannot be done at the material level and can only be expanded at the ideological level。So，The key to the problem is not the degree of radicals of critical，and the direction and reasonableness of radical critical。

Some members of the young Hegel School, although a pair of radicals that must be completely promoted to the critical of Enlightenment，But they are only thinking、Philosophy、Politician mutual comparison。As Engels pointed out: the Germans rely on long -term painful exploration，"Through philosophy" becomes a communist，Although the French who go to communism to communism "know more"，But still needs to learn from British socialist who deserves conclusions "through practice"，Because "in relevant practice、In terms of actual conditions affecting the existing society，British socialists have greatly surpassed us "。Affected by Engels's "Political Economics Critical Outline"，Marx will soon discover，As a philosophical revolution、The enlightenment of the political revolution has great limitations，The perspective of the Enlightenment must be turned to the social and economic level，can further release the inherent potential of enlightenment。Enlightenment cannot be fixed in thought、Political level，It must be to the economy、Promotion of social level，This theoretical steering is the first discovery of Engels，Then Marx has done an important promotion work。This should be that Engels arrived in the UK earlier，Caused by the Scottish Enlightenment Movement of Social Life and Market Economy。On the issue of understanding the enlightenment at the in -depth socio -economic level，Marx late than Engels，As the Pedestrian Pedestrian said，"This 'backward' comes from Marx's leftist and obsessed with‘ religious critical ’。He tried to grasp the country and currency as another religion "。If there is no steering from philosophical critical to political economics，It is difficult to imagine the creation and development of historical materialism。Different from the French Enlightenment Movement attaches great importance to the political level、The German Enlightenment attaches importance to the ideological level，The Scottish Enlightenment Movement puts the focus of focus on the socio -economic level，This is very critical for the creation of historical materialism。

Criticism through political economics，Marx surpassed the enlightenment that was only understood at the ideological and political level，More comprehensive and profound recognition bet365 Play online games of the social and economic significance of the Enlightenment，Therefore, I realize that I have the irrationality of some radical insights earlier，If the division of labor and currency、Destroy the country, etc.。It is to understand the Enlightenment at the socio -economic level，In philosophy、Economics、Understanding Enlightenment in the unity of political science，Marx only grasped the integrity and comprehensiveness of enlightenment。It is also more in society、Economic understanding and promotion of enlightenment，Only make extreme、One -sided enlightenment can be curbed。Actually，Enlightenment cannot be completely thorough。Culture spread from some history、System、The way of thinking has not lost the reasonableness of existence。If Engels pointed out in "Anti -Dulin Theory"，Metaphysics does not lose reasonableness because of the appearance of dialectics，It is still necessary on some occasions、Reasonable。This is with the country、currency、division of labor、The materialization system has the same rationality to a certain range and extent。The creation of historical materialism means establishing a more realistic way of thinking，Marx is no longer idealized to the elimination of private ownership、Country、currency、Capital，The idealized proposition has been gradually adjusted to a more gentle and practical solution。Adjustment of this scheme，Not created by the thought out of thin air，but in the real scene、Gradually established and developed in stimulus and argument。In fact，Marx's theoretical progress，Thought of historical materialism，is the radical of reflection of enlightenment，and adjust it to a rationalization level directly together。Enlightenment Criticism，Not the more aggressive, the better，but the more reasonable the better。The so -called reasonable，It is an irreplaceable achievement in the economic and social development promoted by Enlightenment，and based on the recognition and affirmation of these achievements, refuse to refuse extreme romantic modernity, the convergence of the modernity of modernity，and maintain the tension structure of the internal conflict of enlightenment。

　　Historical materialismTranscendence of criticism of romantic enlightenment

Historical materialism was born in Germany，Nature is closely related to German Enlightenment。Enlightenment with Scotland、French Enlightenment Comparison，The German Enlightenment Movement seems to have encountered more criticism during the launch.，This is more deeper related to the German feudal tradition。Compared to Britain and France，German citizens are less irrigated by the Renaissance and Enlightenment，Political humanism and citizen movement that Bet365 app download lacks the concept of natural law and enlightenment。Crokov believes: "Only this kind of flawed and pair of formation，Only allows the theory of relativity of history to fully exert such a profound impact in Germany。"In the criticism of Enlightenment，The main related to the emergence and development of historical materialism is mainly German romantic thoughts，and the consistent Steiner thought。The Cyclone Sudden Movement has pointed out，Self -explanatory rationalism and the simple optimism derived from this are a major weakness of the Enlightenment，The criticism of the Romantic Party German Enlightenment inherited this view。Romantic Party Audit in Germany Enlightenment、Critical、Question，Although theoretically it has a certain significance to reflect on the Enlightenment，But due to the lack of reasonable enlightenment communication at that time at that time in German society，Opposition and obstructing enlightenment is large，As a result, it is easy to be extreme、Bad bias。Young Hegel School fully reflects this bias，Proposed various radical theoretical solutions。The emergence of historical materialism is a farewell to the negation of these radical solutions，and the accurate grasp of the internal contradictions of the Enlightenment, realized the transcendence of the critical of romantic enlightenment。

First，Enlightenment against prejudice、superstition、exclusive、external authority、Criticism of privileges and oppression，and in the intelligence、There is a contradiction between the education of the people in terms of morality and aesthetic ability。Evergright of Enlightenment，It may move towards suspicion、Relators and nihilism，It not only eliminates the inherent old moral value，It even relieves the moral principles constructed by enlightenment education。Extremely Enlightenment Criticism will eliminate the lofty value of universalization，Solving community awareness and collective belonging，The judgment of the lofty value is given to the independent atomic individual，Therefore, the fire of the inner conflict of the Enlightenment，This self -reflex will eventually hurt the Enlightenment itself。Just as Byzer pointed out in the "Romantic Law": Enlightenment "its criticism seems to be the end point of doubtism and nihilism，The judgment of the lofty value is given to the independent atomic individual、Principles of politics and aesthetics as the premise "。The early German romantic school also saw the inherent contradictions of the Enlightenment，and try to maintain the mild state of the Enlightenment，Prevent extreme enlightenment。But Marx will not agree with the mean criticism of the enlightenment of the middle and late romantic bet365 Play online games party，Think about and answer questions in the German romantic station in a new way。Creation of historical materialism，Marx solved the modern problem raised by romantic factions in a new way，If it is produced、Practice alternative to romantic iron，Epic the foundation for romantic poems，The imagination of the creation of text instead of text with material productivity，The business specifications that promote enlightenment are in a space with a socio -economic foundation，Ensure the reasonable advancement and development of enlightenment。

Next，Enlightenment also contains contradictions between individuals and society。To promote fairness、Justice、Realization of modern values ​​such as freedom，Need to continuously improve the construction of the social system。But when the increasingly strict social system is improved to dripping water，Individuals are shaped by the system into a pattern existence，Become "ordinary people" as Hydegger，Lost active、Putty and creativity。To develop productive forces，Improve production efficiency and promote social fairness，Production relationships are bound to be more and more standardized、Legalization、Accurate、programmatic、Strictization。Individuals will feel a programmatic force that has to be complied with in this social production relationship system，Then lose freedom。From early romantic ideologists to Steiner, then modern writers such as Kafka，All are repeatedly shouted for this kind of strictly regulated personal flag，Criticizing this serious "alienation" and "materialization"，Call for the freedom of the modern institutional system to give individuals、Personality、Dignity leaves enough space for existence。Steina claims all the substances、spiritual、The general regulations of society are all obstacles to personal self -realization，Both should be deficient，Make it a "none"。Enlightenment criticizes the extreme degree of the universalization system in a single direction of maintaining individuals，It is reduced to a small bourgeois fantasy that lacks any realistic foundation。Marx Engels is clearly affirmed when criticizing Steiner，The relationship between Dharma is with the development of civic society.，It is regarded as a general relationship "，"The way they have also become civilized"。So the proceduralization of social relations with legal norms、Strictization，It is an active existence of promoting the development of social productivity，Is the foundation for the realization of personality，instead of hindering the existence of personality realization。

　　Historical Materialist Enlightenment Dialectics

Through historical materialism，bet365 live casino games Marx stipulates a reasonable space and limit for enlightenment and its promotion。This space and limitation have created to prevent extremes、Excessive enlightenment dialectics，It laid the foundation for a reasonable understanding of modernity。This rationality is not only reflected in the enlightenment of superstition、The criticism of prejudice and enhance people's wisdom、Maintain a tension structure between morality，It is also reflected in the use of rationality、Pursuit of freedom and guarantee fairness、A reasonable tension structure between the free system。Historical materialism attaches great importance to the latter。In "Capital" and its manuscripts，Marx see，The operation of the modern production system is increasingly dependent on scale、complexity、Reasonable materialization system，instead of specific people and interpersonal relationships。"People believe it is SACHE，Not as a human itself "，People depend on the relationship between Versachlichen，instead of human itself，"Socialism of things leaves people and independence"。The more and more materialized system of independence means stricter programming and rationality，It means higher production efficiency and higher social fairness。From this to，"Sachliche) connecting is better than single individuals，Or more than just a local relationship based on natural blood relationships and dominance relationships "。So，Reasonableness of Enlightenment、Reasonableness is more reflected in social organizations、Social Management System，instead of existing on personal。This rationalization has become increasingly becoming the essential connotation of "materialization" of social relations，and gain historical inevitability and rationality。Only higher requirements based on the stage of higher social development，can I criticize it。If you are only based on the individual，Consider the modern system that hinders individuals as a obstacle to freedom and liberation，Like Steina，It is no longer reasonable、Dialectically enlightenment and fall into extreme。From this，The "country" as a social management function will not die and can only be improved，As I Grton said，"Marx himself has not hoped to be in a hometown of Wuyou。In the communist society he conceived，I did not abandon the concept of establishing a country by central management。Any complicated modern civilization requires this method。... what Marx hopes，It is a country that can be disappeared as a country as a tool of violence "，Liefelh also expressed similar views in "On the State"。

Reasonable Dialectics of Enlightenment is also reflected in many aspects，bet365 live casino games Such as freedom and inevitability、between rationality and emotion, etc.。If only from rationality、Understanding Enlightenment，Just as the standardization of the social system、Understanding Enlightenment，Understand the enlightenment from the aspects of education and construction，Is there any bias。Of course, the other way is the same: if we are just freedom of personality、Criticism and deconstruction、Understanding Enlightenment，will also push the Enlightenment to extreme、Badding。Obviously，Marx and Engels are criticizing and educating、Reason and emotion、Reason and emotion、Understanding and thinking about enlightenment in the tension structure of freedom and necessity。It is in this dialectical understanding of enlightenment，Historical materialism theory was created，The basic principles of Marxism can be continuously developed。Marxist inherit and criticize the Enlightenment，Nothing is taken thorough、Extreme way。radical、Comprehensive、The kind of "thorough" regardless of everything that is expanded，It is not a reasonable way for Marxism to treat enlightenment。Any enlightenment understanding that is less than the rest of the enlightenment，No matter how good the starting point and motivation，Both may be biased and extreme，thus deviating or even stay away from the correct position of Marxism。

(The author is a professor at the School of Philosophy and Social Development of Shandong University)