Enlightenment is the most important historical and cultural event in modern West，Its spirit has also become the essence and core of the spirit of modern western modern culture。In many thoughts，The Frankfurt School Enlightenment has a unique perspective，The founder Hawkheimer、Adoro's thought in the youth Marx、Philosophy of life in Germany、Existentialism and Freudism、In the early Western Marxism and other trends of thoughts and theoretical influences, the "critical theory" paradigm on the Enlightenment。They criticize the rationality of technology、Analysis of modern social ruling mechanism，Deeply understand and understand the essence of science and technology under new historical conditions、The relationship between science and technology and people，and the contradiction of developed industrial social capitalism provides a new perspective，But the critical review should be given。 

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Hawkheimer、Adorino summarizes the spirit of enlightenment into three aspects in "Enlightenment Dialectics"。First，Enlightenment implements the standpoint of rationalism。Enlightenment claims to replace imagination and myth with rationality and knowledge，Makes people sober、Get rid of obscurity，overcome all mysterious power。2，Enlightenment is a human centerism that emphasizes the spiritual spirit。Enlightenment believes that people are opposed to nature，People either ruler nature，Either ruled by nature。Enlightenment resolutely advocates people -centered，Conquest and rule of nature。third，Enlightenment has the historical and cultural commitment of Bet365 app download progressiveism，Believe in reason、Knowledge、Technology is fundamentally the power of progress。Enlightenment believes that rationality has created a beautiful world for humans，Realized human freedom and liberation。But，In Hawkheimer、Adorino's view，Actual inspection of historical practice and historical development，Enlightenment Spirit has serious problems in modern times，Tragedy changes in tragedy，Therefore, we must give severe criticism for this spirit。

The theoretical paradigm of this critical can be called "cultural critical paradigm"，There are three main features in theory。First，Hawkheimer、Aduro's Enlightenment criticized a "culture" dimension。Their so -called culture does not just refer to the culture of spiritual concepts，More importantly refers to the general way of survival of people and the operating mechanism and deep model of modern society; this paradigm touches a common in the practice of Western modernity、Inner cultural spirit and deep mechanism。

2，The theoretical logic of this enlightenment criticism is the logic of alienation theory。Hawkheimer、Abdolo revealed three aspects of alienation，Alienation of man and nature、The alienation of people and people and self -alienation。From the perspective of the relationship between man and nature，Enlightenment emphasizes the infinite dominance of nature from the position of human centralism，This has led to serious opposition and conflict between people and nature。The exacerbation of the ecological crisis proves the narrowness and short -sightedness of the concept of enlightenment。In the relationship between people，Enlightenment Agreement、Consistency Principles，It is advocated to achieve the unity of society as a whole through compulsory means。Enlightenment destroyed the old inequality，It also brings new rule of Bet365 lotto review rule and rationalized rule。In terms of the relationship between people and self，Hawkheimer、Abdo believes that the blind admiration of enlightenment for rationality and knowledge has spawned technical rationality and tool rationality in practice，This leads to human self -alienation。The technical system and machine -based production of modern society support people，But it also makes human nature incomplete。

third，Hawkheimer、Adorno's Enlightenment has adhered to a cultural value position of modern humanism。The biggest difference between this position and traditional humanism in Western in the West is that it presets the life understanding and humanistic position of the transcendence of resistance to universality。This position mainly inherits Nietzsche, philosopher Nietzsche、Simmel and social theorist Max Weber and others' rational critical position，It is also deeply affected by Marx's criticism of capitalist alienation。Based on this position，They are unreasonable for their all kinds of contemporary capitalist society、Unmanned phenomenon，Especially the ruling mechanism of new totalitarianism and the alienation dilemma of people brought about by modernity, etc.、Analysis and criticism of cultural pessimism。In their opinion，The rationality of the Enlightenment has become a new myth in the 20th century。The world of rational enlightenment is not a real development of human nature、The world that is fully achieved by freedom，but a general alienation world。The history of rationality is no longer manifested as progress，Instead, it turns into a step back。Enlightenment's comedy has transformed into tragedy，Going to self -destruction。The rationality admired by Enlightenment、Knowledge Falling as a tool rationality，Evolution into the overall Bet365 app download rule of technical rationality。The comprehensive alienation of the 20th century is the puppet of enlightenment rationality。 

　　The limit and limitations of the enlightenment cultural critical paradigm 

Hawkheimer、Abadoro's rationalism preached by the enlightenment of enlightenment based on the cultural philosophy paradigm、Human Centralism、Analysis and criticism made by cultural optimism has important ideological and cultural value。This criticism helps people in the modern times to recognize and grasp the one -sidedness of Western Enlightenment、Extreme and self -contradictory or self -counter -negligence characteristics，Reflection of modern crisis and dilemma，Review the value of Western culture。Hawkheimer、Abdo mainly analyzes and reveals the historical and cultural consequences of the spirit of enlightenment，pointed out the ideological limitations and limitations of enlightenment。The main ideological limitations of the western enlightenment culture are now on it、Knowledge、Technical non -critical blind and optimistic beliefs，Self -rigid human centralism concept of human beings and narrow conquests of conquest theory。

This also makes us clearly realize，Hawkheimer、Aduro's Enlightenment has limited and limited。There are three main aspects in these limits。First，Hawkheimer、A Doro's discussion and definition of the enlightenment is not a complete understanding of the spirit of Western Enlightenment。The enlightenment spirit they emphasized and critical focuses on rational first theory、The natural view of human centralism and rational optimism。But，Cultural Enlightenment in modern West is a wide range、Extremely complicated historical process，In this process, there is not only the enlightenment of France、Enlightenment in Germany，There is also the UK、Enlightenment in Italy。Enlightenment bet365 Play online games is diversified、Alien，French Enlightenment shows strong rationalism characteristics，With strong anti -traditional、Anti -religious obscurity tendency。The British Enlightenment, especially the Scottish Enlightenment, like Hamson、Hume, etc. has a conservative and gentle tendency。They insist on emotionalism on the issue of ethical practice，Nor does it completely deny the tradition of morality theory。and Germany’s enlightenment tradition is also highly differentiated，Both Kant's admiration for rationalism，There is also Goge、Herde and other emphasis on personality、Sensory and irrational romanticism、expressionism, etc.。Hawkheimer、Aduro's Enlightenment criticizes mainly to Cartesian、French Enlightenment of Voltaire and others，So，This criticism is limited in terms of effectiveness。

Next，Hawkheimer、Abdo's cultural criticism of the Enlightenment did not really fully adhere to the historic position。The historic analysis and inspection of the enlightenment cannot be separated from enlightenment。On the one hand，The historic of enlightenment lies in its historical and cultural cover for European feudal autocraticism and religious obscurity; on the other hand,，Enlightenment provides a cultural driving force for the construction and historical development of modern society as a modern spirit。Enlightenment for discovery、The free liberation of people provides authentic spiritual power。This is an important heritage of Enlightenment，It is also the spiritual foundation of modern civilization。Not only that，Enlightenment still has constructive significance for the self -understanding and human nature of contemporary social people，So the historical progress of enlightenment is not doubt，Although the enlightenment is not perfect。

Last，Civilized dilemma and modern crisis revealed bet365 live casino games by the theme of alienation are attributed to the enlightenment itself? Hawkeheimer、Adoro mainly points to the criticism of the criticism of the Enlightenment itself，This position identifies rational、Knowledge and technology itself has the original sin。They attribute the root cause of alienation and crisis to the rational process，This is a misunderstanding，This critical paradigm is a non -historical critical method。In our opinion，The rationality itself is not self -sufficient，The rational cultural concept itself is unable to assume such historical responsibility。Cultural concept effect，It is the combination of other historical factors through the overall historical structure，and achieved through people's conscious practical activities。

Reason、Knowledge is not hostile to life，They have duality。Science、The negativeness of rational rationality comes from the imperfect science itself，Also derived from the blindness of human activities and the use of inhumane。The disaster of the 20th century is not only a disaster caused by rationality，irrational is also difficult to avoid。The non -rational interests and desires that play a decisive role behind the rationality of the tool。Leaving from irrational，Can't understand the historical consequences of rationality and its negativeness。As Nietzsche properly saw rationality in theory、The irrational background of knowledge is the will of power，But but did not point the critical point to irrational，Instead of rejected rationality。Hawkheimer、Adoro includes later deconstructist thought, Fuko, etc.。So，This criticism is not completely cut into key，It is actually not thorough in the spirit of criticism。Various irrational and actual social systems such as capital、System design should also be inspected and criticized together。The misunderstanding bet365 live casino games of cultural critical theory is that they do not make overall historical analysis and practical analysis of the true root of reason。From this perspective，Hawkheimer、Adorino, although they agree，but did not fundamentally adhere to the attitude of historical materialism。

　　(This article is the Study of Modern Russian Philosophy 'Bettown "Research" (20AZX014) phase results) 

(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Heilongjiang University)