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I am very grateful to the organizer for inviting me to participate in this "Academic China" International Summit Forum。Talk about academic China，First of all, we must know what our goal is？Chinese social sciences need their own original theories。Just like original technology，Original theory is also an important tool for great powers。

　　Political economics is the core of social science

Because China has traditionally had no social sciences，In modern times we have learned from Western social sciences、Learn from、Dialogue，Our social sciences have achieved great results。But in many fields，Our social sciences are still applied。This situation is difficult to develop sustainably。To create China’s original social science theory，We still need to start with political economics，Because the core of the entire Western social science system is political economics。The core of China’s social sciences is inevitably political economics。

　For us，The core issue of political economics is how to construct an original Chinese political economics theory。In the West，Adam Smith、Karl Marx is a very great theorist of political economy。But if we ignore their origin、Background of thought，It’s hard to understand their theory。To construct and create China’s original political economic theory，First we must look at our source。Through these years of research，I think there are at least three major sources，I call it the three traditions。

The first big source，The first “great tradition”，It is China’s history of more than 2000 years、Practical experience in political economics from at least the Qin and Han dynasties to the late Qing Dynasty。Second source，I call it "Chinese tradition"，It is the practical experience of Chinese political economics since modern times。Third source，I call it "near-traditional"，It is China’s political economics practice and experience since the reform and opening up。actually，Practice is the most important source of Chinese political economic theory。Mao Zedong said，Where do people’s correct thoughts come from？People’s correct thinking can only come from practice。The original theory of Chinese political economics is also based on China’s practice。

　　The "great tradition" since Qin and Han Dynasties:Government-market equilibrium under the three-tier structure

In terms of traditional political economy，We used to simply think that tradition was "feudal and backward"。Since the May 4th Movement，Dismiss the tradition in one sentence。Over the years，Based on cultural confidence，We began to look for the source of our political economy from tradition。China’s Traditional Political Economy，If you look carefully，Many sources and ideas of modern political economics are included in the tradition。For example，The first true school of political economics in modern times - the French Physiocrats School，Its ideas come from ancient Chinese classics，Including "Book of Changes"、The Taoist theory of "governing by doing nothing" and the Confucian theory of "the government does not compete with the people for profit"。The best classics of Chinese political economy are "Guanzi" and "On Salt and Iron"，It contains a lot、The idea and structure of what can be called “government economics”，It’s just not systematized、Conceptualizing and theorizing。

China from the Han Dynasty to the present，In fact, there has always been a mixed economy composed of three-tier markets。The top of the economic system must be national capital，At the grassroots level, there is huge private capital based on small and medium-sized or micro enterprises，The middle layer is an area where state capital and private capital interact。actually，Modern people are very smart，Transform China’s economy、Chinese companies are divided into three categories。The first category is "government-run"，That is, today’s state-owned bet365 best casino games enterprises。The second category is "commercial office"，This is what we call private enterprises。The other type is government-supervised commercial offices，Early “Public-Private Partnership”，The current PPPs all belong to this type。Chinese history，The roles of the government and the market are basically relatively balanced。Whenever the role of the government and the role of the market are relatively balanced，China’s economic development is good，Economic development is also sustainable。

Of course，China also has several short historical periods，The role of the market has been weakened，Even disappeared。First, Wang Mang’s reforms during the Han Dynasty，The second is Wang Anshi’s reforms in the Song Dynasty，The third is the reforms of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty，The last is the era of planned economy before reform and opening up。It should be noted that，Even though nationalism prevailed during these four periods，Mainly to cope with the economic crisis caused by the imbalance of economic structure。Except for these four short periods，China’s government and market have always been very balanced。Chinese civilization is the only civilization in the world that has not been interrupted，China’s economic practice is also like this。Dynasties come and go，Economic practice cannot avoid the structure of this three-tier market。Today，We have returned to the traditional three-tier market structure。

　　“Chinese tradition” in modern times:Sinicization of Marxism

　　The second "Chinese tradition"，Mainly the “Sinicization of Marxism” led by the Communist Party of China。We emphasize the contribution of Marxism to China，It is more important to emphasize that the contribution of Marxism to China is through the Sinicization of Marxism。

The Sinicization of Marxism is divided into two stages。Before 1949，The Sinicization of Marxism mainly needs to solve a revolutionary problem，It is a matter of establishing a political order。This period，We are successful。After 1949，The Sinicization of Marxism has actually begun。Initially，We copied the Soviet planned economic model，But it was soon discovered that the Soviet version of the planned economic model was not suitable for China。So，Although the Soviet Union and China both implemented planned economies at that time，But the Soviet version of planned economy is different from the Chinese version of planned economy，The Soviet version of the planned economy was mainly the centralization of power by the central government，And China’s economic activities，Including all rights，Even property rights，can be "divided"，It is controlled by governments at all levels。China and the Soviet Union later embarked on different reform paths，It is also related to this。

　　The "near tradition" since the reform and opening up:Independent and open modern development model

The third source，I call it "near-traditional"，This is China’s practice since its reform and opening up。This practice is broader，Because of China’s economic growth at this time、Economic development is carried out in an open state。China’s interaction with the world economy，China learns from the West，Integrate with the world economy，Be part of today’s world economy。But we have to be aware，China provides other developing countries with a system choice model，That is, China’s modernization model，That is, China has achieved development while maintaining independence。If you look at the contemporary world，Many countries are not open to the public，It cannot develop；Many countries are opening up to the West，But it gradually became an economy dependent on the West。China is one of the few modern models that has both opened up and achieved its own independent development。This is something we need to pay special attention to，It is a very important aspect of political economy。

Actually，This modernization model is also related to the second paragraph of "Chinese Tradition"。Our belief in Marxism，It has been sinicized。After the reform and opening up, we learned from the West，Never simply copy Bet365 lotto review and copy。As General Secretary Xi Jinping said, “theory of suitability”，Is the shoe appropriate to wear?，Only those who wear shoes know，Not the person who makes shoes。Since the reform and opening up，Because of interaction with the world economy，Interaction with Western Economy，Our various systems have undergone great transformation，China has also gone from being such a poor economy in the 1980s，Develop into the world’s second largest economy。China’s more significant achievements，In the past 40 years, more than 700 million people have been lifted out of absolute poverty，These are world economic miracles。

　　Looking for Chinese propositions from three major sources

What to do in the future？As far as the big tradition is concerned，We must sum up traditional practical experience。Economist、Social scientists should read history，Looking for traditional resources of Chinese political economy from more than 2,000 years of history。The political economy of the West is based on its civilizational tradition，China’s political economy should also be based on its own civilization and tradition。

The second "Chinese tradition"，We must study Marxist political economy，We must also emphasize the contribution of China’s practice to Marxist political economy，Instead of simply using Marxist ideas to judge China’s political and economic practices。Since the reform and opening up，China’s practice has made at least three major contributions to Marxist political economy。First, the property rights system。Marx based on the conditions in Western Europe at that time，Believe that private ownership is social injustice、The root of injustice，So private ownership must be eliminated。China now actually has mixed ownership，The state-owned economy dominates，But it is also allowed to encourage the existence of private economy，The state-owned economy and the private economy develop together，Promoted the development of China’s economy。The second is Marxist state theory。Marx based on the situation in Western Europe at that time，Believe that the state is only a representative of capital。But this argument cannot explain China’s traditional country，Can’t even explain China now，Our Government、The country represents the interests of the greatest number of people。The third is Marxist class or class theory。Marxism is mainly a theory of revolution and social change。In peacetime，Most countries emphasize class harmony、Coordination of class interests。The Communist Party of China as the political subject of China，It has no special interests of its own，Represents the interests of the greatest number of people，To coordinate different social classes through it、Different social groups、Interests between different regions。

There is more “near-traditional” content since the reform and opening up。There are many innovations in political and economic systems，For example, mixed property rights theory，And our poverty alleviation experience、The experience of pursuing common prosperity、National mobilization mechanism、Opening policy，Join the world economy without losing independence，Integrating with the world and contributing to world rules，There is a lot of room for exploration in all aspects。

To create an original theory of Chinese political economics，You cannot use Western propositions as propositions。The first thing is to find the proposition of China。Many of the research being done now are Western propositions、China’s empirical materials，This phenomenon is unsustainable。How to find Chinese propositions？I think practice since modern times is the best proposition for China。I hope colleagues will consciously build our political economics theoretical system based on China’s rich practical experience。

(This article is compiled based on the speeches at the conference and approved by the author)

　　Political science methodology’s construction of historical perspective

The methodology of social science is not only used to study specific problems，The invisible function is to shape the historical outlook, that is, the worldview。Over a hundred years，There has always been an implicit or explicit tension between the discipline bet365 Play online games of Chinese political science and real politics，The fundamental reason is that political science methodology has the function of shaping historical views，There is an inherent tension between a non-historical view of history and Chinese politics with a high degree of historical continuity。

In the history bet365 Play online games of Chinese political science，Institutionalism、Rational choiceism and class analysis can be described as the “three major methods” of the political science tradition。Since Guizot，The core of the political research of old institutionalism is representative government，Because the principle of representative government embodies the truth、The theory of dominion of justice and reason，Representative government is the best form of government。1980s，In the context of behaviorism-rational choiceism，The article "New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life" by March and Olson created the so-called new institutionalist politics，Scholars launched the second round of debate on which is better and which is worse between parliamentary system and presidential system。But，From old institutionalism to new institutionalism，They have not left the tradition of studying political systems with the political system as the core，New institutional political science actually focuses on the deep-rooted historical tradition that representative government is the best form of government。

On the genealogy of political science methodology，The tradition of representative government as a historical perspective，Inherited and developed by behaviorism-rational choice methodology。After World War II，Behaviorist methodology has almost become the only law of American social science，Think it can be passed through individuals、The study of social behavior to answer all questions in all disciplines。This seems to be a revolutionary change in the history of political doctrine，In fact, it has internal consistency logic，That is, both European history and American history are histories oriented towards social history。After the establishment of representative government，Political science research turns to individuals、Society-centeredness comes naturally；The sociocentric view of history and the individualistic view of history are both liberal views of history，It’s just that the latter is a more naked form of “individual possessionism”。Denationalization with behaviorism、non-political comparison，Rational choiceism takes it to the next level，The public foundation of politics has been removed。1980s，When the “third wave” of democratization arrives，The rational choice school keeps pace with the times，Considers that "pursuing recognition" is also a calculation of maximizing interests，Francis Fukuyama is therefore based on Hegel’s theory of “recognition”，Deduced the "end of history theory"，Representative democracy is considered to be the best and final form of government for mankind。“Democratic transition” became the research agenda in the following decades，Popular concepts such as "democratic peace theory" and "soft power" actually revolve around the superiority of representative democracy。

Institutionalist methodology Political science inherits the inherent tradition of political system theory in the West，Behaviorism-rational choiceism is a variant of political science in Western social history，This shows that as a methodological theory, political theory is first of all historical political theory。However，When historical political theory breaks away from history and becomes absolute，The result is bound to be counterproductive。Therefore，There are natural limitations in the institutionalist methodology and rational choice methodology that try to change "Chineseness"。Chinese political science needs to find a methodology based on its own history, culture and political practice。

First，It is necessary to “recover” the class analysis method that once held the only important position in China。Class analysis methodology plays a role in saving China，Bet365 lotto review But it was seriously misunderstood because it amplified its conflict theory and caused political turmoil。Mao Zedong’s classic exposition and the historical statement of the Communist Party of China，The class analysis method of Chinese Communists has both conflict theory and functional integration significance，Conflict class analysis is to solve problems，To achieve functional integration；The conflict theory and functional attributes of class analysis are both to realize the interests of the people，The method of class analysis is inherently consistent with the people’s view of history。The methodological basis of the "people's view of history" can only include the conflict theory，In the modern era, it is more of a functionalist class analysis method aimed at social integration。

　In terms of the Chinese context，Institutionalism methodology and behaviorism-rational choiceism methodology is a methodology for "seeking change", that is, changing China's political system。Class analysis method is very helpful in understanding and even solving real politics，But the theory of discovery is insufficient。Therefore，Chinese political science must be based on history, especially Chinese history, and be based on historical research、Be able to identify theories and discover theories，A methodology that can explain reality，This methodology is based on history、Theoretical discovery is oriented，This is "historical politics"。Historical politics is first of all a political science category，Identify it、Discover political theory as teleology；The second is based on historical research，But it is different from the academic tradition of history relying on historical data，But be guided by reason and principles。

The key to understanding historical politics is "historical ontology"。Social science is first and foremost local knowledge，All social science research is first of all country-centrism-oriented。A historical perspective that is consistent with Chinese history and actual practice can only be shaped by the political methodology derived from the tradition of Chinese historical civilization。For this，At least do research on the following three aspects。(1) The relationship between contemporary Chinese politics and China’s excellent political tradition。For example，Contemporary Chinese politics follows the political mechanism of great unification，The realization form of people-centered thought in contemporary China，The relationship between national governance and the tradition of "zhizhi"，The relationship between a community with a shared future for mankind and the world view, etc.。(2) Restate the basic concepts of political science。The temporal evolution stipulated by the attributes of unified political history and the resulting institutional structure and arrangements，Definitely different from the political system formed under social historical conditions、Political ideas and political behavior，Therefore power、Country、Government、Party、Basic concepts such as bureaucracy need to be restated。(3) World Political History。Chinese people not only need a new historical perspective to observe domestic politics，We also need a new international order。

Politics is a product of the times。The Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions embodied in "The Governance of China" are not only political practice issues of how to govern the country，The "Tao" that is more nurturing and supports political practice - historical perspective。Political science methodology shapes the view of political history，Chinese people’s political and historical views have drifted for hundreds of years、After hesitation，In the end we should return to the homeland of our souls—Chinese civilization。

　　Changing times and new opportunities for the development bet365 Play online games of Chinese political science

The world today is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century，A new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation are developing in depth，Profound adjustment in the balance of international power。Since the beginning bet365 live casino games of 2020，The COVID-19 epidemic is intertwined with the world’s major changes unseen in a century，It further highlights the urgency and reality of studying and answering the propositions of "Chaos in the West" and "Government of China"。In some Western countries, they are in economic trouble、In the context of "political incompetence" in some governments，The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China reviewed and approved the “14th Five-Year Plan” development plan，Proposed long-term goals for the next fifteen years or even longer，Highlighting China’s unique and extraordinary institutional advantages and development momentum。

General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out，“The era of great social changes，It must be an era of great development in philosophy and social sciences”。Every major change in world history，Everything must be accompanied by thoughts、Theoretical ups and downs，With the rebirth of academic paradigms。In the context of the world’s major changes unseen in a century，How to understand the changes and adjustments in the world？How to better achieve breakthroughs and transcendence in Chinese academics？Answer the contemporary proposition，It is the responsibility of the Chinese social science community。

Chinese Politics in the New Era，On the one hand, it is necessary to accurately grasp the overall characteristics and basic logic of the evolution of world politics after the Cold War，Further find your own positioning and development direction in the times；On the other hand，Need to keep up with the times，In response to people’s expectations，Self-reliance and self-reliance，Through its own high-quality development，Achieving ideological breakthroughs and academic transcendence in a turbulent and changing world，Accelerate the construction of a political science knowledge system and teaching and research system with Chinese characteristics，Effectively enhance the voice and influence in the international academic community。

New China’s more than 70 years of development and construction experience has opened the door to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation，Opened up a path to transcend the confinement of the Western model through political innovation，Provides a new logical framework and value compliance to promote the country's all-round development。More than 30 years after the end of the Cold War，Devastated changes in Eastern Europe、Disintegration of the Soviet Union、A historical comparison of the collapse of the Soviet Communist Party，In the context of chaos in the Western political ecology after the financial crisis，The political theory and practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics provide excellent academic nourishment and historical opportunities for transcending the "monism" of Western-style democracy。Since the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2008，The Western world represented by the United States is not only facing economic difficulties，Also in political trouble，Reproduces the genetic flaws and logical loopholes of Western democracy。2020，In the international context of the global spread of the new coronavirus pneumonia epidemic，Different performances of various governments in responding to the COVID-19 epidemic，In fact, it is about different political systems、A comprehensive examination of the differences in effectiveness and capabilities of different political parties。These have provided more and more practical evidence and background information for Chinese philosophy and social science theoretical circles, especially political science circles, to break down the worship of Western-style democracy and political myths。

World historical development experience shows，Explore、Innovation is not only a subject in the fields of natural sciences and science and technology，Exploration in the fields of philosophy and social sciences is no exception。Contemporary China is experiencing the most extensive and profound social changes in our history，The most ambitious and unique practical innovation in human history is also underway，New issues emerging in the field of national bet365 best casino games governance、New task、New topic，It will definitely provide strong impetus and broad space for theoretical innovation and academic prosperity in philosophy and social sciences。With the rapid development of China’s economy and society，The Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese people are fully confident in providing a Chinese solution to mankind’s exploration of a better social system。The five years of the "14th Five-Year Plan" period are different paths、Critical period for theoretical and institutional competition，This requires philosophical and social science research to provide theoretical and academic support for the exploration of human ideologies and institutional models。

General Secretary Xi Jinping clearly stated，Governing a country，Promote a country to modernize，The Western institutional model is not the only path，Every country can definitely find its own path。30 years since the end of the Cold War，The development of the world, especially China, has used facts to declare the bankruptcy of Western dogma such as the "theory of the end of history" and the "theory of the complete victory of Western-style liberal democracy"，A single dimension that declares that all countries will ultimately end up with the Western institutional model、Linear Mechanism and the Bankruptcy of Historical View。

The brilliant achievements of New China’s construction practice in more than 70 years，For the consciousness of Chinese philosophy and social sciences、Autonomy、Self-improvement provides sufficient nutrients。China’s development and success also drive、Leading the trend of world development。Socialism with Chinese characteristics expands the path for developing countries to modernize，Provides a new choice for those countries and nations in the world who want to accelerate development while maintaining their independence，Contributed Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to solving human problems。China’s new democratic outlook and comprehensive development path，Reflects the diversity and unity of development value、The development process is inclusive and orderly、Scientific and practical development concept，Shows strong political development and international influence，Showing good development prospects。

Chinese philosophy and social science workers in the new era should keep up with the times，Find your own position and direction by scientifically understanding the characteristics and logic of the evolution of the post-Cold War world pattern，Strengthen research on major theoretical and practical issues facing our country’s development and party governance，Through theoretical breakthroughs and practical transcendence，Achieve your own high-quality development，Continuously enhance the voice and influence in the international academic community。