The topic I speak is "Global Vision and Modern Multi -Road"。The "Multi -Road" here is a "critical weapon"，It is for "single road"，So you first need to explain the origin of the "single road"。

Modernization，As the name suggests，It is a durable process，Itself has historical attributes，But modern research does not originate from history，It can even be said that it is not derived from any discipline，It is a product of an international policy。

After World War II，With the beginning of the Cold War and the rise of the national liberation movement，Socialist camps led by the Soviet Union compete for more than 40 former colonial countries，Becoming the top priority of the world's strategy。Document No. 68 of the National Security Council pointed out: "Under the situation of the current power of power，The failure of the free system in any place is a global failure。"The Kennedy government thinks even more，Evil of colonialism、Get the regime in the revolution and be trapped in a newborn country with deep poverty，It is the soil that is most likely to accept communism，For this，The United States must start a battle，And this battle must be "live in the village、Expand in the people's soul world in the hills，It is also necessary to rely on the spirit and policy of controlling local officials "，Therefore, you need to build a set of pairs of regions、The people of any nation have sufficient attractive theories to replace communist doctrine。Modernization theory came into being。The main founder of modernization theory, Rosto, was a consultant for the White House National Security Affairs、Director of the State Council Policy Planning Committee，His identity is one of the signs of ideology rather than academic。Fund in the federal、Interactive stimulation of corporate funds and academic reputation，In the 1950s and 1960s，A group of social science scholars in the United States is put in the construction of modern theory。To achieve the purpose of "winning" and "temptation"，This theory is based on the two -point method of developed and underdeveloped，Taking traditional and modern opposition as the main axis，Western countries as a paradigm，Described a standard modernization road for non -Western countries。This route to establish a liberal market Bet365 lotto review economy、Multi -party competition agent politics、Protestant ethical secular culture and contract -type civic society is the core，Strive to urge all countries to abandon their own traditions、At the same time as changing the strings，Treating contemporary America as the end point of modernization，Ugly of the Soviet Union's modernization into "heresy" and "disease"。Japanese scholar Shimizukima Terrown the modernization theory of this fake academic name is "Kennedy -Rosto route"，It's really appropriate but。

"theory first"，West, especially historians in the United States, followed closely。They have adhered to the inspection method of ethnic states that have always been pursued since the establishment of historical disciplines in the 19th century，Take the history of each country and compare with Western countries one by one，specifically in the "What is the West，Non -West "does an article，Think of everything in the West rather than the West as an inherent defect in non -Western countries。Someone used this approach of Western historians as a drunk ghost who is looking for a car key on the ground under the street lamp，When the police asked him why he was looking for a key here，Drunk Answer: "Because there is only light here。"is under the guidance of this" western street light "，Modernization History was introduced to astringent。

Because Western modernization theory is not based on universal experience，Need not to history，It is also non -scientific，So be continuously faked in practice。For more than half a century，The development of the world is becoming increasingly unbalanced，The gap between developed countries and underdeveloped countries continues to widen is the best explanation。In this case，Doubt about the history of Western modernization history is endless，The most disruptive of which is the global view of history。

The so -called global view view，In short，is the narrow vision beyond the national country，Global from a macro perspective、All humans as a historic method as a whole。

The global view of historical materialism is created by Marx and Engels。In a series of chapters such as "German Ideology", "Communist Declaration", "Capital Theory"，Marx Engels repeatedly pointed out，In the 16th century, a capitalist began、Modernization、Globalization of the "Trinity" new era of human history。In this new era，Capital connects a modern world，In this world，The fate of each country is associated with the fate of other countries。(Engels) Bet365 app download This means nothing more，The world is an as a whole to enter the modern voyage，If the world is a big system，All countries are subsystems，The operation of the subsystem cannot be separated from the big system，At the same time, interacting with each other。That's it，Draw out a single country from the world system to talk about modernization，It is inappropriate。In the modern world system of "Trinity"，Capital accumulation is power，Une balanced development is the basic feature，Therefore, in different positions in the capital chain, it has become a key factor in determining the fate of various countries。Different positions will cause modern endowment、The starting point is different、Different rates，Even the goals at a certain stage are different，So how can they follow the same path? The global historical view of historical materialism has completely denied the possibility of the same roads in various countries，The foundation of Western classic modernization theory in methodology，opened a new path for modern research。

Global historians when studying the modernization history of various countries，Pay attention to the use of comparison methods。Their comparative methods are different from tradition，They are not "inadequate places" to find other countries in the West，Instead, it is pointed out that the different characteristics of the modernization process of non -Western countries，Revealing the non -world of Western model。They found，After independence of emerging countries，As part of accepting colonial heritage，Originally there was a comprehensive westernization tendency。Latin America in the early 19th century，Eastern Europe after the First World War，Part of Islam after World War II、Africa and South Asian countries are like this，But the results ended in failure。After the First World War，"Newly built" Eastern Europe and Balkan countries generally implement a complete free market economy，As a result, it quickly became agricultural products to Western industrial countries、Primary product exporter of mineral products，Economically dependence on the industry is far greater than the latter's dependence on them。Results，After the arrival of the Great Depression，These countries are insufficient because of insufficient room for rotation，The losses have been far more than the industrial country，Play foreshadowing in order to lose the sovereignty of the country; whether bet365 Play online games it is Poland or the Czech Republic after the First World War，It is still African countries such as the Congo and Zaier after World War II，All have copied the Western -style agency system，Suddenly there are dozens or even hundreds of political parties，None of the majority that can occupy even more than a quarter of the parliament，Some unable to hold parliament，As a result, the country has been trapped in conflict and fighting for a long time，The government cannot operate normally。In fact，After the post -developed country, there is no successful precedent for copying the West。

Through comparative research，Global historians have discovered many development characteristics based on their national conditions。

In politics，Since the original world system is superimposed with the colonial system，So the country in the deprived position realizes，Development in the world system dominated by the Capitalist Nations，Must fight for national independence。The background and process of seizing the regime in these countries in the form of revolutionary forms are very different from the history of the formation of Western nation countries，It will naturally not be Western mode。Socialist countries follow the road of anti -emperor struggle and unified proletarian revolution，The establishment of Soviet or people's democratic dictatorship。Latin American colonies use the national liberation struggle method，The army occupies an important location in the new regime。Similar to Latin America also appeared in other regions，In Japan and Africa history，Military people's administration is common。

In terms of economy，First，The new process of modernization of emerging countries is launched from top to bottom，This is different from the bottom -up modernization of the West，The government plays an important guiding role in economic life。Next，Most of the economies of emerging countries have taken one from the affiliated economy (that is, the economy required by the original owner of the original clan)，To the replacement import economy，The process of export -oriented economy，The success or failure of the transition and the external environment、The timing of the transition is closely related，Saudi Arabia and other oil -producing countries in the Middle East and South Korea and Singapore in East Asia to succeed，and Argentina、Bolivia and other Latin American countries are wandering repeatedly between imported replacement and Bet365 app download export orientation，The economy once stopped。This shows that the success or failure of the transformation is very accidental。Last，The Socialist plan economy in China before the Soviet Union and the reform and opening up was out of the capitalist world economic system，Road to self -reliance，It has also brought about rapid economic growth。Subsequent，China's reform and opening up，The socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics has been implemented and has achieved great success of the world's attention。All these explanations，Different times，Different market status in the world，All countries can only start from the actual situation of their country，Explore different development paths。

In the cultural field，Islam、The two major world religions in Buddhism still exist，Hinduism、Catholicism also has a large number of believers，These beliefs are very different from Christian Protestant，Even serious opposition，but can be connected with modernization to varying degrees。The traditional culture of various countries can also become a promotion factor of modernization，The relic of the spiritual spirit of the Japanese samurai、Indian culture insists on non -material tendencies、Multi -cultural integration implemented by Latin America，All prove that the tradition of constructed in the West — Modern dual opposition is not established。

In terms of society，The tribal system of the Arab world，Multi -ethnic integration in Latin America is the arduous task faced in the process of modernization，There is no such experience at all in the West，It is impossible to provide useful prescriptions。From the perspective of the parent -type enterprises and cooperative strain clubs that play an important role in Japan and East Asia's economy,，In their modernization process，The human bond is not completely replaced by the contract relationship。

There is also a topic that cannot be around in modern history，The so -called "Europe takes off"。According to the theory of modern Western classic theory，The modernization of the world is brought by the European economy's take -off，Europe takes off began in the Industrial Revolution，and the industrial revolution originated from the UK，So explore the road to successful success，It is necessary to start with the outbreak of the industrial revolution in the UK or Europe。For this，Many Western historians from the former European industrial society、From Bet365 app download Middle Ages、until the ancient Greek era to find the cause，Finally, it comes to conclusions with unique advantages in Western culture，This is the first cornerstone of its modern theory。Global History Research on this conclusion is seriously questioned。They start from the global perspective，Discovery through research，late to 1750，Even until the beginning of the 19th century，The World Economic Center is still in Asia，Still in China，This is enough to indicate that Europe is not always at the forefront of world economic development，Its civilization does not have a natural advantage at all。As for the rise of Europe in the 19th century，That is completely a series of accidents。Among them, it includes，China implements the silver standard，and Western colonists use African slaves to obtain a large number of silver，Exchange oriental products，Fortunes have accumulated relying on trade; at the same time，Population growth in the developed regions of the developed areas of the Eurasian mainland leads to insufficient arable land、Forced to cut forests in a large area、Seriously affecting residents' heating and industrial fuel supply、The restriction of the old biological system, that is, the biological energy system constraints、Under the situation of the economy in the economy，The United Kingdom happened to have discovered the coal mine that is easy to mine in the area with the most mature agricultural economy，Developed new energy，and start with the starting point of the invention of the mine steam pumping machine，On the road to mechanization，Start the Industrial Revolution，The first use of industrial achievements for military and trade，This leads to the so -called "take -off"。Global historian said，Even if the industrial revolution is acknowledged，It can’t be said to be the "British" revolution，Because in Asia、The driving force of this revolution exists in the Americas and Africa。

Finally, you need to point out，When using human beings as a overall investigation history from a global perspective of transcendence，The relationship between humans and nature is highlighted，This is conducive to people reflect on the modernization process。So far，The core of the concept of modernization is still development，Infinite economic growth。In the world economic system dominated by capitalism，The need for economic growth is the needs of the market and the needs of chasing profits，Development Bet365 lotto review still only means profit and wealth，But the result of this is no control to increase energy，Caused a sharp decrease in biological diversity，Climate change，Radio -effects seriously threatened human survival。The gratifying is，This concept of development is being suspected。The development concept of the "five -in -one" in China，Incorporate ecological civilization into the scope of development，Bolivia has recently proposed the development path of "happy life"，These are new exploration of modern roads。

In short，We still live in a world economic system，Each country has to find the path suitable for its own survival and development in this system，premise that it does not harm the overall interests of other countries and the world。Modernization road is diversified，Explorer is endless，The United States is not the end point of modernization，Western -style road is not the only way。In this community of human destiny，Countries should respect each other，At least should not be used with the Cold War or opposing thinking，Out of its own benefit forced other countries to take a road，and put on this road to the theoretical coat of social sciences。

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