Studies on the relationship between the relationship between foreign Marxism and Hegel in the academic community at home and abroad，Not to mention that it is a sweaty cattle or a vast sea of ​​smoke，At least it is also spectacular。One of the important dimensions is the perspective of trying to from the national and national spirit，Analysis of the "Near Hegel" scheme that foreign Marxism adopts the results of Hegel's research results when launching social criticism，However, in terms of practice and construction, the "Konde" solution returned to Hegel，The dislocation between the two is worth studying and reflection。It can be said，With the help of Marx，Exploring a new plan for Marxism, which is close to Hegel in criticism and practical methods but replaced it with the ontology theory to "human positive existence" and "human positive essence"，It is worth thinking and research。

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Foreign Marxism, except for a series of discussions that directly use Hegel as the main research object，For example, Lucar's "Youth Hegel"、"Revolution and Revolution" of Malkuses and Adono's "Negance Dialectics"，Other works cannot be around Hegel，However, the way they talk and fight with Hegel are different because of their different theoretical interests。And their theoretical failure and contemporary significance depends on their criticism and practice philosophy of modern society under the coordinate system of national and national spirit。The main reason is，Different from ordinary liberalism and contractism，The fundamental achievement of Hegel is to comprehensively interpret the physical spirit of western modern society from the perspective of the national and national spirit.，It is the real completion of the self -knowledge of the modern western society。So，Any philosopher who wants to criticize western modern society，Nothing to involve this fundamental problem。

As a pioneer of ideological pioneers as foreign Marxism，Lucari once said，The decisive difference between the decisive difference between the Marxist thought and the bourgeoisie thought Bet365 app download when explaining the history，Not the primary of economic cause，but the overall point of view、Overall category，Make Marxism and bourgeoisie decisive differences。and the overall category is comprehensive to each part、Decisive dominance，It is the key。The so -called overall category，Refers to the national concept and national spirit。However, the national philosophy and national spirit are not directly played，Instead, through two links: First, the form of the intermediary，In the capitalist country, the currency exchanged by the law of the protection of individual rights and the commodity of citizens; the second is the principle of the identity of the national concept and the national spirit as the subject of the individual。

Lucar's achievement is as the summary of him，"History and Class Consciousness" represents the revolutionary nature of the revolution that wanted to restore Marx's theory by updating and developing Hegel's dialectics and methodology at the time.。Dan Lucar's mistake lies in，He did not completely update Marx's revolutionary practice based on Hegel's dialectics，The main body of its revolution has left the construction of the national concept and the national spirit，It became the "us" of the abstract creation of the world that Fenberg called，or the consciousness of the proletariat。Lucary admits that the class concept of collective action is still a "exaggerated high -profile"，Therefore, because it is far from Hegel, it is also far away from Marxism，and being criticized by the academic circles as the Salvation Utopia in the left in the communist movement。Lucarcie's later self -criticism was ignored when writing "History and Class Awareness"，But the essence of the problem lies in，It is not enough to reach this step，The national concept and national spirit of the bourgeoisie also attach great importance to labor，But only pay attention to mental labor or abstract labor criticized by Marx during the Capital Theory，instead of free time and comprehensive development of people。

Hegel seems to only pay attention to the civil society of family and commodity exchange，instead of paying attention to the citizen (citizen) society who was later known by Grandi as the home war at the home。Grandi will understand the cultural and ideological struggle Bet365 lotto review that is understood by individualized understanding as the practice of collective operations，Leadership of culture and ideology，It can be said that Hegel has greatly enriched Hegel's political emotion、Thinking and discussion of patriotism and folk habits，Its thoughts on national -people's literature also surpassed Hegel's thinking about the national spirit of self -interest and property logic。Unfortunately，Grandi did not really understand Hegel's "powerful" place，That is, the national spirit or the so -called society is just the result of the decentralization of the national concept，Leaving the competition of the state power，Even if the title of the nation is crowned，It is still difficult to get rid of the subjective mortar。

　　The rational core of the national concept and the national spirit and the dislocation of the revolutionary entity of the revolutionary entity 

Among the early foreign Marxist scholars，Malkasis is a more clearly defended by Hegel，Especially when Hegel's national philosophy and national psychological doctrine were attacked as the pioneer of Nazism,，One of the main tasks of Malkase's "Revolution" is to refute this view。He explicitly pointed out，The basic thoughts of Hegel's philosophy and the trend that leads to the theory and practice of fascism is hostile，That is, not any national philosophy or national spirit is in favor of Hegel，The real core of Hegel's national concept and the national spirit is the rationality of history。The French Revolution clearly shows that rationality is the ultimate force to defeat reality，Not reality stipulates rationality，but rational dominates reality，State concepts and national spirit with historical rationality can become reality in people's personal and social actual life。

But regrettable is，Malkassy just talks about historical rationality abstract，But I failed to truly reveal the deep problems existing in Hegel's thought。Specifically，Although Hegel's national philosophy and national spirit are individual freedom，But because such individual freedom is specified as a private property and then develops into a binary opposition with a large bourgeoisie and a proletarian，and because of failure to truly clarify the new national concept and the rationality of the national spirit with the comprehensive development of freedom Bet365 app download time and person as a real purpose，Eventually leading to the rise of the Nazis。Dang Malcusce Criticized "in a developed industrial society，Technical equipment for production and distribution due to increasing automation factors，Not as a summary of the simple tools from its social impact and political influence "，He is right，But I did not consider the possibility of a general revolution。He just advocates a type of utopian student movement、Resistance of the edge group of social edge、Struggle in the Third World，The "great rejection" of later capitalism does not have an objective and overall revolutionary force。

　　The rejection of the overall plan and the retreat of social free democracy 

Hegel's philosophy based on national philosophy and national spirit，Later, I was further criticized by Adono as the same sex philosophy for some kind of concept to worship and education，That is to say，Modern life rejection of all diverse social life relationships.。So，It is not difficult to understand that Abado concludes: a general philosophy is not worthy of expectation。This is just a myth just like enlightenment philosophy，And the logic of all revolutionary practice should there be completely abandon the overall path of reconstruction and updating the national concept and national spirit，Turn from the negative dialectics of the same sex，Use a kind of political pessimism and melancholy philosophical path to prevent any optimism of optimism。If Hegel's national philosophy and national spirit are thoroughly the same sex，The particularity of its claim is not true specialty，but the same sex with a special appearance，If you chase material wealth and self -interest，The real personality of the true special personality，In fact, it is also inseparable from the construction of national concepts and national spirit。

No wonder Habermas attributed the critical theory of Adono and others as the philosophy of consciousness，and advocate the basis of the "interaction" paradigm reconstruction theory with "inter -subjectivity"，and understand Hegel's philosophical paradigm based on national concepts and national spirit: to reconcile the modern，Hegel presets a generality of ethics，It does not grow from the soil of modernity，Instead from the religious fellowship of primitive Christianity and the idealization of the Greek city states bet365 Play online games for the past。Of course，The concept of the main body of Habermas does not really have the connotation of world history，Become a new paradigm of new production and life，Just as he said，Although it is a path of post -form and school，But it is still difficult to remove the accidental dilemma of the contract theory criticized by Hegel。

Habermas later proposed a plan for multicultural。Under the logic of the political community of the constitutional patriotism，Maintain the diversity and differences of national culture，This has actually abandoned the vision of the multi -national culture through negotiation for the formation of consensus，and to a large extent, it is precisely Hegel’s solution。Different from returning from Kant to Hergel from quietly，"Fighting for recognition" proposed by Hogeut is clearly the banner of returning to Hegel，But he emphasizes the freedom of society rather than the ethical sense of the country，Although the normative significance is open，But like other foreign Marxists，It is more weak in terms of realizing the objectivity of standardization。

In short,，Just as Martin Jay judged，It is worth noting that including early critical theorists, including，Critical theory destroys the overall thought of the first generation of foreign Marxists，The same removal process also occurred in France and Italy，The overall concept there is also the center of controversy。Hegel does not just emphasize the overallness、philosophers of physical and national and national spirit，This is where he and Plato's fundamental difference。He emphasized the overallness and individuality、entity and subject、If the state and individuals cannot unify each other，There are great one -sidedness in each。In other words，It advocates the principle of the form of all national system if you cannot tolerate the subjectivity of freedom and subjectivity，I don't know to adapt to the rationality of growth，That's all one -sided。

　　Back to Hegel and re -surpass Hegel's path and possibility 

Therefore，Understanding Hegel as a nationalist and nationalist philosopher in the general sense is biased，Of course，Understanding it as a liberal philosopher is to place Hegel at the height of Kant's philosophy。For Hegel，Enlightenment Political Philosophy The bet365 live casino games fundamental difficulty of a contract country or a social liberal democratic country that is tried to establish or social liberal democracy，It is precisely one of the accidental foundations based on the combination of the national concept and the national spirit.。And such schemes have。Hegel's success is to abandon the cognition of the dual -opposition between the nation and the free individual，As Allen Wood advocated，Hegel provides a liberation vision that fundamentally anti -liberalism and anti -individualism ideals，This shaped our imagination of society。As Michael Fela (Michael Feola) pointed out，Between similar and departure with liberalism，Hegel explained the free social dimension，pointing to an ideal community that includes modern free individuals。

Actually，The real problem of Hegel is the understanding of the national philosophy and national spirit of Western capitalism as the only style of world history，As Kurt F. Leidecker said in "Hegel and Oriental", as Kurt F. Leidecker said: Hegel's true essence of Christianity and the country in order to achieve freedom and fully expand the spirit of spiritual spirit The ideal of combination，It has caused a distorted interpretation of the world history, especially the Oriental。These not only did not attract due attention in the era of colonial expansion，Instead, I was simply accepted and recognized。If we use global eyes to explain the modern development of the East，I can't stand the imagination contained here。In other words，Hegel's methodology is as Lukaci said，The question lies in Hegel's explanation of the arbitrary theory of freedom and cultural spirit。

The true wisdom owned by Oriental Civilization，It attaches importance to people and benevolence，It is an emphasis on the spirit of self -improvement of labor and life，This is in line with Marx's criticism of Hegel: people who lose their property and the level of work directly, that is, specific labor，Rather than a level in civic society，It is better to say that the groups of civic society are based on the foundation and activities。Only the secrets of human history have been deeply rooted in the social foundation of the civic -a person who generates itself through labor —，We can understand the entire human history，and the slopes and poverty Bet365 app download problems that Hegel cannot solve。In other words，The real problem of modern countries is "it makes people's objective essence as a certain external、Separation of things with things "。Marx thinks，The entire so -called world history is not the process of being born through people's labor，It is the generation process of nature for people。Perry Anderson (Perry Anderson) criticized foreign Marxism to ignore the problem of labor and human reproduction，or far from the material、Research field of history and politics，can be described as seeing blood、Three points into wood。When they refute Hegel in a way of Kant and Kant，It has been destined to end its failure。Converse，Marx found a real way out for the future of human history。

　　(the author is a researcher at the Center for Contemporary Foreign Marxism Research Center of Fudan University)