The relevant discussions of "Capital" and its manuscripts are expressed，Marx has read Locke's "Government Theory" and economics theory in detail，Especially the content of labor value theory。But in the context of social and political philosophy，Locke's thoughts have affected Marx，This problem has not attached great importance to the theoretical circles of my country's Marxist theory。In fact，Locke's thought is not only one of the important theoretical sources of Marx's social and political philosophy，Starting point and important opportunity to criticize and surpass liberalism and national economics。This article takes "property rights" as an example to make preliminary discussions，so as to throw bricks to attract jade。

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Property right occupies a prominent position in Locke's political philosophy。Some scholars even assert，"Locke's essence of the entire limited government theory，is to defend property rights "。The core question of the discussion of Locke's political philosophy is，Under the emerging capitalist citizen society，How can people really realize freedom。This itself contains two aspects，"How to get freedom" and "How to protect freedom"。The previous aspect is mainly reflected in his own interpretation of the various innate freedom rights enjoyed by human beings based on the perspective of talent rights，On the one hand, on the one hand, it mainly reflects how he needs to transition or enter the "civilized society" from the original "natural state" of human beings or enter the "civilized society"，In other words，is to explain the possibility and necessity of the government。Based on the tradition of natural law，Locke believes that there are three main types of natural rights，is the right to freedom、right to life and property。The purpose of people to establish a government Bet365 lotto review is to better protect property rights，To maximize "human freedom"，"So，I think political power is to formulate legal rights to regulate and protect property，The right to sentence the death penalty and all the lighter punishment，and using common forces to execute these laws and defend the country's right to infringe on foreign infringement; and all of this is for citizens' benefits。”

but but，Compared to the government，The legitimate property right is the first and destination，The government is in the later and instrumental。The correlation between the government and property rights lies in their freedom to people: since people establish the government to better protect property rights，And property rights are the specific styles that are free to achieve，So，The government is essentially to achieve the greatest degree of "political freedom" or "freedom of the human" service。This concept is due to Locke believes，The benign system design is conducive to protecting everyone's life、freedom and property right。But effectively designing a good system and before the government，It is necessary to first solve the legal origin of property rights。Locke's understanding of the legitimacy of property rights generally adopted two ways to take a road，That is the way to enter the way and the society (experience)。The former reflected that he followed the tradition of the Bible in Christianity and from the pre -set "natural state"，Extended the various talents and rights and "natural freedom" that each person has equal.，Explain the origin of property rights from socially entering the way。

For Locke，Treatment of property rights is to deal with freedom。More accurately，Property right is the most suitable specific path to deal with freedom。property rights must be considered in the issue of freedom to think，can get the understanding and interpretation of its essential specifications in the cut。corresponding to "How to achieve freedom"，The theory of property rights also contains two levels，That is to explain the "origin of property Bet365 app download rights" and explain "the specific implementation of property rights"。The former manifests that he explained that property rights are enjoyed by people in the background of the theological background，and the use of labor "incoming" theory to explain the origin of property rights from socially; the latter is specifically displayed as a common consent or contract to introduce political power and government，And it formulates various laws and regulations to ensure the specific implementation and implementation of property rights and freedom in a civilized society。

　　Marx's thinking about property rights 

In terms of theoretical effects，Locke's property right theory undoubtedly has a pivotal position in the history of modern ideas in the West。The entire liberal tradition after Locke and Hegel and Marx, who represents the reflection and criticism of liberalism，On the issue of property rights，It can be said that it is either his "fellow"，Either critical innovation on the basis of drawing its existing ideology。The contribution of Locke's property rights theory is mainly reflected in two aspects: one，He uses "labor" as the legitimacy of personal property rights.，and then grasp the natural rights that property rights are naturally enjoyed。After that，Smith further enhanced labor and promoted the height of the principle of political economics theory，and then affect Hegel and Marx。Its two，He associates property rights with the freedom of people，Discussion of property rights directly to the basis of human freedom and how it realizes it。

Locke regards labor as the inner basis of the property rights in the secular world，and his emphasis on the priority of the right to life and freedom，profoundly influenced the later Hegel and Marx。Compared to Locke，Hegel also grasped property rights as necessary conditions for individuals to achieve freedom，But he does not attribute the property rights to labor，Instead, it is founded by the free will of people。He did not refer to the property right of property，Instead, Bet365 lotto review it refers to the product of the contract between the contract and the mutual recognition of the product。and，Given the individual destructiveness contained in private property rights，He has a dialectical critical position for him。Marx also shared the associated thoughts of Locke's realization of property rights and freedom，But he surpassed Rock with the help of Rousseau and Hegel and others.。From the standpoint of Marx，Locke is the representative of the interests of the new bourgeoisie in the UK ("The history of the theory of the remaining value")。Compared to the feudal landlord class，His thought (including his property theory) has two sides。From the perspective of progress，He starts from the theory of bourgeois natural law，Opposition to "monarchy God" and other fallacies，It is believed that in the natural state, everyone is dominated by natural law, that is, rational rule，No one must endanger the lives of others。To say in Marx's words，"Locke is the ancestor of this kind of free thought"。But this is also obviously its conservative aspect，Because this has beautified the private ownership of the bourgeoisie in a certain sense，Tell it as an eternal、Natural and reasonable social system。

Expand，Inheritance in inheritance，Marx first absorbed the idea of ​​Locke's labor property theory，Taking labor as the legitimacy of the individual's property is based on。He insists on the importance of labor to private property and the essence of people，Think that people are essentially the form of the object of their own labor，The "main essence" of private property is labor ("Paris Manuscript")。Next，He also considers property rights issues with people's freedom。Like Locke，Marx's handling of property rights，Always associate with human free personality and self -actuality。He must be sure of the importance of private property in a specific sense (especially the "private property as a labor").。Dan Rousseau's criticism of property rights and the incomplete analysis of the poverty bet365 Play online games issues in the public society，All promote Marx to further realize that capitalist property Bet365 lotto review rights and private ownership are essentially the opposition and separation between "labor" and "capital"，A small part of the hidden parts behind it exploit most of the proletarians、Power control relationship of slavery，It determines that it ultimately "not conducive to human self -realization and universal freedom in society"。

　　Marx's transcendence on Locke's property rights theory 

In terms of transcendence，From the standpoint of Marx，Locke has fundamental limitations in the way of prove that property rights confirm the property rights。This is mainly manifested in two aspects。First，Locke，Including later Hegel，Differential labor under capitalist conditions is distinguished by "objectized labor" and "alien labor"。Therefore，He only grasped the "positive significance" of labor，without noticing "negative meaning"。The former means the existence of the essence of labor as a human life，The latter means that labor becomes a decision、The power of the slavery and the basis for，This makes it impossible for Locke to really grasp the inherent complexity of the relationship between private property。In Paris Manuscripts，Marx believes that private property contains "private property as labor" and "private property as capital"。The former rooted in the person's objectized labor，The latter is rooted in alien labor。Under all the capitalist conditions of a small number of bourgeoisie，Locke's sense of labor confirming the property right is essentially just to say that "alienation labor" is the basis for the right to private property。But because Locke did not identify its specific styles from labor, that is, alienated labor，Therefore，He actually attributed the "objectized labor" to the essential power of the private property right as a human essence.，and then confirm the necessary condition for personal property to constitute personal freedom。That's for this，Locke will inevitably universal property Bet365 lotto review rights and private ownership and eternalization，Like a national economist，The capitalist system itself is non -historical and permanent。

Next，From Marx's view，Since "objective labor" is the true force of human essence，and "alienation labor" is just a person's "objectized labor" specific and distortion style，is the product developed to a certain stage，So，Locke's property rights in the sense actually refers to the right to "private property as a capital"，It must be rooted in "alien labor" rather than "objectized labor"，In essence, it is impossible to be a natural right that is born with people，but a historic product and category。In other words，property rights must have their own production、The process of development and dying。From this，Capitalist property rights, as natural rights and the fake appearance of private ownership, are completely removed，The historic boundary of its own existence can be clarified。

Visible，It is based on the inheritance and criticism of Locke's property rights theory，Marx's criticism of property rights is always closely associated with the problem of freedom of human beings。But he did not prove it as a private property right like Locke and the same free with his personal freedom，Instead, it is "the relationship between private property as a capital"，Reveal its hindrance to human self -realization。Locke and others regard property rights as issues of natural rights (the issue of political and "political liberation") and the problem of simple personality and realization (philosophy and the problem of school)，Marx grasped it as a major economic and social problem ("human liberation" problem)。He thinks，The essence of private property is the opposition and separation of labor and capital，and "The entire revolutionary movement must be in the movement of private property，is in the movement of the economy，Find the basis of experience for yourself，Find the foundation of the theory "。Therefore，property rights and ownership issues can only be solved by mobilizing the form of social, economic and bet365 best casino games political revolution。From this，Marx is based on the rule and dominance of the producer's rule and domination hidden behind the private property rights，Then propose to realize real human liberation，The form of mobilizing the social and political revolution movement，Thoroughly abolished "the relationship between private property as capital" and the proposition of private ownership。

　　(This article is the National Social Science Foundation "" Capital Theory "and ownership criticism in the manuscript (22bzx002) phase results) 

(The author is a professor at the School of Marxism, Shenzhen University)