“History” is one of the core concepts of Marx’s philosophy。Understanding of the connotation and characteristics of nj bet365 concept，It is not only about how people grasp the basic ideological vision of historical materialism，It is more about the theoretical attitude we adopt towards the contemporary life in which we live。Today, when human history is facing an important turning point，Reunderstanding the totality as a prominent feature of Marx’s concept of “history”，More important contemporary significance。

　　Lukács’ elucidation nj bet365 overall characteristics of Marx’s concept of “history”

About the overall characteristics of Marx’s concept of “history”，Lukács elaborated on nj bet365 in "History and Class Consciousness"。

In nj bet365 book，Lukács famously stated that “orthodoxy in Marxist issues only refers to method”，And the method he mentioned here，Mainly it is the dialectical method that he understood Marx borrowed from Hegel’s philosophy。From Lukács’s discussion，nj bet365 dialectic has two basic dimensions，One dimension is the dialectic of part and totality in history，Another dimension is the dialectics of subject and object in history，Both are two sides of the same coin: the historical process as a whole，But it is always expressed in the form of parts or phenomena，The proletariat as both a historical subject and a historical object，Will break the illusion of eternity created by nj bet365 part or phenomenon，Realize the overall understanding of history in the revolutionary struggle。In nj bet365 way，How to understand the overall problem of Marx’s concept of “history”，It becomes the key to grasp Marx’s method。

Lukács’s overall discussion of Marx’s concept of “history”，There are two different directions，One is vertical，The other one is horizontal。The so-called vertical discussion，refers to Lukács’s understanding of the totality of history as the overall development process of human history；The so-called horizontal discussion，It means that he understands the totality of history from the sum of various elements in a specific historical stage。In an analysis of Marx’s method，Lukács mainly understands the issue of historical totality from a horizontal perspective。nj bet365 is to say，Lukács discusses “historical totality” more in the sense of the structural integrity of capitalist society。

Lukács used Marx’s thoughts on commodity fetishism in Capital as the basis for his understanding of historical totality，Consider commodity relations and the “relationship between things” or “materialization” phenomenon generated by nj bet365 relationship as the basic social phenomenon of the capitalist era。The rational characteristics of “materialization” are quite confusing，nj bet365 allows bourgeois thinkers to argue for the eternity of capitalist society based on nj bet365 phenomenon，The inability to see that nj bet365 phenomenon is only an inevitable part of the "relationship between people", that is, the historical totality in the true "society" sense。Only after the proletariat has a clear class consciousness，Only in one’s own struggle can one grasp the historical totality of reality, that is, society。

The proletariat breaks through the fog of "reification" and grasps the historical totality of the capitalist era in its struggle，It is realized through the intermediary of the object's "structural construction principle" and "real movement tendency"。In terms of objects or social phenomena，Its "structural construction principle" and "movement tendency" refer to the same thing，That is the inevitable direction for nj bet365 kind of object's "own objective and concrete structure itself"，Its function is to transcend the immediacy of existing objects，Revealing the totality, that is, "society" as the "real historical force"。

Lukács’s elucidation of the overall characteristics of Marx’s concept of history，Profound significance for Marxist research: on the one hand，Follow nj bet365 explanation path，The "history" of historical materialism should be understood more from the perspective of "historical totality" rather than "historical facts"，Thus historical narrative in the context of Marxism，We should get rid of the intuitiveness and one-sidedness of empiricism，Pay more attention to the overall dimension of history；On the other hand，Since the historical totality is the fundamental dimension of history，The various objects involved in “history”, especially the “historical process of capitalism”，For example, products、Currency、Capital、Class and other factors，Can only be fully understood in the dimension of totality，Then find a reliable intermediary between these specific historical elements and the historical overall，It is the basic topic of Marxist methodology research。

　　The limitations of Lukács’s thought on nj bet365 totality

Although Lukács’s understanding of the overall characteristics of Marx’s concept of history has important theoretical significance，But nj bet365 does not mean that nj bet365 idea is impeccable。In fact，If we analyze it from its internal logic，You will find that there are some inconsistencies hidden in it。

First，Lukács in his understanding of “the totality of history”，Grafting his understanding of the dialectics of part and whole from Hegel with Marx’s critique of capitalism，Logical contradictions will inevitably occur。On the surface，Through nj bet365 grafting，Lukács firmly constructed Marx's concept of "history" on the dialectical relationship between "parts" as materialized phenomena and "total" as society itself，But in fact the logic of nj bet365 relationship is specious。Because a part that is separated from the whole is no longer a part，A whole separated from its parts is no longer a whole，At the same time，The so-called "dialectics of part and whole" also means that part and whole should first be treated as two different things，How then is it possible to discuss the relationship between parts that are different from the whole and wholes that are different from the parts，It is a question that needs to be explained。In the Conceptual Dialectics of Hegelian Logic，nj bet365 problem can be solved，nj bet365 is because，The basic way in which concepts establish an intrinsic and dialectical relationship with each other，The connotation of a concept always contains content that cannot be accommodated by the definition of the concept，The possibility of nj bet365 overflow will ultimately be revealed as arising from the determination of nj bet365 concept as part of the connotation of the total Absolute Idea，The absolute idea itself shows its totality in its connotation while being given as an individual concept，Thus, it can establish a dialectical relationship between the part and the whole with other concepts as a dialectical unity of totality and individuality or an existence in and of itself。Obviously，Because the object that Marx faced (capitalist social structure) was completely different from that of Hegel，The dialectics of parts and wholes that can be established in Hegel’s conceptual dialectics is difficult to establish logically without difficulty。Just the opposite，Because the overall social structure itself is not an individual social phenomenon that can be juxtaposed with various social phenomena (such as commodity relations and capital relations, etc.)，Thus it does not have the characteristic of the unity of individuality and totality of Hegel's concept of absolute idea，Therefore we cannot actually establish a logically reasonable dialectic of part and totality in Marx's concept of "history"。

Secondly，Lukács understood Marx’s unique method of “rising from abstraction to concrete” as “rising from part to totality”，Will miss the sure grasp of the totality of Marx’s concept of “history”。Lukács understood Marx’s concept of reality as the historical totality，Requires transcending the direct vision of empiricism that only sticks to “historical facts”，nj bet365 undoubtedly reflects his profound theoretical insights，But the transcendent immediacy conceived by Lukács、The path to historical totality is ambiguous。nj bet365 is not only because，"Structural construction principle" and "real movement tendency" are two concepts that Lukács regards as the "intermediary" between social phenomena and historical totality，Because what is actually reflected is only the external setting of "toward the overall"，So its connotation is not clear，Also lacks real operability；It’s even more because，When Lukács regards the relationship between "the relationship between things" and "the relationship between people" as the relationship between the phenomenon as a part and the essence as a totality that can determine the part，He actually couldn’t explain it clearly，Why Marx’s analysis of the relationship between things in his critique of political economy is actually always combined with the analysis of the relationship between people，Therefore, what Lukács understood as the overall "society" did not actually appear at the end of Marx's entire analysis。

　Finally，According to Lukács’s way of understanding，Marx’s concrete concept of “history” becomes an abstract concept applicable to different eras。Lukacs saw keenly，Marx’s concept of “history” is a concept that inherently contains a historical dimension，In other words，The "history" mentioned by Marx mainly refers to the "specific historical stage", that is, the history of capitalist society，Rather than a one-dimensional linear history composed of successive historical facts；But since Lukács did not make a premise criticism of the applicability of the "dialectics of parts and wholes" itself，So although he mainly discusses the overall issue of history in the context of Marx’s critique of capitalism，But his analysis actually pushes nj bet365 totality and "history" itself into an abstract logic that can be universalized。

　The overall characteristics of nj bet365 concept of “history”

The reason why Lukács’ work has the above problems，The fundamental reason is，He put Marx’s thought、In particular, dialectics in the critique of political economy is equivalent to Hegelian dialectics，Thus ignoring the fundamental difference between the two。In a sense it can be said，Marx’s dialectics and Hegel’s dialectics are fundamentally different in terms of basic theme and theoretical form。In fact，It is precisely because of nj bet365，Marx’s dialectics can be called “dialectics” in the true sense。If dialectics is understood as "the form of the inner self-movement of content" with concrete objects，If Marx’s research object is fundamentally different from Hegel’s，It is natural to introduce different dialectics to show the "form of self-motion" that is directly related to the specific content of the object，That is, the objectivity dimension presented in a procedural form。So we can understand，Why on the one hand does Marx claim that his dialectical method is not only different from Hegel’s dialectical method，And “completely opposite”，But on the other hand, he publicly admitted that he was "a student of nj bet365 great thinker"。

The basic goal of Marx’s dialectics，It lies in showing the self-denial contained in the objective dimension of capitalist social structure，So if the capitalist era as a specific historical stage has a historical totality，Then nj bet365 totality can certainly be understood as the direction towards which Marx’s dialectics moves，Like we saw with Lukács。However，nj bet365 totality can no longer be understood as a whole that directly contains and determines the existence form of each part，It should be understood as the historical realistic movement premise of various objects in the capitalist era。nj bet365 premise does not regard specific social phenomena (such as the object relations emphasized by Lukács) as part of its "include"，Rather, these phenomena are produced as conditions or mechanisms for universal “appearances”，So it is actually the capitalist mode of production itself，nj bet365 method of production is not a ready-made entity，It is a specific social structure that spreads its universal shaping power in a structural operation。For Marx，There is no "historical totality" that directly opposes and determines various local phenomena。Rather，nj bet365 total dimension of history reveals itself precisely as the “mode of giving” of phenomena，So it is not another kind of object (even an object with "absoluteness")，It is a functional whole that goes hand in hand with objects but cannot be objectified。In a sense it can be said，nj bet365 whole is the "collusion relationship" between all human factors and material factors in the capitalist era。

nj bet365 way，What is shown by concepts such as "capitalist mode of production" that can reflect the overall characteristics of history，nj bet365 is the characteristic of the era in which people and things in the capitalist era are universally shaped，Rather than the more "essential" "relationship between people" that is covered up by the "relationship between things"，Thus the overall dimension of Marx’s concept of “history”，In fact, it is a historical feature。In other words，It is a characteristic that can only be associated with nj bet365 specific historical stage of capitalism。The reason why Marx was able to give overall characteristics to the concept of "history" that embodies the basic connotation of a specific historical stage in the capitalist era，It is precisely because，Only under the capitalist mode of production，Only then can the universal relationship between people and the relationship between things be produced。Therefore，Not starting from “objectivity”，But starting from the historical "universality"，In order to avoid abstraction of Marx’s concept of “history” and its overall characteristics。

　That’s exactly the case，We can see，How was it possible for Marx to demonstrate his unique dialectics in the critique of political economy as a critique of ideology: Classical political economists confirmed the societies of the capitalist era in the form of "eternity" in their ideological concepts universality of phenomenon，But they are limited by the times and their own boundaries and cannot recognize nj bet365 universality，Marx starts from nj bet365 universality in his critique of political economy (in political economy, nj bet365 dimension is embodied in the "formal determination" of each economic category)，Questioning the historical premises that make nj bet365 universality possible，And in nj bet365 questioning, show your comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the overall characteristics of history。

　 (The author is a professor at the School of nj bet365, Fudan University)