Currently，The only remaining authentic manuscript page of the "Communist Manifesto" in the world，Deposited in the archives of the International Institute of Social History at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences。The precious thing is，The first two lines of this manuscript page are the handwriting of Marx's wife Jenny: "[Prole]tarier für die 10 Stunden Bill ohne ihre Illusionen über die Resultate dieser Ma?regel zu teilen”，The rest is Marx’s handwriting。These two lines of text are translated into Chinese，That is, "...proletarians，In favor of the ten-hour workday law，Does not share their illusions about the results of this measure”。This is Jenny’s evaluation of the bet365 bonus bets Act passed by the British Parliament in June 1847。This manuscript contains the British proletariat’s exploitation of the divisions within the bourgeoisie、The story that forced them to legally pass the ten-hour workday，At the same time, it also shows that the proletariat must combine the economic struggle and political struggle against the bourgeoisie、The necessity and possibility of seizing power。Yanni’s opinion，In the subsequent Marx、Supported by Engels’s writings on the Ten-Hour Day Act。

　　Passage bet365 bonus bets "Ten-Hour Workday Act"

In the UK，Workers’ working days are prescribed by law。But，Legal working days are rarely observed，Different industries actually use different working days。Mid 18th century，The average bet365 bonus bets of a sock weaver is 10 hours。To the 1830s and 1940s，Workers’ bet365 bonus bets is 16 hours or even 18 hours，Female and child workers have longer working days。Britain is like other countries，Always rely on legislative intervention to limit working days。Since the end of the 18th century，The British proletariat strives to limit the bet365 bonus bets through legislative means。But，Because the initial legal provisions were extremely incomplete，No one cares about it anymore。Early 19th century，Under the leadership of some philanthropists，Created a party，It requires that factories be legally limited to 10 hours of work per day。

In order to promote the passage of this bill，British workers have persisted in various forms of struggle for many years，The most primitive theft resistance activity from the beginning，Strong action to destroy the machine，And then organize or participate in a strike movement against lower wages。With the development of capitalist industry，The proletariat is in the process of becoming a class from dispersion to organization，Feeling more and more powerful。From the 1830s，The majority of proletarians are engaged in the struggle for a bet365 bonus bets。June 8, 1847，The British Parliament passed the bet365 bonus bets law，It is stipulated that from July 11, 1847, the working day of child workers (13-18 years old) and female workers will be shortened to 11 hours，Restricted to 10 hours from May 1, 1848。Because male workers cannot work without female workers and child workers，Therefore，Their working hours are also reduced to 10 hours。The ten-hour work day bill passed，Mainly due to the long-term struggle of British workers and all aspects that lasted for 40 years，At the same time, it also benefits from their clever use of contradictions and divisions within the ruling class。

The development of class contradictions in Britain is unique。1830s-1840s，With the completion of the British Industrial Revolution，Britain has become the most advanced capitalist industrial power in the world。Industrial Revolution，While promoting the rapid development of British social productivity，It also triggered a profound change in social relations。Under capitalism，The huge increase in national wealth ultimately belongs to the propertied class。But，Within the ruling class，There are always a group of people whose interests have been harmed by the industrial revolution、Factions whose survival is threatened by the industrial revolution，Such as a banker、Securities Speculator、Ship Owner、Businessman、Landed Nobility、Large landowners in West India、Petty bourgeoisie, etc.。They are not willing to be squeezed out by factory owners in the industrial revolution，Their vital interests "force them to get rid of everything that can be controlled by the law、Obstacles hindering the development of the working class”。At this time，They set their sights on the long struggle of the proletarians for the bet365 bonus bets。

June 26, 1846，Repeal of the Corn Laws，A heavy blow to the landed aristocracy，Promoted the further development of the industrial bourgeoisie，This deepens the contradiction between the landed aristocracy and the industrial bourgeoisie。At this time，The British working class demands the passage of a bet365 bonus bets bill，More than an opportunity to retaliate against factory owners for profiting from the repeal of the Corn Laws，It can also effectively prevent factory owners from getting rich、Rapid growth of power。The fight for the bet365 bonus bets bill，Provides a good condition for these classes and factions that oppose free trade to unite the proletariat against the industrial bourgeoisie。From this，They united under the slogan of fighting for a bet365 bonus bets，Not only working in Parliament to pass laws limiting working days，And even played a leading role in the struggle to shorten the working day。

As a means of struggle for feudal reactionary forces against capitalism，Passage of the Ten-Hour Workday Act，It is definitely not due to some sympathy of the ruling class for the people。The reason why these aristocrats and bourgeois factions hostile to factory owners have neither capital nor land rent、United proletarians who only rely on labor to make a living，Because of the struggle of the working class，Conducive to the passage of the bet365 bonus bets bill。Therefore，The passage of the bet365 bonus bets law does not prove the strength of the working class，But it proves that the factory owners do not have enough power to do whatever they want。In the fight for the bet365 bonus bets，British workers establish alliances with reactionary elements of all kinds，Greatly strengthened the position of reactionaries in the labor movement。It is in this sense，The Ten-Hour Day Bill "in its own right and as a final measure，No doubt it’s a scam，It is an unwise and even reactionary measure”，This lays the foundation for the cancellation of the Ten-Hour Workday Act。

　　Disagree with the bet365 bonus bets bill

Since the Ten-Hour Day Bill was passed not by the proletariat but by their temporary allies，And following this bill，The British Parliament never passed any other measures to revolutionize the relationship between capital and labor，Therefore，This bill has not been effectively implemented。Actually，Many factory owners do not obey this law，But looking for various excuses，Extend the bet365 bonus bets from 5:30 am to 8:30 pm。August 5, 1850，The British Parliament enacted a new bill，Female workers and child workers are required to work 10 and a half hours a day，And clarify the start and end time of daily labor。To this point，The Ten-Hour Workday Act has been completely repealed。

Brief implementation of the Ten-Hour Work Day Act，Protected the interests of workers in the form of law，But it is limited to bringing workers something good for their health、Material benefits of preventing workers’ health from being destroyed too quickly。In addition，The workers still got nothing。Neither brought them any political rights，It has not changed their social status as wage workers。Repeal of the bet365 bonus bets Act，Vividly prove to the workers again，To implement an effective law，We must not rely on private negotiations between workers and capitalists，Requiring the bourgeoisie to implement "labor protection measures" is an illusion。Workers must obtain any lasting benefits，You can’t rely on others，You can’t be with gentle dreamers，Nor can we cooperate with all reactionary classes in Britain，You can only fight for it in person。As long as the bourgeoisie controls political power，will use it to maintain the wage labor system。Therefore，“Seizing power has become the great mission of the working class”。Engels pointed out: "Solving the problem of the bet365 bonus bets，Like solving all problems based on the opposition between capital and wage labor，The only way is through class revolution”，And "the first step that should be taken is to seize power"。Only by overthrowing the industrial capitalists，Watch political power for the proletarians themselves、Strive for political and social dominance，Only the proletarians can obtain their own liberation，Only by yourself can you protect your own labor。

　　bet365 bonus bets creation of Marxist political economicsbet365 bonus bets the direction

Although the implementation and effect of the British bet365 bonus bets Act have great limitations，Marx still fully affirmed its importance。He emphasized: “The Ten-Hour Day Bill was not only a major practical success，And it is a victory of principle；For the first time, bourgeois political economy openly surrendered before working class political economy。"Marx analysis pointed out，This issue of using legislative means to limit working hours involves a big debate，That is, "the debate between the blind rule of the law of supply and demand, which constitutes the essence of bourgeois political economy, and the guidance of social production by social foresight, which constitutes the essence of working class political economy"。Bourgeois economists once tried to prove the inevitability and eternity of capitalist free competition。In their opinion，Only under the conditions of unrestricted free competition，Social production can be carried out harmoniously，And any human intervention in economic life，Will lead to the destruction of the "natural order"。Their struggle against the proletariat for labor legislation，Predicted that any legislative restrictions on working hours would be the death knell for industry。But actually，The bet365 bonus bets legislation has "given the first conscious and planned influence on the system spontaneously formed in the social production process"，It did not cause economic destruction，On the contrary, it promotes the prosperity of industry。Facts proved，When the law prevents capital from ever extending the working day，Capitalists will turn to accelerating the development of machine systems、Continuously increase labor intensity to produce relative surplus value to compensate。Actually，This overturns the reactionary argument of bourgeois economists that they cannot interfere with economic life。The bet365 bonus bets Act not only provided Marx with a detailed explanation of the working day in Capital、Providing factual basis for issues such as the production of absolute surplus value and relative surplus value，And confirmed Marx、The socialist principle of using social foresight to guide social production as expounded by Engels is feasible、Correct。

The bet365 bonus bets legislation obtained by the long-term struggle of the British proletariat，Set a shining example for the proletariat in other European and American countries to carry out the struggle to shorten the working day。

As early as 1850，Engels envisioned it in "The Problem of the bet365 bonus bets"，After the proletariat takes power，Much more stringent measures than the ten-hour workday law or even the eight-hour workday law will be adopted。

Under the example of the British bet365 bonus bets Act，Germany、Italy、All advanced industrial countries in Europe and the United States, such as France and the United States, are repeating the British situation，Struggles with different local colors and scales broke out one after another。Among them，A more typical example is the struggle of American workers for an eight-hour working day。

After the Civil War，American workers intensify their campaign to legislate an eight-hour workday，And formed many coalitions fighting for the eight-hour workday。August 1866，Announcement at the National Convention of the National Labor Alliance in Baltimore，The requirement of an eight-hour bet365 bonus bets is a necessary condition for liberating labor from capitalist slavery。This demand of American workers，Echoed at the Geneva Congress of the First International in September 1866。Marx in his letter to "Instructions of the Provisional Central Committee to Delegates on Certain Questions"，“It is recommended to limit the bet365 bonus bets to 8 hours through legislative procedures”。September 7，The conference passed detailed resolutions including the basic requirements for an eight-hour bet365 bonus bets，And make the fight for an eight-hour bet365 bonus bets a common program of action for the proletariat around the world。Afterwards，Strriving for the eight-hour bet365 bonus bets became one of the important goals of the labor movement in the 1880s。For this，Workers of various countries have waged unremitting struggles。

　October 1884，Resolution by the Federation of Organized Industry Unions and Labor Unions in the United States and Canada，It is stipulated that a nationwide general strike movement for the legal eight-hour bet365 bonus bets be launched on May 1, 1886。This is the day，Massive demonstrations were held in many places in the United States。About 350,000 participants，40,000 people participated in Chicago alone。In motion，Workers proposed "8 hours of work，8 hours of rest，Eight Hours of Education” slogan。As the center of this strike movement，Chicago workers’ struggle was brutally suppressed by the government。Government Atrocities，provoking the unanimous condemnation of the working class in the United States and the world。Frightened by the powerful power of the proletariat，The American bourgeoisie was forced to make concessions，Enabled approximately 200,000 workers, especially construction workers, to obtain an eight-hour bet365 bonus bets。

In order to commemorate this great workers’ movement，July 14, 1889，At the founding meeting of the Second International，Adopted resolutions on international labor legislation and celebration of May Day，Requires a legally mandated eight-hour bet365 bonus bets，Announced to designate May 1st every year as a day for the unity and struggle of the proletariat around the world，referred to as "May Day" International Labor Day。This decision，Get immediate positive response from the proletariat of all countries in the world。May 1, 1890，Workers from many European and American countries held the first mass demonstration in history to celebrate the May Day International Labor Day。From now on，The “May Day” International Labor Day has become a show of solidarity for the proletariat of all countries in the world、A grand festival of fighting power，Promoting the proletariat to seek liberation for mankind、The great struggle to achieve comprehensive and free development。

　　(The author is the director bet365 bonus bets International Communist Movement History Research Office, International Communist Movement Research Department, Institute of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Associate Researcher)