In the ancient Chinese history system，Xia Dai is the first dynasty in China。Yu Hui Huishan、Qi Fa has a gossip、Houyi Delive Summer、Shao Kang ZTE、Kong Jia chaos、Shangtang Puyu, etc. event that happened in the summer period，Records in early classics，And well -known for the world。But in modern times，Some Chinese and foreign scholars proposed "Xia Dynasty Negotiation Theory"，They believe that there is no Xia Dynasty in Chinese history。Does Xia Dai exist? Discussion on this issue has been 100 years。According to the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties Project，Xia Dynasty was established around 2070 BC。But some scholars believe that the record of Xia Dai exists in the late literature，No corresponding summer text as evidence，The authenticity of Xia Dai is difficult to verify exactly。In recent years，With archeological discovery、The increasingly abundant image material and unearthed literature，We have the condition of refuting the "Xia Dynasty negation theory"。

　　"Xia Dai negative theory" starts and end

Xia Chao passed the fourteen generation，A total of 17 monarchs，Rule of 4500 years。This ancient historical view was regarded as a letter in ancient China，No one questioned。The late 19th century and early 20th century，The authenticity of Xia Dai was questioned by some scholars。1895，French scholar Sha Yan believes that Yao Shun and Xia's ancestor Yu are forged by future generations。Some Japanese scholars also hold this view，Such as White Bird Kuji called Yao、Shun、Yu is forged by Confucian scholars after the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods。1908，German Sinologist Xia De not only denied Xia in the Bet365 app download book "Ancient Chinese History"，​​I also think that the ancient history before Zhou was not credible。Xia De's point of view affects Hu Shi。The 20th century，Hu Shi proposed a judgment of "None History above the East Zhou"，Further challenged the ancient history system of China。With the development of the "Ancient History" movement，Gu Jiegang、Yang Kuan、Chen Mengjia and others have come to Dayu as a mythical figure、Xia Shi is myth、Xia Shi is a view of differentiation from business history。Questions from scholars at home and abroad，Further explore the history of the Xia Dynasty，It is important。

For "Xia Dai negative theory"，Chinese scholar tit -for -tat tattoo，launched a series of refutation。Some scholars take the initiative to find "Xiaxu"，Start a positive response to "Xia Dai negative theory"。1959，Xu Xusheng found the Erlitou site when investigating the "Xiaxu" in the western Henan Province。The Sili site is located between Yishui and Luoshui in Yanshi, Henan，Its space -time positioning is consistent with the Xia Dynasty recorded in ancient books。Discovery of the Erlitou site，The origin of the civilization of Xia Dynasty、Dynasties Xingwa、Wangdu Construction and other major issues have important reference value。Discovered at the Erlitou site for more than 60 years，The point of view of the ruins of the metropolitan city in the middle and late Xia Dynasty，Get the recognition of most scholars。Based on this，Academic circles tend to regard Xia Dynasty as the real dynasty。But this view has attracted a new round of controversy due to the lack of text evidence unearthed in archeology，and continue to this day。1990，Russian scholar Liu Kefu believes in "Summer State: Reality or Myth" that Xia Shi is a myth of pseudo -trustees for future generations，bet365 Play online games Xia Dai is not reality。1999，American scholar Ailan also demonstrates the view of "Summer mythology"。1999，Western Sinologist Lu Wei、Publishing of the Ancient History of Cambridge China by Xia Hanyi，Among them, business as the first dynasty in China。In the new period，These arguments require us to reflect and respond。

　　Find evidence from early writing

There are rich records about Xia Dynasty in early writing，These materials are important evidence of Xia Dynasty as the early Chinese dynasty。"Shangshu" and "Bamboo Book Chronicle" and other handed down literatures recorded the Xia Dynasty Emperor's World and other important historical events。"Mandarin" and "Zuo Zhuan" has many materials that are quoted from early literature such as "Xia Shu" and "Xia Xun"。Han Dynasty，Sima Qian made a special argument for Xia Shi in "Historical Records · Xia Benji"。Early classic indication，Xia Dai is recognized by China's first dynasty。other，"Zuo Zhuan" Dinggong recorded "Xiaxu" for four years，"Yizhou Book · Duyi Jie" also says: "From Luo Yan to Yixi，Juyang Wuhu，It has the residence of summer。"Yin Ruins" in the literature and the Shangwang Shi Department have been confirmed by archeological discovery。So，"Xiaxu" also should also have historical origins。

Except for the handed down literature，A large number of unearthed documents provided diverse evidence for today's re -understanding Xia Dynasty。

One，The content of the Summary of the Warring States Period is related to Xia Shi。The currently released Tsinghua Jian's literature involved in Xia Dai includes "Yin Zhi", "Yin Yan", "Speaking", "Father", "Participation of the Father", etc.。"Yin Zhi" and "Yin Yan" recorded the late Xia Yinjian Xia、and Tang Mouxia，Among them, "Wei Yin and Tang Xian have a virtue，Yin Niantian's defeat of Xiyi Xia "，and "Shang bet365 Play online games Shu · Taijia Shang" "but Yin Gong is seen first in Xiyi Xia" and "Book of Rites · Yi Yi" "Wei Yin Bongtian，Seeing in Xiyi Xia "is generally the same。"Saying Life" has the sentence "So I will destroy the summer first"，It is the narrative of Shangwang Wuding to destroy Xia's performance。"Hou Father" talks about Yu、、桀 桀。There are also 鲧、Yu、Removal。Shang Bojian "Rong Chengshi" contains "Qi Wang's World in Ten Six and Sixth Real"，It is clearly recorded that Xia Dai had sixteen monarchs after Dayu，consistent with the handed down literature。The book unearthed in the Changsha Bullet Library also mentioned Yu。Records of the text of the Warring States Period，Explain that people have a long history of Xia's understanding。

Its two，An inscription on the bronze wares made in the spring and autumn period。Uncle Yizhong is the utensil of Qi Linggong，Its inscription says: "Applying the destiny，翦 After the summer ... there is Kyushu，绪 绪。"Qin Gongxuan is the Qin device of the Spring and Autumn Period，Inscription Cloud: "丕 朕 朕 朕，Yu Trail of Destiny 鼏 鼏，Ten and Two Gong，In the Emperor's Black ...。"Jiang Bell is a new bronze in Suizhou, Suizhou, Hubei in 2019，Its inscription containment: "Bo includes ordered，Shuai Yuzhi。"These materials and" Book of Songs · Shang Song · Long Hair "，Yu applying the earth "is exactly the same。This description，Yu is a widely circulated statement in the spring and autumn。Qi State of the East、The Qin Kingdom in the West and the Chu State of the south have spread the legend of the Xia people's ancestors Dayu。

Its three，Sui Gongxuan inscriptions in the mid -Western Zhou Dynasty involved Dayu's water treatment，The inscription says: "Destiny Yu apply the soil，Falling Mountain Junchuan。"This is consistent with the records of the Bet365 app download excavated literature and the handed down literature such as" Yugong "。Li Xueqin said based on this，Suigong Gong provides the earliest evidence of the legend of Dayu water。

Its four，Summer in the Oracle of the Shang Dynasty，But there is "Xiyi"。Reference to the handed down literature，It can be seen that Xia is also called Xiyi Xia。Hu Houxuan's resignation of Xiyi and Xiyu Xia Xiangxiang。Li Xueqin combined with Tsinghua Jian pointed out that Xiyi in Xiyi Xiahe Budi refers to Xia。About the reasons for using "Xiyi" instead of "Xia" in the resignation，Some scholars believe that the businessman's deliberate cover for Xia。No matter what，These inspections show that the merchants have sufficient understanding of Xia。

　　Dragon and Yu: Early images found in archeological discovery

Scholars who negate the authenticity of Xia Dynasty is that no text of Xia Dai was found。For this question，We can say，In view of the development of Chinese characters on the basis of pictographs，When the text of the Xia Dynasty has not been found，Images can be used as reference evidence。

The image of Xia Dai was found in the sites of the Erlitou，Among them, there are dragon images。Dragon pattern images were also unearthed in the Xinzhai site of Henan earlier in the past，Has the same shape with the turquoise dragon with Erli。These images prove that the worship of the dragon exists in the Xia Dynasty，This is a true portrayal that Erlitou and Xinzhai sites may have associated with the Xia people。

The association between the Xia and the dragon is mostly displayed in early literature。"Return to Tibet · Qi Qi" said: "Three years old and not rotten，Clicked by Wu Dao，Turn into Huanglong。"" Shan Hai Jing · Diabiane "contains:" Emperor Ling Zhu Rong kills it in the Yujiao，鲧 生。"The literature indicates that Yu and Dragon are common。"Shan Hai Jing · Dahuang West bet365 live casino games Sutra" said: "Someone 珥 two green snakes，Take two dragons，Name is the summer post -opening。"After the summer, the son of Dayu is the son of Dayu，This literature means that Xia Qi Viper multiplied by the dragon。other，"Liezi · Yellow Emperor" contains: "Xiahou's snake body face。"Historical Records · Feng Zen Book" stated: "Xia De Mud，Qinglong stops in the suburbs。"and so on.，The best annotations for early classics to Erlitou turquoise dragon and Xinzhai dragon -shaped image。These records，Dragon is a symbol of the ancestors of Xia Dynasty、is the symbol of Dayu、It is the image expression of the incident of the future generation of Dayu。From this point of view，Before the text of the Xia Dynasty，Xinzhai Dragons and Erlitou Dragon Images produced in the summer and space of Xia Dynasty，It is undoubtedly an important physical evidence to empirical the Xia Dynasty and even the Xia royal family in the Heeluo area。

Through inspection of the handed down literature、Unearthed documents、Archaeological sites and image information in the summer period，We can clearly see，Some scholars deny that Xia Dynasty's point of view is difficult to establish。Look at the dragon image produced by Xia Dai，The subjects of the Xia Dynasty have a long history of their historical narratives。Shang Dai Bu Zi、Two weeks of inscriptions and Jane's literature shows that the pre -Qin people had a unknown understanding of Xia Dai at the pre -Qin Dynasty，They are convinced that the Shang Dynasty had summer，and Dayu is the ancestor of Xia。Although there may be a text compiled by later generations in the handed down literature，But we have no reason to question early classics such as "Shan Hai Jing", "Shangshu", "Book of Songs" and "Historical Records", as well as the authenticity of the Xia Dynasty records in the Bet365 lotto review Xia Dynasty。Mr. Zou Heng once said: "Xia culture is not found，What method is used to identify it。"" to this day，China's academic circles should be full of confidence，It is reasonable to open the mysterious veil of Huaxia's first dynasty。

　　(This article is the Study of China Early Images and Ethnic Source Concepts "(21CZW013) phased achievement)