1840-1842 Opium War，It is the British to maintain illegal opium trade、Turning China into its product sales market and raw material origin、Anti -aggression war launched by plundering wealth and territory。But Western colonialists and some bourgeois scholars to cover up the essence of colonial aggression，Vague or even beautify the nature of the Opium War，The Opium War is the Sino -Western Trade System、Conflict of the diplomatic system and the legal system，Conflicts of two different cultures in the East and West，Civilization and barbaric、Conflict of progress and backwardness，Black the liability for war on China’s outdated and retreat policies，Foreigners scattered in China are being treated and oppressed in unfairness。

　Crazy the essence of the invasion of the Opium War

An English article published in the "China Cong Bao" in July 1836 accused "the Chinese government's style of treating outsiders and the villain in the countryside really have no different"。January 16, 1841，The Queen of England deliberately discussed the relationship between the Opium trade and the Opium War in the Parliament's speech，but hypocritical emphasizing the "life and property of the Queen Zimin being threatened by the life and property of the Queen"，The Royal Dignity of the UK is "seriously affected"。British invaders Pennsylvania in 1843 "British Army in China" preface，Not only claims that the war is "stubborn and cunning behavior of the Chinese government，Forced us to fight against them "，Also praised this war. "Not only is it a business perspective，It is beneficial to both parties。At the same time under the coming of God，Putting them from the current degeneration status，Promote to the realm of real civilization "。

Some colonialists and bourgeois scholars in the United States also defended the Opium War launched by the UK，Black the liability for war on the Qing government's "Various Self -esteem"。U.S. President Adam claims when the Opium War was conducted in 1841: "The reason for the war is the hoe! -The proposal of China’ s delusional self -esteem: It should not be on the conditions of each other，Maintain the commercial interaction with the rest of the human beings in the kind of insult and humble form of the monarchs and ministers。"The book" Chinese General Theory "written by American missionaries in 1847 also launched the Opium War in the UK，Black the liability for war on the Qing government cannot treat Western countries equally。

China Customs Employees、The American Matsus published in "History of the Chinese Empire Foreign Relations" published in 1910，The Opium War is also described as a trade war，and promote this aggression view to the Chinese and foreign academic circles，Proposal "It is not a struggle Bet365 app download to maintain the opium trade，It is just a last decades，and determine the beginning of the struggle between the international and business relations between the East and the West "。Since the 1950s and 1960s，American scholar Fei Zhengqing、Travis and Frank also hold this view，Repeatedly claimed that the "mainly conflict with east -west culture" reflected in the Opium War，"It is a conflict between the concepts of two international order"; the legal system dispute is the "direct fuse of the Opium War"。Recent，American scholar James M. Prache's "The War and Opium War in the Qing Dynasty" further blurred the relationship between the Opium trade and the Opium War，The reason for the outbreak of the war is on the "Politics" of the Qing Dynasty "Politics", "Can't give birth to an effective foreign policy or strategic policy"。

Affected by Western scholars' views，Since the 1980s，There are also continuous recognition of this view in China，It is believed that a commodity system in Guangzhou is an important factor that triggered the first Opium War; or that the reason for the Sino -British outbreak war is that China's smoking ban policy and trade system hindered the free tradeist in the UK，This is a "fundamental factor of the long -term effect"; and some scholars believe that the Opium War is a conflict between the Chinese traditional tribute trading system and the modern treaty's business system;。

In order to refute these wrong views of these serious distorted historical facts，We need to clarify the history of Chinese and Western relations on the eve of the Opium War。

　The so -called conflict of the trade system

Guangzhou's business system is the main object of the criticism and attack of Western colonialists，It is also an important reason for some Western bourgeois scholars to regard the Opium War as an important reason for the "Trade War"。They believe that the Guangzhou business system implemented by the Qing Dynasty is an extraordinary "retreat" policy，Obstructing free trade。The Guangzhou business system implemented by the Qing government does not meet the spirit of free trade，Even in the long run, it is not conducive to China's development，Various disadvantages such as corruption and extortion in the actual operation，But these can not become a reason for Western powers such as Britain to launch the war of aggression against China。

From world history，According to the actual situation and needs of the country，What kind of trade system and policy are adopted，This is the normal function of a sovereign country。In the era of recalcularism in the 15th-18th century，Many European countries have implemented a more monopoly trade system than Guangzhou Public Bus，Monopoly international trade authorized by the government，and implement a series of import and export control policies，If currency output is prohibited，Restricted raw material export，Practice tariff protection, etc.。In the process of implementing Bet365 lotto review trade protection policies，The UK has also restricted the living activities of foreign merchants，A decree promulgated at the end of the 15th century is stipulated，Italian merchants must complete all the products in 8 months after arriving in the UK，You must leave the UK within two months after the sale。To control and monopolize overseas trade，The United Kingdom has continuously promulgated the navigation bill or regulations since the end of the 14th century，It is stipulated that foreign merchant ships shall not engage in cargo transportation related to Britain and its colonies，until the four years of Xianfeng (1854)，The Sailing Act and Regulations were completely abolished。The monopoly right of trade with China East India Company in the United Kingdom was announced in the 14th year of Daoguang (1834).。

Comparison of comparison，The monopoly of a trade system in Guangzhou and the infringement of foreign interests is far less than that of the trade system and policy of European countries in the era of recreationalism。Some restrictions have its legitimacy and necessity，If foreign ships are required to enter Hong Kong，Must be removed from military artillery positions; restrictions or prohibit food、sulfur、Export of strategic materials such as iron goods; prohibited foreign ships from entering Huangpu and other，It is a normal measure to maintain national security。and some systems or restrictions on foreign companies are not entirely negative。Although the trading of Chinese and foreign trade has caused some disadvantages，But it also provides services and convenience for the trade activities of European and American businessmen who are not familiar with Chinese business in many ways，British merchants do not deny this，Investigation team in the Oriental Trade Situation of the British House of Commons, in the survey report of the 1830s, pointed out: "Most of the evidences who have lived in Guangzhou have unanimously claimed that the business in Guangzhou is almost more convenient and better than everything else in the world，It is said that these conveniences，Most of them are because of the business of each merchant ship belonging to the same person，The reason why the business manager。”

In fact，At that time, the deeper conflict of Sino -British trade at that time，Is a structural contradiction between Sino -British trade。Under the highly self -sufficient natural economy in China，Products exported to China can hardly find the sales market。On the contrary，Britain and other European countries will import a lot of tea from China all year round、silk、Porcelain and other products，Long -term adverse position，Especially after the 1960s, with the expansion of the United Kingdom's trade with China，Trade deficit is getting worse。To maintain this unbalanced trade，British East India Company has long passed hard currency Bet365 app download such as silver to purchase Chinese products，Fill in the trade deficit。1700-1823，The silver exported to Guangzhou to Guangzhou is 53875032 two。and the silver output of American silver at the end of the 18th century, the sharp decrease in this situation makes this situation unswerving，Directly led to the stopping of silver from London to Guangzhou from London in 1805。To solve the structural contradiction between China -British trade，British merchants and the government replaced them with opium drugs for hard currency，Get huge economic benefits。This is the direct reason for the outbreak of the Sino -British War。

　　Conflict of the so -called Chinese and Western legal system

Conflict of Western colonialists and some Western scholars' so -called Chinese and Western legal systems，essentially the dispute between Chinese and Western judicial jurisdictions。They are on the pretext of major disadvantages of the Qing Dynasty law and judicial system，Attacking the cruelty of the Chinese judicial system、Corruption and lack of justice，Requirement of obtaining foreign law，Promoting international law "only exists between civilized countries"，Not applicable to a "semi -civilized" or "half -barbaric" country like China，Strive to obstruct and destroy China's normal exercise of judicial jurisdiction。

The murder case related to foreigners that occurred in China before the Opium War broke out，The Qing government has always adhered to judicial jurisdiction。As the French killing the British in 1754、In 1773, the British Srite hurt the Chinese death case, etc.，The local authorities in Guangzhou will make the case in accordance with Chinese laws，。At the same time，Cases of hurting foreigners for Chinese people，The Qing government is also punished by equally，Even more severe。1785 British sailors in the Huangpu victims、British businessmen were attacked in Macau in 1820、In 1821, Captain "Wimnels" was attacked and other cases，Strict punishment to the murderer from the speed，There is no so -called Chinese judicial discrimination foreigner for Western colonials，"Implement the spirit of revenge，instead of crime of rule of law。

After entering Daoguang Chao，With the intensification of the conflict between China and Britain，The struggle around judicial jurisdiction tends to intensify。September 23, 1821，American merchant ship sailors Italian Delaninova was arrested and executed by the Guangdong authorities for death due to injury。Available in Hua Ying is panicked and dissatisfied with this，The Chairman of the Special Election Committee of the Guangzhou Business Pavilion, Xianchen, accused the United States offered，To the British "fall into the hands of inhumane and unfair Chinese, sacrifice，It caused a considerable surprise and sorry for the overseas Chinese society here "。The Royal British ship "Tuba" soldiers and sailors Bet365 lotto review in the British Royal Ship in December conflict with Lingshima (2 Chinese people to death)，Captain Liba Insurance Li Zhixun and Xianchen on the grounds that there is no right to deal with the royal warship，Revival of China ’s fierce demand。Due to the lack of compulsory execution strength and means，At the same time, in order to avoid tariff loss caused by stopping trade，After more than two months of stalemate，Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Ruan Yuan made concessions，Put the "Tusubi" departing from Guangdong。 

July 7, 1839 After the Lin Weixi case,，The British business director in China Yilu is to safeguard the law of Outreach，Regardless of the minister Lin Zexu, the minister Lin Zexu repeatedly negotiated，Resolutely refuses to fight Lin Weixi's British sailor to submit Chinese trial，Publicly claims: "If the British Geely Chinese crime，The prisoner who is about to apply for the application in accordance with its national laws also。"August 12、13th，Yilu set up an outsider jury on the British warship "William Fortress" in the waters of Hong Kong.。This is the first foreign court in the history of the Chinese territory in history，seriously trampled on China's judicial sovereignty，Not only was it rejected by the Qing government，Even the British government also believes that the unilateral movement of rhythm is more right，Violation of International Law，No recognition，Instructions to be legalized by signing a treaty with the Qing government with the Qing government instructions。

History of Chinese and Western legal disputes on the eve of the Opium War，The British and other powers are completely inconsistent with international law to destroy the jurisdiction of Chinese judicial jurisdictions; they later obtained the right of foreign law in China，It is by no means the initiative of the Qing government and，but the result of the gunship policy and deception。

　The so -called conflict of the Chinese and Western diplomatic system

On the eve of the Opium War，The conflict of the Chinese and Western diplomatic system is mainly manifested as，Emperor Daoguang dealt with the relationship with Western countries such as the tribute system。After the British refuses to tribute to the country of diplomatic etiquette，The Qing government handles relations with Western countries such as "mutual cities"，That is to maintain pure trade economic relations，The formal relationship between countries without official levels。Non -official relationship between "mutual city" between China and Britain，It can still be barely maintained when both the East India Company and the thirteenth line of Guangzhou can be performed normally，But in 1834, the British Central Study East India Corporation had a monopoly right to trade with China、After sending the business director representing the King of the British King's Festival，I can’t keep it.。

July 15, 1834，After the first business supervision in China in China, Lao Bet365 app download Laobei arrived in Macau for arbitrary，He as a representative of the British government，Change East India Corporation's Class and China Interchange Pharmacy，In the case that the provincial license is requested to the provincial license,，Break into Guangzhou without authorization，Living in the British Museum，Requires to contact the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi directly。Governor Lu Kun, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, used trade affairs to "to the businessman's own manager，Officials do not hear the matter "，"State -owned Law，Trouble of everywhere "，Requires the Ruolao Bei to abide by the Qing Dynasty's diplomatic system。Rulubei not only refuses to cooperate，Instead, organize the establishment of the British Overseas Chinese Chamber of Commerce，Requires British businessmen in China to take a consistent action with him，Interrupt Sino -British Trade and Boom Tiger Gate Bullet，Back to the Qing Dynasty's defendant back，Forced to withdraw Macau on September 26，Died of illness on October 11，History is called "Loser's defeat"。

December 1836，Yilu officially took over as the fourth business supervision of the UK in China，He has actively promoted the unsuccessful career of Lao Laobei at the beginning of his office，The declaration will change the Chinese and English diplomatic system as the "theme" on its office。Communication and negotiation with the local authorities of Guangdong，He led by Guangdong Customs on March 29, 1837 to the provincial red card，officially arrived in Guangzhou on April 12，Breaking the big class of the previous Qing Dynasty government with only businessmen、Foreign officials ("Yimu") must not be stationed in the province。Yilu also persuaded the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Deng Tingzheng to obtain the right to go to and from Macau and Guangzhou，Cancellation of the British posts must be discussed by the business,，Change to the seal and turn to，Let the merchants only act as a messenger，without the right to review。British Foreign Minister Ba Maizun is not satisfied and identified the results achieved in the negotiations of the rhythm，June 12, 1837 The Law of the Law notification China: It is unacceptable to continue the establishment of the official relationship with the Guangdong authorities through the merchants，Unilaterally requires the Qing government to accept the British diplomatic system。Under the intervention of Bama Zun，The efforts of rebuilding the diplomatic system of the rhythm and the local authorities of Guangdong are abruptly stopped。December 2，Leaving Guangzhou，Retirement of Macau。Until August 1842, the British government passed the Nanjing Treaty to force the Qing government to accept Western diplomatic system，Standards "the general manager of the British living in China，The Minister of the Qing Dynasty regardless of bet365 Play online games Beijing、outer Beijing，There is a document to come and go，Freshly words; British members，The word of Shen Chen; the minister approves the word line;，Must be a parallel photo meeting "。

In the conflict of the Chinese and UK diplomatic systems，The Qing government adheres to the traditional tribute trading system, of course, there is no time to meet，But Britain unilaterally forced the Qing government to accept the Western diplomatic system and etiquette through force，and seize a series of diplomatic privileges through the unequal treaty，It shows that the dispute between the Chinese and English diplomatic system is not just a simple dispute between Chinese and Western culture，"Civilization" and "Barbaric"、"Progress" and "backward" dispute，or "equal right" dispute，Instead, the rise of the rise of the Great British Empire establishes a manifestation of power politics。

In short，During the Opium War, there is a trade system in China and the West、Legal system、Foreign and cultural differences，But these differences cannot be the reason and excuse for western countries such as the United Kingdom to launch war in China。On the opposite，Western countries' emphasis and rendering of these differences，It exactly exposes their unreasonable and unreasonable racist thoughts of "white superior theory"，Can't change the nature of the British's launch of the Opium War。

　　(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Modern History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)