Appointment of senior officials of the Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty，It is mainly divided into two forms of special simple participation。Special Jane is directly appointed by the emperor; it will be pushed under the host of the official department，Jiuqing and Kozo officials have a nomination candidate，A decision by the emperor。It will be pushed up to become customized during the Mingxianzong Chenghua years，The main form of appointment of becoming senior officials;，It is both a supplement to the push，It is also the restriction of the imperial power to push。Wanli to drop，Due to the entanglement of factional politics，Will push can reflect the doubts of the "public theory" caused by the scholars' scholars。How to ensure the effectiveness of the selected channels for senior officials，Questions that monarchs must face。During the Kangxi reign，Will be pushed to be abolished，Recharged from the official department to open columns、The emperor's pro -pro -tailor。The abolition that will be pushed is a part of the reform of the political reform of the early Ming and Qing dynasties，It also provides another perspective for re -thinking about the "Qing Chengming System": the Qing Dynasty was inherited at the same time，It also inherited its institutional burden and reform motion，The own logic of the system evolution has not interrupted due to the Yi Dai of the Ming and Qing Dynasties。

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Design according to the ideal system，Will push a set of operating procedures that are relatively less disturbed by the outside world。Shangshu (Du Yu Shi)、Sales Lang (Deputy Capital Royal History)、佥 御、Tongzheng envoy、Dali Temple Qing and Guozijian Jiujiu and other candidates need to be presided over by the Ministry of Officials Jiuqing to be pushed;、The Book of the Ministry of Military and Military and the Governor's candidate，Science and Technology bet365 live casino games officials also need to participate in the meeting。Generally, the Ministry of Officials and Essays will be selected by the Ministry of Education，Attorney of officials pushed by the participating meeting，If you have any objections，You can play separately。The Ministry of Officials subsequently entered the list of candidates，Use the emperor to use。The Ministry of Officials has a considerable right to speak in advanced candidates，This is also one of the manifestations of the weight of the Ministry of Officials in the Ming Dynasty。But in actual operation，The power entanglement and faction disputes that cannot be transcended in the court。Early Wanli，It will push the dual pressure from the emperor and the court minister。

It will be pushed and specially refuse，The emperor can also pass over to push directly to appoint senior officials。Especially for official lack of emergency affairs involving military conditions，Special Jane can ensure efficiency to the greatest extent，Avoid the misunderstanding of military planes。Special Jane for non -emergency personnel，It is easy to lead to protest from the Ministry of Officials。Nineteen years of Wanli (1591)，Special Jane Zhao Zhiyi、Jiezi enters the cabinet，Lu Guangzu, the Ministry of Officials, criticized him as "chaos"。Converse，Ru Min Min -Department Story，It is more likely to make the emperor's suspicion of "city grace"。Twenty years of Wanli、Two years in the twenty -two years, push the cabinet ministers，Lists are all official officials and current officials of the capital，Shenzong suspects the Ministry of Officials "Friends"，From this starting to despise。This will undoubtedly cause serious disorders of government governance。

Cabinet and the Ministry of Officials have a relationship between the right to speak around the personnel's right to speak。The candidate should not be heard with the hearing，But Jiajing、Longqing to reduce the formation of the so -called "Said Pavilion" and "Ask"，That is, the Ministry of Officials Guan Bai Ge Chen。This move is largely related to the emergence of strong first assistance。However，The cabinet must Bet365 lotto review limit the right to discourse the personnel of the Ministry through institutionalized channels，and Shenzong provides opportunities for the court ministers。Twenty years of Wanli，The Pavilion is named "Zhen Ji Gang"，Please be able to push it into a class。This move is actually denying the original right to nominate the Ministry，Then expand the cabinet's personnel intervention，After being proposed, he was fiercely opposed by the Ministry of Officials and some science and officials。

The Ministry of Officials expects to reduce the interference from the outside world，Even trying to achieve completely independent push。Cabinet's response is to establish a new set of political system，Basically weaken the right to speak from the Ministry of Officials。The key to the victory and defeat of both sides lies in the attitude of the emperor。The next month of Shenzong's sparsely adjusted the Pavilion Corporation's class，Attitude is obviously biased towards the cabinet。Emperor、Pavilion and Minister's views on politics are different，As a result, it will be unavoidable to form。In addition, the middle and late Wanli stages will surrender the party to fight against the sun，Its effectiveness and rationality are more difficult to guarantee。Tianqi Mid -year Party's right to power，It will be increasingly controlled by the faction struggle。

After the throne of Ming Si Zong，The reform will also become a issue that Chongzhen's official officials are frequently mentioned。Chongzhen Five Years (1632)，There are official official proposals to allow Jiuqing Science and Taoist meeting，That is to return to the institutional practice of returning to the middle of Wanli，Sizong can not do anything about this。In fact，Chongzhen Shi Shi Ministry has no power to compete against the cabinet，Whether the right of nominations of the Ministry of Officials has no discussion。For important personnel disputes that can be pushed and cannot be effectively resolved，Sizong tends to be called by calling right、Exams and other methods directly determine。Chongzhen Seven Years，The candidates of the Ministry of Officials Shangshu and the Zuo Du Yushi will be called by the platform。Chongzhen eleven years，Sizong is on the grounds of Royal Bet365 app download Test Young，Special Jane three times will push the nameless Yang Yichang into the cabinet，The program that will push completely。The emperor's intervention dispels the necessity that will be pushed，Drive the husband's first way for the abolition of the early Qing Dynasty。

　Operations and disputes that will be pushed in the early Qing Dynasty

After the Ming and Qing Dynasties，The Qing Dynasty also gradually established the promotion system，But the details are slightly different from the Ming system，This is mainly manifested in the expansion of participants，That is not only limited to Jiuqing Science。Shunzhi Early Year，University scholars in the inner hospital have to participate in the meeting，until the ten years of Shunzhi (1653)，Jing Hong Chengchou pointed out to stop this example。More importantly，As a group of influential political situation in the early Qing Dynasty，The Minister of the King of Political Affairs composed of Manzhouxun Gui can also participate in the meeting。This is of course the continuation of the political discussion model in the Guanwai era，After entering the customs，This kind of system quickly attended the meeting system。Limited to historical materials，The specific scope and degree of the participation of the Minister of Political King's participation in the meeting cannot be confirmed。Shunzhi seven years will be full of lack of Shangshu and Gu Shanjin、Shunzhi Fifteen Years will push the governor of the province，Both the Minister of the Political King and the Jiuqing Science and Technology Council。You can know about it，All senior officials involved in Manchuria，or the large -scale adjustment of the candidate for the governor，All the ministers of the king must be discussed。Yi Yanzhi，The power pattern faced by the meeting in the early Qing Dynasty was very different from the Ming Dynasty，This system itself is also the re -creation of the old system of the Ming Dynasty and the tradition of Guanwai.。

The courtiers have continued the criticism of criticism since the end of the Ming Dynasty，If Zhu Shaofeng said in the event, it would be "grasped" by the host "one hand"，Real "private lift"; Xu Yi's accusations will push more virtual stories，"bet365 Play online games Standing one or two people，Substitute of preface，There is no final evaluation "; Sun Zongyi also said that participants will push each other，The effect of not being able to accept people。The emperor is also increasingly dissatisfied with the push。Shunzhi Sixteen Years Pushing Governor Jiangning，The original governor Shen Wenkui, who was degraded, was nominated，Qing Shizu used this to make a big article，Think of "showing a disadvantage"，More than ten people who will participate in the ministries and officials who will participate in the election all disposal。

Doctors of the early Qing Dynasty responded to how to solve the time when the disadvantage would be pushed，Most of them no longer seek to improve their system itself，Instead, it is trying to establish a new election mechanism with the emperor's personal discipline。Shunzhi ten years，University scholars Fan Wencheng proposed that the ministers of three or above should be known for their own protection，Emperor calls right from time to time，"Examine its discussion，Nuclear Affairs，What is the Lord of the Lord，Whether or not it is in the sanctuary "。Shunzhi fifteen years，To the matter, Yao Yanqi said, "Everyone is from the emperor's broken，It can be followed by the causes of the provincial and ministerial discussions; mortals are used by the emperor，Not only can it be pushed into a grid "。The following year，Its official Zhu Shaofeng also advocates that the candidates for important members should be negotiated by the monarch and ministers，"The emperor's dear ruling，Simple to bite it "。Eighteen years of Kangxi (1679)，Qing Shengzu Yin Earthquake Alarm，Responsible and ministers Pengbi 徇 徇 徇，One of the performances is "every time you meet when you are selected，All people who have a good deal with each other "。After that, the unclear name for the time when pushing is pushed，Set the sanction of Zhu Zhiyi one after another、Xu Qianxue、Shacheng and other ministries officials。In this background，The even more momentum of the promotion system is imperative。

　　It will be abolished with the political situation with the early Qing Dynasty

The official practice book of the Qing Dynasty will generally be promoted bet365 Play online games in the ten years of Kangxi，Unbearable。Beginning in the last year of Skunzhi，The Qing court has begun to gradually reduce the scope of pushing。Shunzhi 18 years，Governor、Senior military officers such as the total soldier will no longer be pushed，Reform the Ministry of the Ministry to open a tool question。Kangxi second year，Shangshu、Zuo Du Yu Shi and Sales、Deputy Du Yu Shi and other officials were selected by the Kai Line Reform Association; the four years of Kangxi changed the supervision and appointment as a meeting，Explain that before that，Jiuqing and Governor will no longer push。Ten Years of Kangxi，Fang clearly stipulates that stopping will be pushed，All changed from the Ministry of Officials to ask for the purpose。However, the local officials will push all the records afterwards，Until the party in the late period of Kangxi gradually stopped waste。

The so -called open -column request，That is, the Ministry of Officials will open the list of qualified officials，And the pushing will be selected from this like this。Just look at it，The scope and autonomy of the emperor seem to have expanded，Wang Qingyun in the Xianfeng period said that the abolition of the abolition means "the right to employment is attributed to the top"。But the requests will be pushed and opened.，The emperor is not satisfied and will push the result，Still can be repeatedly pushed，Therefore, it is not advisable to emphasize excessive emphasis on the constraints of the emperor's human rights，It can not be understood from the perspective of personnel rights that will be pushed to stop。

Brief words，The abolition that will be pushed first.、Gradually failure。Wanli to drop，Many solutions that will be pushed and improved are not available，The shadow of the Peng Party's dispute can not get rid of it，Therefore, you need to establish a new alternative system。This kind of attempt is at the beginning of the Chongzhen Dynasty，To the end of the Kangxi reign, it will be completed，The continuity of the internal logic and reform motion of the system of the early Ming and Qing dynasties。But the power structure of the Ming and Qing Dynasties will be pushed down.，Will push it in the early Qing Dynasty and face new problems，bet365 Play online games That is, the traditional easily reinforced by the Manzhouxun Guizhou Conference Political Affairs with the help of the mechanism to push the mechanism。Kangxi second year、The large -scale reappearance of the four -year push is the period of the fourth auxiliary ministers auxiliary government，Qing Shengzu announced that he would stop pushing shortly after his pro -government，This is not coincidental。As mentioned earlier，The Minister of the Political King can participate in the push of important personnel，The reappearance of the early annual meeting of Kangxi should be referred to，and Shengzu stopped pushing，It should also be considered as a consideration to suppress Manchuria。As far as that,，The abolition that will be pushed is not only the reform of the election system，It is also a part of the structural adjustment of the central power of the central government in the early Qing Dynasty。

(Author is an associate professor at the School of History of Nankai University)