Current，Only one page of the "Communist Declaration" manuscript is real in the world，Archives of the Institute of Social History and International Research Institute of the Royal Institute of Literature and Sciences, Dutch。Its preciousness is，The first two lines of this page of manuscripts are the authentic words of Mrs. Marxy Yanni: "[ProLe] Tarier Für Die 10 Stunden Bill Ohre Illusionen über Resultate Dieser Ma?，The rest are Marx's handwriting。Translate these two lines of text into Chinese，That is "... proletarian，It is beneficial to the ten -hour working day method，I don’t agree with the fantasy of the results of this measure. "。This is Yanni's evaluation of the British Parliament in June 1847 in the 10 -hour working day of the British Parliament。This page manuscript contains the division of the British proletariat using the bourgeoisie、Forced them to use the story of ten hours of working days in a legal form，At the same time, it also shows that the proletariat must combine the economic struggle and political struggle against the bourgeoisie、The necessity and possibility of seizing power。Yan Ni's solution，In the subsequent Marx、Engels' writings on the ten -hour working day bill were proof of evidence。

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In the UK，The working day of the worker is stipulated by the law。but，Less observance of legal working days，Different industries actually use different working days。mid -18th century，The average working day of the weaving workers is 10 hours。By the 1930s and 1940s，Workers' working days are 16 hours or even 18 hours，A longer working day for female workers and children's workers。Like other countries in the UK，Always rely on legislative interference to restrict working days。Starting from the end of the 18th century，The British proletariat strive to restrict working days through legislative means。but，Due to the very incomplete legal provisions，No one will ask soon。early 19th century，Under the leadership of some charitables，Created a party style，It requires the daily limit of the factory's daily work time to 10 hours。

To promote this bill to pass，British workers Bet365 app download have adhered to various forms of struggle for many years，From the beginning, the most primitive theft resistance activity，To the fierce action of destroying the machine，Then go to the organization or participate in the strike campaign against the reduction of wages。With the development of the capitalist industry，In the process of proletariat from decentralized to organization to become class，I feel more and more feel my strength。Since the 1930s，The majority of proletarians have invested in the struggle for ten hours of working days。June 8, 1847，The British Parliament passed the ten -hour working day method，Regulations will be shortened to 11 hours from July 11, 1847 (13-18 years old) and female workers.，It is limited to 10 hours from May 1, 1848。Because male workers have no female workers and children, they cannot work，Therefore，Their working time is also shortened to 10 hours。Ten hours working days The bill can be passed，Mainly in British workers and long -term struggles that lasted 40 years in all aspects，At the same time, they also benefited from their clever use of contradictions and splitting in the ruling class。

The development of British class contradictions is special。1930-40，With the completion of the British Industry Revolution，The UK has become the most advanced capitalist industry in the world。Industrial Revolution，While promoting the rapid development of the British social productivity，It also triggered a profound change in social relations。Under the capitalist system，The national wealth that grows huge growth finally belongs to the output class。but，Internally in the ruling class，There is always a number of their own interests being damaged by the industrial revolution、Movement of its own survival is threatened by the industrial revolution，Like a banker、Securities speculator、Boat owner、Businessman、Land Noble、Great Landlord of Western India、petty bourgeoisie, etc.。They are unwilling to be crowded out by the factory owner in the industrial revolution，Its vital interests "forced them to remove everything that can be controlled by law、Obstacles to obstruct the development of the working class "。At this time，They set their sights on the long -term struggle made by the proletarian for ten hours of working days。

June 26, 1846，Abolishment of grain method，Heavily hit the land aristocrat，Promoting the further bet365 best casino games development of the industrial bourgeoisie，This deepen the contradiction between the land aristocracy and the industrial bourgeoisie。At this time，The British workers' class requires the ten -hour working day bill，Not only does the owner of the factory make opportunities for the owner of the factory in the abolition of the grain method，and can also effectively prevent the factory owner's wealth、The rapid growth of power。Fight for the ten -hour working day bill，Provide a good condition for these classes and factions that oppose free trade, and the proletariat against the industrial bourgeoisie。From this，They unite under the slogan of the 10 -hour working day，Not only work hard in the parliament to work through the laws of limited working days，In the struggle that shortened the working day, even the role of the leader。

The means of struggle against capitalism as a feudal reactionary forces，Pass the bill of ten hours working days，Not because of some sympathy of the ruling class to the people。The bourgeois factions of these nobles and hostile factories are the same as those who have no capital and no land rent、Union of the proletarian who only rely on labor to make a living，It is because of the help of the struggle of the working class，It is conducive to passing the bill of ten hours of working days。Therefore，The passage of the ten -hour working day does not prove that the working class has power，Instead, the factory owner does not have enough power to do whatever he wants。In the struggle for ten hours of working days，British workers are the same reactionary reactionaries to establish alliances，great。It is in this sense，Ten hours of working days Act "From its itself and as the final measure，There is no doubt that it is a deceptive means，It is not clever or even reactionary measures "，This laid hidden dangers for the cancellation of the ten -hour working day.。

　　Don’t agree with the ten -hour working day bill

Because the bill of ten hours of working days is not by the proletariat but the temporary alliance passes，and following this bill，The British Parliament has no longer through any other measures to completely change the relationship between capital and labor，Therefore，This bill has not been effectively implemented。Actually，Many factories do not comply with this law，Instead of looking for various excuses，Continuing the working day from 5:30 in the morning to 8:30 pm。August 5, 1850，The British Parliament promulgated a new bill，It is stipulated bet365 best casino games that female workers and children's workers work for 10 and a half hours a day，and clarify the time of the start and end of the daily labor。So far，The bill of ten hours working days is completely canceled。

Short implementation of the bill of ten hours working days，In the form of legal form, the interests of workers，But it is also limited to bringing workers a kind of goodness to the body、Eliminates the health of the workers from the material interests that are too fast -destruction。In addition，Workers still gain nothing。Nothing to bring them any political rights，Nor changed their social status as hiring workers。Abolition of the bill of ten hours working days，Prove to the workers vividly，To implement an effective law，Never rely on the private negotiation of workers and capitalists，It is a fantasy to request a "labor protection measure" to require the bourgeoisie。Workers need any lasting benefits，Can't rely on others，Neither the tender empty imaginary family，Can't cooperate with all the reactionary classes in the UK，can only fight for。As long as the bourgeoisie has to master the regime，It will use it to maintain the employment labor system。Therefore，"Getting the regime has become a great mission to become the working class"。Engels pointed out: "Solve the problem of ten hours of working days，It is also like solving all problems based on the opposition between capital and employment labor，The only way is to pass the Class Revolution "，and "The first way to take is to seize power"。Only overthrew industrial capitalists，Get the regime for the proletarian、Striving for the dominance of political and society，Only those who are proletarians can get their own liberation，It is possible to protect your own labor by yourself。

　　The establishment of Marxist political economyIndicate direction

Although the implementation and effect of the 10 -hour working day of the UK have great limitations，Marx still fully affirmed its important significance。He emphasized: "The bill of ten hours working days is not only a major practical success，and is a victory of a principle; the first time the bourgeois political economics has been surrendered in front of the working class political economics。"Marx analysis pointed out，The problem of limiting working hours with legislative methods involves a major controversy，That is, "Blind rule that constitutes the laws of supply and demand of bourgeoisie Bet365 app download political economy and the essence of the essence of the working class political economy by society foreseeing guidance between social production"。bourgeois economists once tried to prove the inevitability and eternal competition of capitalist free competition。In their opinion，Only under the condition of unlimited free competition，Social production talents can be harmonious，Anyone intervention in economic life，All causes the destruction of "natural order"。They struggle to oppose the proletariat to fight for labor legislation，Any legislative restrictions on working hours will be knocked down for the industry。but actually，The legislation of the ten -hour working days has "the system for the spontaneous formation of the social production process on the initial conscious and planned influence"，It does not cause economic destruction，Instead, it promotes the prosperity of the industry。Proof of facts，When the law makes the capital never extend the working day，Capitalists will turn to accelerate the development of the machine system、Constantly improve labor intensity to produce relative remaining value for compensation。Actually，This overthrows the reactionary theory of bourgeois economists that cannot interfere with economic life。Ten hours of working days The bill is not only Marx's detailed elaborative working day in "Capital"、Absolute surplus value and the production of relatively surplus value provides factual basis，and confirmed Marx、The principles of socialist socialism in Social foreseeing social production by Engels are feasible、Correct。

Ten hours of working days in the long -term struggle of the British proletariat，Established a glorious example for the mission of the proletariat in Europe and the United States to shorten the working days。

As early as 1850，Engels is conceived in the "Ten Hour Working Day"，After the proletariat obtained the power，It will take much more measures that are much more stringent than the 10 -hour working day and even more stricter than the eight -hour working day。

Under the demonstration role of the ten -hour working day in the UK，Germany、Italy、All advanced industrial countries such as France and the United States repeat the situation in the UK，Strikes with different places and different sizes broke out。Where，The more typical is the struggle made by American workers to fight for eight hours of working days。

After the Northern and Southern War is over，American bet365 Play online games workers have strengthened the exercise that strives to eight hours of working days through legislative procedures，and set up many alliances that struggle for eight hours of working days。August 1866，The National Congress of the National Labor Union was announced by the National Congress of Baltimore，The requirements of the eight -hour working day are necessary conditions for labor to liberate labor under capitalist slave。This requirement of American workers，Echo at the First International Geneva Congress held in September 1866。Marx is written to "Instructions made by the Interim Central Committee on Several Issues to the Representative"，"It is recommended that the legislative procedure limit the working day to 8 hours"。September 7，The conference passed a detailed resolution including the basic requirements of eight hours of working days，And prompting the eight -hour work system to become a joint action program for the proletariat of the world。，The eight -hour work system has become one of the important goals of the labor movement in the 1880s。For this，Workers of various countries have made unremitting struggles。

October 1884，The United States and Canada organize the organization of industry trade unions and the Labor Union Federation to make a resolution，It is stipulated that a nationwide national strike campaign to fight for legal eight hours on May 1, 1886。is day，A huge demonstration parade was held in many places in the United States。About 350,000 participants，40,000 people participated in a city in only Chicago。In exercise，The workers proposed "8 hours of work，Rest for 8 hours，Education 8 hours "slogan。As the center of this strike campaign，The struggle of the Chicago workers was brutally suppressed by the government。Government's atrocities，Stiring the same condemnation of the American and the world's workers。The powerful power of deterning the proletariat，The US bourgeoisie is forced to make concessions，Make about 200,000 workers, especially the construction workers, won eight hours of working days。

To commemorate this great worker movement，July 14, 1889，At the establishment of the Second International Conference，A resolution on the legislation of international labor and the "May 1st" resolution，Requires to legal stipulates the eight -hour working day，It is announced that May 1st every year will be designated as a festival Bet365 lotto review for the world's proletarian unity combat，referred to as "May 1st" International Labor Day。This decision，Immediately get a positive response from the proletariat of countries around the world。May 1, 1890，Workers in many countries in Europe and America have held the first celebration of the "May 1st" International Labor Festival in history。From this，"May 1st" International Labor Day becomes unproop unity in various countries in the world、Grand Festival of Battle Power，Promote the proletariat for liberation for humans、The great struggle to achieve comprehensive and free development。

　　(The author is the director of the International Communist Games History Research Office of the International Communist movement of the Marxism Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Associate Researcher)