"History" is one of the core concepts of Marx's philosophy。Understanding of the connotation and characteristics of this concept，Not only is it related to how people grasp the basic ideological vision of historical materialism，What is more related to what the theoretical attitude we take for the contemporary life in it。Today in human history facing an important turning point，Re -understand the overall characteristics of the prominent feature of the concept of Marx's "history"，More important times meaning。

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The overall characteristics of the concept of Marx's "history"，Lucic has elaborated in detail in "History and Class Consciousness"。

In this book，Lucari proposed the famous point of view of "orthodoxy in Marxism"，And what he said here，Mainly the dialectical law that Marx he understands from Hegel's philosophy。From the discussion of Lucarcic，This dialectical method has two basic dimensions，A dimension is part of the dialectics of part of history，Another dimension is the dialectics of the subject and object in history，The two are two sides of the same coin: the historical process as a general，However, it is always expressed in part or phenomenon.，and the proletariat of both historical subjects and historical objects，It will break the eternal illusion caused by this or phenomenon，Realize the understanding of the overall history in the revolutionary struggle。This is here，How to understand the overall problem of Marx's "history" concept，It has become the key to grasp Marx's method。

Lucar's general discussion on the concept of Marx's "history"，There are two different directions，One is vertical，The other is horizontal。The so -called vertical discussion，Refers to Lukacic's general understanding of the overallness of history as the general development of human history; so -called horizontal discussion，refers to the overallness of history from the sum of the sum of various elements from a specific historical stage。In the analysis of Marx's method，Lucari Bet365 app download mainly understands historical overall problems from the horizontal perspective。This means，Lucic discusses the "historical overall"。

Lucari regards the idea of ​​worshiping and worshiping in Marx's "Capital" as the basis for understanding the history of the historical general，"The relationship between things and things" generated by this relationship, that is, the phenomenon of "materialization" as the basic social phenomenon of the capitalist era。The rationalization characteristics of "materialization" have a considerable degree of confusion，Therefore, bourgeois thinkers are based on this phenomenon for the eternal argumentation of capitalist society，It is not seen that this phenomenon is just a "relationship between people", that is, a real "social" sense, a historical overall inevitable component。Only after the proletariat has a clear class consciousness，Only in your own struggle can grasp the historical overall society as a reality, that is, society。

The proletariat broke the fog of "materialization" in the struggle and grasped the history of the capitalist era，It is achieved based on the object's "structural structure principle" and "real movement tendency" as an intermediary。In terms of objects or social phenomena，Its "structural structure principles" and "sports tendency" refers to the same thing，That is the inevitable orientation of this object "its own objective and specific structure itself"，Its role is to transcend the direct nature of existing objects，Reveal the overall "society" as "the power of the real history"。

Lucic's overthition of the overall characteristics of Marx's historical concept，It is far -reaching to Marxist research: on the one hand，According to this explanation path，The "history" of historical materialism should be more understandable from the perspective of "overall history" rather than "historical facts"，Therefore, the historical narrative in the Marxist context，Should get rid of the intuitiveness and one -sidedness of empiricalism，Pay more attention to the overall dimension of history; on the other hand，Since the overall history is the fundamental dimension of history，"History", especially the various objects involved in the "capitalist history process"，For example, product、currency、Capital、bet365 live casino games Class and other elements，Only in the overall dimension can we be fully understood，So find a solid intermediary with these specific historical elements and the overall history，is the basic topic of Marxist methodology research。

　　Lucic's limitations of the overall thought of history 

Although Lukacic's understanding of the overall characteristics of Marx's historical concept has important theoretical significance，But this does not mean that this idea is impeccable。In fact，If we analyze from its inner logic，It will be found that there are several non -self -care。

First，Lucic's understanding of "overallness of history"，Part of the part he understood from Hegel and the overall dialectics with Marx's capitalist critical grafting，It will inevitably produce logic contradictions。On the surface，Through this grafting，Lucari constructed Marx's "historical" concept on the basis of the dialectical relationship between the "part" of materialization and the "overall" of society itself，But in fact, the logic of this relationship is like nothing。Because the part that is separated from the overall part is no longer part，The overall as a whole is no longer the whole，At the same time，The so -called "partial and overall dialectics" also means that some and the whole should be treated as two different things.，So how can the discussion about the relationship between different parts and parts different from the whole and part of the part is possible，It is a question that needs to be explained。In the Dialectics of Hegel Logic，This problem can be solved，This is because of，Basic ways of establishing an inherent and dialectical relationship between the concepts there，The content of the connotation of a concept will always include the content that cannot be accommodated by this concept，The possibility of this overflow will eventually be revealed as a provision of this concept as part of the connotation of the overall absolute concept，and the absolute concept itself shows its overallness in the connotation because it is given as an individual concept，So you can establish part of the dialectical relationship with other concepts as a dialectical unity of general and individuality。Obviously，Because Marx faces the object (capitalist bet365 Play online games social structure) is completely different from Hegel，The part that can be established in Hegel's conceptual dialectics and the overall dialectics is difficult to logically established。Just the opposite，Because the overall social structure itself is not a individual social phenomenon that can be composed of social phenomena (such as commodity relationships and capital relationships, etc.)，Therefore, it does not have the unity of the individuality and overallness of the concept of Hegel's absolute concept，Therefore, we actually cannot actually build a logical part and the overall dialectics in the concept of Marx。

Next，Lucari understands Marx's unique "rising from abstraction to specific" method as "rising from part to the overall"，Will miss the overall grasp of the concept of Marx's "history" itself。Lucari understands Marx's real concept as a historical general，Requires the direct vision of surpassing empiricism only in the "historical facts"，This undoubtedly reflects his profound theoretical insight，Dan Lucari's conceived transcendence、The path to the overall history of the history is virtuous。This is not only because of，"Structural Structure Principles" and "Real Movement tendency", the two concepts of "intermediary" between Lucari as a social phenomenon and the overall history of history，Because it is actually only the external setting of "facing the overall"，Therefore, its connotation is not clear，also lacks real operability; it is because of，When Lucari regards the relationship between the relationship between "the relationship between things and things" and "the relationship between people and people", when the phenomenon of the part of the phenomenon and the essential relationship of the general essence of the part of the decision，He can actually explain clearly，Marx's analysis of the relationship between physical and material relationships in political economics is actually combined with analysis of people's relationships，Therefore, the "society", which is understood by Lukacci as the overall "society", is not actually appeared at the end of Marx's analysis。

Last，According to this way of understanding of Lukacci，The specific "history" concept of Marx has become an abstract concept that can be applied to different times。Lukacci bet365 best casino games sees sharply，Marx's "History" concept is a concept that contains historic dimensions，That is to say，The "history" said what Marx said mainly refers to the "specific historical stage", that is, the history of the capitalist society，Not a one -dimensional linear history composed of successive historical facts; but because Lucarci does not criticize the applicability of "part of the dialectics of the whole and the overall" itself，Therefore, although he mainly discusses the overall problem of history in the context of Marx's capitalist critical context，But his analysis actually pushed this overallity together with the "history" itself to a generalized abstract logic。

　The overall characteristics of the concept of Marx's "history" 

Lucarh's job occurs the above problems，The fundamental reason is，He will think of Marx Thought、Dialectics in the criticism of political economy is equivalent to Hegel Dialectics，Therefore, the fundamental difference between the two。It can be said in a sense，Marx's dialectics and Hegel dialectics are fundamentally different in the basic theme and theoretical form。In fact，Because of this，Marx's dialectics can be called the real "dialectics"。If the dialectics method is understood as the form of the inner movement of the content with the specific object "，If Marx's research object is different from Hegel，Naturally, you need to introduce different dialectics to display the "form of your own movement" directly related to the specific content of the object.，The objective dimension presented in the process。So we can understand，Why is Marx's dialectics on the one hand that is not only different from Hegel's dialectics，and "completely opposite"，But on the other hand, he publicly acknowledged that he "is a student of this big thinker"。

Basic goals of Marx Dialectics，It is the self -or not in the objective dimension of the capitalist social structure，Therefore, if it is said to have a historical overall in the capitalist era as a specific historical stage，So this overallness can certainly be understood as direction in the direction of Marx Dialectics，Just as what we see in Lucari。but but，This generally cannot be understood as a overall form that directly contains and determines the existence of each part，Instead, it should be understood as the historic Bet365 app download realistic movement of the objects of the capitalist era。This premise does not use the specific social phenomenon (such as the objective relationship emphasized by Lucari) as the part of its own "containing"，Instead, these phenomena are used as the conditions or mechanisms produced by the universal "appearance"，Therefore, it is actually the capitalist production method itself，This production method is not a ready -made physical existence，Instead, it is necessary to show a specific social structure that is distributed in a structural operation.。For Marx，There is no "historical general" that is directly opposed to various locality phenomena。I am rather，This overall dimension of history is exactly the "giving method" of the phenomenon to show its own，Therefore, it is not another object (even if it has an "absolute" object)，​​Instead, the functional whole with the objects such as the shadow is followed by the shadows。It can be said in a sense，This overall is the "common conspiracy relationship" of the factors of all people in the capitalist era。

This，5262_5295，The characteristics of the era of people and things in the capitalist era are generally shaped，instead of being blocked by "relationships between things and things" more "essential" "relationship between people"，Therefore, the overall dimension of Marx's "history" concept，It is actually a historic feature。That is to say，It is a feature that can only be associated with the specific historical stage of capitalism。The reason why Marx can give the "history" concept that reflects the basic connotation of the capitalist era in a specific historical stage of the capitalist era with the general characteristic characteristics，Also because of，Only under capitalist production，Only the relationship between the relationship between people and people and objects and things will be produced。So，Not starting from "objective"，but start from the historic "universal"，Avoid the abstract treatment of Marx's "history" concept and its overall characteristics。

This is exactly this，We can see，How can Marx show their unique dialectics in the criticism of political economics as ideological criticism: Classical political economists have confirmed the capitalist era in their ideological concepts bet365 Play online games in their ideological concepts. The universality of the phenomenon，But they are unable to identify this generality in the times and their own boundaries，Marx's criticism in political economics (in this universality (this dimension in political economics is specifically reflected in the "formal regulations" of various economic categories)，Questions that make this universal possible historic premise，And in this question, it shows my comprehensive and in -depth understanding of the overall characteristics of the historical characteristics。

　 (The author is a professor at the School of Philosophy of Fudan University)